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19 pages, 3791 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Inhibition of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth and Migration by Gemcitabine and Withaferin A
by Renata Szydlak
Biomolecules 2024, 14(9), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091178 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies due to its aggressive nature and resistance to conventional therapies. This study investigates the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-migratory effects of Gemcitabine (GC) and Withaferin A (WFA) on pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 and Hs766t. [...] Read more.
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies due to its aggressive nature and resistance to conventional therapies. This study investigates the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-migratory effects of Gemcitabine (GC) and Withaferin A (WFA) on pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 and Hs766t. The MTS assay revealed that both compounds effectively inhibit cell proliferation, with WFA showing a stronger effect in Hs766t cells. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that GC and WFA, particularly in combination, significantly induce apoptosis in both cell lines. Migration assays confirmed the potent inhibition of cell migration by both compounds, with the combination treatment being the most effective. Furthermore, actin cytoskeleton analysis indicated substantial changes in cell morphology and stiffness, suggesting that GC and WFA disrupt the structural integrity of cancer cells. Additionally, the study highlights a ROS-mediated mechanism underlying the effects of GC and WFA, as evidenced by increased ROS levels following treatment, which were attenuated by N-acetylcysteine. Importantly, NF-κB activity was significantly modulated, with WFA reducing NF-κB activation induced by GC, potentially contributing to the synergistic pro-apoptotic effect of the combination. These findings suggest that the combination of GC and WFA may offer a synergistic therapeutic approach for treating pancreatic cancer by targeting multiple aspects of tumor cell behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Natural Products and Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Therapeutics)
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20 pages, 15951 KiB  
Article
L-Theanine Ameliorates Obesity-Related Complications Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice: Insights from Transcriptomics and Metabolomics
by Zhaofeng Du, Guohuo Wu, Huijun Cheng, Tingting Han, Daxiang Li and Zhongwen Xie
Foods 2024, 13(18), 2977; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13182977 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health concern globally. Plant-based ingredients have been proposed as alternative treatments for obesity. L-Theanine (THE), a unique nutraceutical component of tea, is known for its neuroprotective and cognitive benefits. However, there are few reports on THE’s effects and [...] Read more.
Obesity is a major public health concern globally. Plant-based ingredients have been proposed as alternative treatments for obesity. L-Theanine (THE), a unique nutraceutical component of tea, is known for its neuroprotective and cognitive benefits. However, there are few reports on THE’s effects and mechanisms in improving obesity and its complications. In this study, the alleviating effects and potential mechanisms of THE on obesity-related complications (ORCs) induced by a high-fat diet(HFD) in mice were explored by performing biochemical, hepatic transcriptomics, and plasma metabolomics analyses. The results indicated THE (900 mg/kg of body weight) was effective in mitigating ORCs by decreasing body weight gain and fat deposition, improving glycolipid metabolism disorders, inflammation dysregulation, and alleviating fatty liver formation due to long-term HFD. The hepatic transcriptomics data suggested that THE intervention suppresses the lipid metabolism and inflammation pathways in HFD-fed mice, thereby inhibiting hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Moreover, plasma metabolomics analysis revealed that THE exhibited positive effects on the homeostasis of plasma metabolite balance, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC(14:0/18:1)), phosphatidylethanolamine (Lyso-PE(14:0)), phosphatidic acid (PA(16:0e/18:0)), stigmasterol, and deoxycholic acid glycine conjugate. These metabolites were strongly correlated with ORC-related indicators. Our results indicated that THE, as a functional food additive, possesses potential for ORC alleviation. However, the exact molecular mechanism of how THE alleviates ORCs needs to be investigated in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Nutraceuticals in the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome)
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27 pages, 4374 KiB  
Review
Overview of Recent Solar Photovoltaic Cooling System Approach
by Yaareb Elias Ahmed, Mohammad Reza Maghami, Jagadeesh Pasupuleti, Suad Hassan Danook and Firas Basim Ismail
Technologies 2024, 12(9), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12090171 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
In recent years, research communities have shown significant interest in solar energy systems and their cooling. While using cells to generate power, cooling systems are often used for solar cells (SCs) to enhance their efficiency and lifespan. However, during this conversion process, they [...] Read more.
In recent years, research communities have shown significant interest in solar energy systems and their cooling. While using cells to generate power, cooling systems are often used for solar cells (SCs) to enhance their efficiency and lifespan. However, during this conversion process, they can generate heat. This heat can affect the performance of solar cells in both advantageous and detrimental ways. Cooling cells and coordinating their use are vital to energy efficiency and longevity, which can help save energy, reduce energy costs, and achieve global emission targets. The primary objective of this review is to provide a thorough and comparative analysis of recent developments in solar cell cooling. In addition, the research discussed here reviews and compares various cooling systems that can be used to improve cell performance, including active cooling and passive cooling. The outcomes reveal that phase-change materials (PCMs) help address critical economic goals, such as reducing the cost of PV degradation, while enhancing the lifespan of solar cells and improving their efficiency, reliability, and quality. Active PCMs offer precise control, while passive PCMs are simpler and more efficient in terms of energy use, but they offer less control over temperature. Moreover, an innovative review of advanced cooling methods is presented, highlighting their potential to improve the efficiency of solar cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Solar Technologies)
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20 pages, 702 KiB  
Article
Research on the Evaluation of an Age-Friendly Layout of Medical Service Facilities in Wuhan City Based on Accessibility
by Fan Li, Jie Zhou, Wei Wei and Dongming Zhou
Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2970; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092970 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Accessibility is an important indicator for measuring the level of medical facility services in cities. Traditional studies on healthcare accessibility for the elderly have typically focused on the capabilities of emergency services while overlooking the daily independent healthcare needs of the elderly. Taking [...] Read more.
Accessibility is an important indicator for measuring the level of medical facility services in cities. Traditional studies on healthcare accessibility for the elderly have typically focused on the capabilities of emergency services while overlooking the daily independent healthcare needs of the elderly. Taking Wuhan City as an example, the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method is used in this study to measure the accessibility of urban elderly residents with respect to general hospitals, specialized hospitals, and community health service centers. It also analyzes the appropriateness of the medical facility layout for the elderly in Wuhan City. The research findings indicate the following: (1) The accessibility evaluation method for urban medical facilities established with the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area model can accurately assess the supply–demand relationship between the elderly and various levels of medical facilities. (2) The overall coverage of medical service facilities in Wuhan City is relatively high, but there are significant differences in accessibility for elderly residents in different areas. (3) The appropriateness of daily healthcare access for elderly residents in the central urban areas of Wuhan City is mainly influenced by the layout of general hospitals, while, in the peripheral areas, it is mainly influenced by the layout of specialized hospitals and community health service centers. (4) Improving the appropriateness of urban medical facilities for elderly individuals requires differentiated improvement measures tailored to the characteristics of different zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
13 pages, 4061 KiB  
Article
Rotavirus-Specific Maternal Serum Antibodies and Vaccine Responses to RV3-BB Rotavirus Vaccine Administered in a Neonatal or Infant Schedule in Malawi
by Benjamin Morgan, Eleanor A. Lyons, Amanda Handley, Nada Bogdanovic-Sakran, Daniel Pavlic, Desiree Witte, Jonathan Mandolo, Ann Turner, Khuzwayo C. Jere, Frances Justice, Darren Suryawijaya Ong, Rhian Bonnici, Karen Boniface, Celeste M. Donato, Ashley Mpakiza, Anell Meyer, Naor Bar-Zeev, Miren Iturriza-Gomara, Nigel A. Cunliffe, Margaret Danchin and Julie E. Binesadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091488 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
High titres of rotavirus-specific maternal antibodies may contribute to lower rotavirus vaccine efficacy in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). RV3-BB vaccine (G3P[6]) is based on a neonatal rotavirus strain that replicates well in the newborn gut in the presence of breast milk. This [...] Read more.
High titres of rotavirus-specific maternal antibodies may contribute to lower rotavirus vaccine efficacy in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). RV3-BB vaccine (G3P[6]) is based on a neonatal rotavirus strain that replicates well in the newborn gut in the presence of breast milk. This study investigated the association between maternal serum antibodies and vaccine response in infants administered the RV3-BB vaccine. Serum was collected antenatally from mothers of 561 infants enrolled in the RV3-BB Phase II study conducted in Blantyre, Malawi, and analysed for rotavirus-specific serum IgA and IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infant vaccine take was defined as cumulative IgA seroconversion (≥3 fold increase) and/or stool vaccine shedding. Maternal IgA or IgG antibody titres did not have a negative impact on vaccine-like stool shedding at any timepoint. Maternal IgG (but not IgA) titres were associated with reduced take post dose 1 (p < 0.005) and 3 (p < 0.05) in the neonatal vaccine schedule group but not at study completion (week 18). In LMICs where high maternal antibodies are associated with low rotavirus vaccine efficacy, RV3-BB in a neonatal or infant vaccine schedule has the potential to provide protection against severe rotavirus disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rotaviruses and Rotavirus Vaccines)
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20 pages, 1392 KiB  
Article
A Hybrid Approach to Dimensional Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis Using BERT and Large Language Models
by Yice Zhang, Hongling Xu, Delong Zhang and Ruifeng Xu
Electronics 2024, 13(18), 3724; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183724 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Dimensional aspect-based sentiment analysis (dimABSA) aims to recognize aspect-level quadruples from reviews, offering a fine-grained sentiment description for user opinions. A quadruple consists of aspect, category, opinion, and sentiment intensity, which is represented using continuous real-valued scores in the valence–arousal dimensions. To address [...] Read more.
Dimensional aspect-based sentiment analysis (dimABSA) aims to recognize aspect-level quadruples from reviews, offering a fine-grained sentiment description for user opinions. A quadruple consists of aspect, category, opinion, and sentiment intensity, which is represented using continuous real-valued scores in the valence–arousal dimensions. To address this task, we propose a hybrid approach that integrates the BERT model with a large language model (LLM). Firstly, we develop both the BERT-based and LLM-based methods for dimABSA. The BERT-based method employs a pipeline approach, while the LLM-based method transforms the dimABSA task into a text generation task. Secondly, we evaluate their performance in entity extraction, relation classification, and intensity prediction to determine their advantages. Finally, we devise a hybrid approach to fully utilize their advantages across different scenarios. Experiments demonstrate that the hybrid approach outperforms BERT-based and LLM-based methods, achieving state-of-the-art performance with an F1-score of 41.7% on the quadruple extraction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Affective Computing)
34 pages, 1083 KiB  
Review
Bone Loss and Fractures in Post-Menopausal Women Living with HIV: A Narrative Review
by Maryam Jamshaid, Amirmohammad Heidari, Ahmed Hassan, Dushyant Mital, Oliver Pearce, Maria Panourgia and Mohamed H. Ahmed
Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090811 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Introduction: Post-menopausal women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (WLHIV) face an increased risk of bone fractures due to the relationship between HIV-related factors and menopause. This narrative review aims to summarise the current knowledge about fracture risk among post-menopausal WLHIV in particular looking [...] Read more.
Introduction: Post-menopausal women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (WLHIV) face an increased risk of bone fractures due to the relationship between HIV-related factors and menopause. This narrative review aims to summarise the current knowledge about fracture risk among post-menopausal WLHIV in particular looking at hormonal changes, combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), lifestyle factors, and psychosocial implications. We also profiled a summary of the significant, recent studies of post-menopausal WLHIV residing in low-income countries (LIC). Methods: A thorough search of the literature was performed across PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar, focussing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. Inclusion criteria entailed original research, reviews, and meta-analyses addressing bone mineral density (BMD), fracture incidence, and related risk factors in post-menopausal WLHIV. Results: The review identified 224 relevant studies. Post-menopausal WLHIV exhibit significantly lower BMD and higher fracture rates compared to both HIV-negative post-menopausal women and pre-menopausal WLHIV. cART, particularly tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), contributes to reduced BMD. Menopausal status exacerbates this risk through decreased oestrogen levels, leading to increased bone resorption. Moreover, lifestyle choices such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and low physical activity are more prevalent in PWHIV, which further elevates fracture risk. Different psychosocial factors may make WLWHIV more vulnerable at this stage of their life, such as depression, isolation, stigma, and housing and nutritional issues. Women living in LICs face a variety of challenges in accessing HIV care. There are gaps in research related to the prevalence of osteoporosis and bone loss in post-menopausal WLHIV in LICs. Conclusion: Post-menopausal women living with HIV face a significantly higher risk of bone loss and fractures due to the combined effects of HIV and menopause. Antiretroviral therapy (particularly TDF), lifestyle factors, and psychosocial challenges exacerbate this risk. There is a need for careful selection of cART, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and emerging treatments such as Abaloparatide. A holistic approach including lifestyle changes and psychosocial support is crucial to reduce fracture risk in WLHIV, especially in low-income countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: HIV and Viral Co-infections)
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25 pages, 4052 KiB  
Review
Exploring Biosurfactants as Antimicrobial Approaches
by Madalena Lourenço, Noélia Duarte and Isabel A. C. Ribeiro
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(9), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091239 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance is one of the most important global threats to human health. Several studies have been performed to overcome this problem and infection-preventive approaches appear as promising solutions. Novel antimicrobial preventive molecules are needed and microbial biosurfactants have been explored in that [...] Read more.
Antibacterial resistance is one of the most important global threats to human health. Several studies have been performed to overcome this problem and infection-preventive approaches appear as promising solutions. Novel antimicrobial preventive molecules are needed and microbial biosurfactants have been explored in that scope. Considering their structure, these biomolecules can be divided into different classes, glycolipids and lipopeptides being the most studied. Besides their antimicrobial activity, biosurfactants have the advantage of being biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic, which favor their application in several areas, including the health sector. Often, the most difficult infections to fight are associated with biofilm formation, particularly in medical devices. Strategies to overcome micro-organism attachment are thus emergent, and it is possible to take advantage of the antimicrobial/antibiofilm properties of biosurfactants to produce surfaces that are more resistant to the deposition/attachment of bacteria. Approaches such as the covalent bond of biosurfactants to the medical device surface leading to repulsive physical–chemical interactions or contact killing can be selected. Simpler strategies such as the absorption of biosurfactants on surfaces are also possible, eliminating micro-organisms in the vicinity. This review will focus on the physical and chemical characteristics of biosurfactants, their antimicrobial activity, antimicrobial/antibiofilm approaches, and finally on their structure–activity relationship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant- , Microbial- and Marine-Derived Natural Product Research in Drug Discovery: Strengths and Perspectives)
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31 pages, 1887 KiB  
Review
Review on Circularity in the Electric Vehicle (EV) Industry
by Jun Yang Leong
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090426 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
The growing electric vehicle (EV) sector, while tackling climate issues, also encounters obstacles concerning resource usage and a rise in EV disposal. This study examines the circularity framework in the EV sector to address these problems, emphasizing the importance of reusing and upcycling [...] Read more.
The growing electric vehicle (EV) sector, while tackling climate issues, also encounters obstacles concerning resource usage and a rise in EV disposal. This study examines the circularity framework in the EV sector to address these problems, emphasizing the importance of reusing and upcycling resources for sustainability. Moreover, numerous nations have implemented recycling and R&D policies to offer legal and policy backing for the advancement of recycling technology. This report will investigate and contrast various recycling technologies. Furthermore, it involves an examination of key figures in the EV sector to identify deficiencies in the EV materials supply chain and tactics for minimizing waste. Conversations with a variety of EV stakeholders will provide perspectives on the creative methods businesses are implementing to tackle these obstacles. By embracing the principles of a circular economy, the EV industry can act as a model for a sustainable future, decreasing its environmental footprint and encouraging a more efficient use of resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Technology Development, Energy and Environmental Implications, and Decarbonization)
11 pages, 506 KiB  
Article
Influence of Body Composition Assessed by Computed Tomography on Mortality Risk in Young Women with Breast Cancer
by Agnes Denise de Lima Bezerra, Jarson Pedro da Costa Pereira, Ingryd Fernandes de Macedo Soares, Glaucia Mardrini Cassiano Ferreira, Ana Lúcia Miranda, Galtieri Otávio Cunha de Medeiros, Sara Maria Moreira Lima Verde and Ana Paula Trussardi Fayh
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183175 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Increasing evidence indicates that body composition can significantly influence prognosis in women with breast cancer. However, alterations in body composition, particularly among young women (<40 years), remain largely unknown and underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of computed tomography (CT)-derived [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Increasing evidence indicates that body composition can significantly influence prognosis in women with breast cancer. However, alterations in body composition, particularly among young women (<40 years), remain largely unknown and underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of computed tomography (CT)-derived body composition with mortality rates among young women recently diagnosed with breast cancer, identifying the best-correlated cutoff value. Methods: This is a bi-set cohort study with retrospective data collection. Women newly diagnosed with ductal invasive breast cancer, aged 20 to 40 years, treated in reference oncology units were included. Body composition was assessed using CT scans at the third lumbar vertebra (L3) level, including muscle and adipose compartments. The outcome of interest was the incidence of overall mortality. A maximally selected log-rank Cox-derived analysis was employed to assess the cutoffs associated with mortality. Results: A total of 192 women were included before any form of treatment (median age of 35 years, IQ range: 31–37). Overall mortality occurred in 12% of the females. Stages III–IV were the most frequent (69.5%). Patients who died had a significantly lower muscle area index. CT-derived muscle area was inversely associated with mortality. Each 1 cm2/m2 decrease in skeletal muscle index increased the mortality hazard by 9%. Higher values of adiposity compartments were independently associated with higher mortality. Conclusions: Our study highlights the predictive significance of skeletal muscle area and adipose tissue in predicting survival among young women recently diagnosed with breast cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammation and Nutritional Therapy)
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15 pages, 1026 KiB  
Article
Study on the Contact Parameter Calibration of the Maize Kernel Polyhedral Discrete Element Model
by Huhu Chen, Haipeng Lin, Xuefeng Song, Fengwei Zhang, Fei Dai, Ting Yang and Baicheng Li
Agriculture 2024, 14(9), 1644; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091644 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
During maize production and transportation, maize kernels frequently interact with mechanical components. To accurately simulate the interaction process between maize and mechanical components, it is essential to establish a reliable maize kernel model and input precise contact parameters. This study established polyhedral discrete [...] Read more.
During maize production and transportation, maize kernels frequently interact with mechanical components. To accurately simulate the interaction process between maize and mechanical components, it is essential to establish a reliable maize kernel model and input precise contact parameters. This study established polyhedral discrete element models of different maize kernels and calibrated the contact parameters between maize kernels and steel plates using the inclined plane method. The coefficients of restitution, static friction, and dynamic friction between maize and steel sheets were measured to be 0.5, 0.545, and 0.213, respectively. Subsequently, the contact parameters between maize kernels were determined through steepest climb tests and central composite design response surface tests. Then, the above parameters were optimized using Design-Expert software. The coefficients of restitution, static friction, and dynamic friction between maize kernels were measured to be 0.318, 0.182, and 0.232, respectively. Finally, the optimized parameters were validated using the angle of repose experiment, which found that the relative error between the experiment and the simulation was only 1.24%. The results indicated that the obtained contact parameters were accurate and reliable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
39 pages, 20093 KiB  
Article
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of Lisbon (Portugal)
by Büşra Gögen, Shaghayegh Karimzadeh and Paulo B. Lourenço
GeoHazards 2024, 5(3), 932-970; https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards5030047 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake holds significant historical importance in Portuguese history. The subsequent tsunami resulted in extensive destruction and damage, affecting not only Lisbon but also other regions of Portugal, Spain, and North Africa. This significant and hazardous event led to an increase [...] Read more.
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake holds significant historical importance in Portuguese history. The subsequent tsunami resulted in extensive destruction and damage, affecting not only Lisbon but also other regions of Portugal, Spain, and North Africa. This significant and hazardous event led to an increase in awareness about earthquake and tsunami risks, not only within Portugal but throughout Europe. This heightened awareness facilitated advancements in scientific developments, including design codes, standards, and earthquake engineering. However, recent studies focusing on hazard assessment for Lisbon are limited. For this reason, this paper aims to present a comprehensive probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) for the Lisbon metropolitan area. The first stage of PSHA involves defining applicable and active seismic source models (area and line sources) within the study area. Subsequently, historical and instrumental earthquake records are collected to build a homogenized earthquake catalog, utilizing both global and local earthquake databases. Following this, the completeness level of the earthquake catalog is tested. By incorporating suitable ground motion models to the region and local soil characteristics, seismic hazard maps for various return periods and hazard curves in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) are developed. The findings based on the area source model agree with existing literature, indicating PGA values ranging from 0.3 g to 0.9 g, 0.2 g to 0.7 g, 0.2 g to 0.5 g, and 0.1 g to 0.3 g for return periods of 2475, 975, 475, and 50 years, respectively. Full article
15 pages, 1778 KiB  
Article
Analyzing Traditional Building Materials: A Case Study on Repair Practices in Konuralp, Düzce-Türkiye
by Özlem Sallı Bideci and Büşra Sabuncu
Architecture 2024, 4(3), 763-777; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4030040 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Some wrong decisions and faulty practices applied during the repair and restoration of traditional buildings cause more damage to the structures due to the materials used in the repair. The aim of this study is to establish a scientific basis for material selection [...] Read more.
Some wrong decisions and faulty practices applied during the repair and restoration of traditional buildings cause more damage to the structures due to the materials used in the repair. The aim of this study is to establish a scientific basis for material selection in the repair of traditional buildings in the Konuralp region through chemical and petrographic analyses. In this study, brick, mortar, plaster, and wood samples were taken from one registered building in the Konuralp neighborhood of Düzce Province that has survived to the present day by preserving its original structural features and reflecting the characteristics of traditional housing. Chemical and petrographic analyses were carried out on the samples. In line with these analyses, a scientific basis was created for selecting material properties in the repair and reuse processes of traditional buildings and suggestions are made for the analysis of materials specific to traditional buildings in Konuralp. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary and Multi-Scalar Design and Research Models in Architectural Practice and Education)
12 pages, 814 KiB  
Article
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A and Free β-Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin in Relation with Oxidative Stress in Obese Pregnant Women: A Clinical Cross-Sectional Study
by Vanja Dimitrov, Maria Mikerova, Vladimir Reshetnikov, Victor Mikhailovsky, Sasa Raicevic, Sergey Bolevich, Vladimir Jakovljevic and Tamara Nikolic Turnic
Pathophysiology 2024, 31(3), 502-513; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology31030037 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Background: The pathophysiological mechanism underlying pregnancy complications is not entirely known. Although it is currently impossible to predict the occurrence of redox imbalance, it is possible to identify women with a high or medium risk of developing this disease prior to a [...] Read more.
Background: The pathophysiological mechanism underlying pregnancy complications is not entirely known. Although it is currently impossible to predict the occurrence of redox imbalance, it is possible to identify women with a high or medium risk of developing this disease prior to a negative outcome by non-invasive diagnostic methods. The Aim: This study aimed to examine the possible role of the parameter of oxidative stress (OS) measured in early pregnancy in the screening/treatment of obesity and its complications during pregnancy. Methods: This research was designed as a prospective observational cross-sectional clinical study which included 40 non-obese and 31 obese pregnant women between 11 and 13 g.w. who were managed in the Department of Obstetrics, University Clinical Center Kragujevac in Serbia. We collected anthropometric and clinical indicators, maternal and pregnancy factors, and measured prooxidative parameters from blood samples. Results: We observed significantly increased levels of the superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide and the index of lipid peroxidation in the Obese group in comparison with the Non-Obese group and significantly decreased bioavailability of nitrites in the Obese group in comparison with the Non-Obese group. Conclusions: The determination of systemic parameters of OS in early pregnancy could be a good methodological approach in the screening/treatment of obesity during pregnancy and this approach should be followed for the screening of endothelial dysfunction in pregnancy which needs further monitoring and/or treatment. Full article
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10 pages, 869 KiB  
Article
Rotating Droplet Hydrodynamic Electrochemistry for Water Toxicity Bioassay Based on Electron-Transfer Mediator
by Kazuto Sazawa, Yeasna Shanjana, Kazuharu Sugawara and Hideki Kuramitz
Electrochem 2024, 5(3), 370-379; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5030024 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
An electrochemical bioassay based on rotating droplet electrochemistry by using an electron-transfer mediator was developed for the evaluation of a wide variety of pollutants such as antibiotics, heavy metals, and pesticides in the water environment. Ferricyanide was used as an electron-transfer mediator for [...] Read more.
An electrochemical bioassay based on rotating droplet electrochemistry by using an electron-transfer mediator was developed for the evaluation of a wide variety of pollutants such as antibiotics, heavy metals, and pesticides in the water environment. Ferricyanide was used as an electron-transfer mediator for obtaining the catalytic response of Escherichia coli. The electrochemical response of E. coli was measured via hydrodynamic chronoamperometry in a microdroplet on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The constructed electrode system successfully evaluates the catalytic response of E. coli solution in the presence of ferricyanide. An assay for antibiotic toxicity on E. coli was carried out. The EC50 for ampicillin, sulfamonomethoxine, chlorotetracycline, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline evaluated by the pre-incubation method were 0.26, 0.77, 5.25, 18.5, and 19.0 µM, respectively. The toxicity order was ampicillin > sulfamonomethoxine > chlorotetracycline > tetracycline > oxytetracycline. The proposed method can be used to evaluate the antibiotic toxicities in different real samples, such as pond water, powder, and raw milk. Recoveries were found in the range of 90 and 99%. The developed methods do not require additional incubation time to evaluate toxicity. Full article
21 pages, 1453 KiB  
Article
The HCV-Melanoma Paradox: First Multi-Cohort and Molecular Net-Work Analysis Reveals Lower Incidence but Worse Outcomes—Integrating Clinical, Real-World, and in Silico Data
by Essam Al Ageeli, Jawaher A. Abdulhakim, Mohammad H. Hussein, Maryam M. Alnoman, Samia S. Alkhalil, Peter P. Issa, Nader A. Nemr, Ahmed Abdelmaksoud, Dhaifallah A. Alenizi, Manal S. Fawzy and Eman A. Toraih
Medicina 2024, 60(9), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091531 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and melanoma remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between HCV and melanoma, assess outcomes in patients with both conditions, and explore potential molecular mechanisms connecting the two [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and melanoma remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between HCV and melanoma, assess outcomes in patients with both conditions, and explore potential molecular mechanisms connecting the two diseases. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 142 melanoma patients, including 29 with HCV-related cirrhosis, and analyzed their clinical outcomes. For external validation, we used the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network database, comprising 219,960 propensity-matched patients per group. An in silico analysis was performed to identify the molecular pathways linking HCV and melanoma. Results: In the retrospective cohort, HCV-positive melanoma patients showed an increased risk of early relapse (41.4% vs. 18.6%, p = 0.014), recurrence (65.5% vs. 39.8%, p = 0.020), and mortality (65.5% vs. 23.0%, p < 0.001) compared to HCV-negative patients. TriNetX data analysis revealed that HCV-positive patients had a 53% lower risk of developing melanoma (RR = 0.470, 95% CI: 0.443–0.498, p < 0.001). However, HCV-positive melanoma patients had higher all-cause mortality (HR = 1.360, 95% CI: 1.189–1.556, p < 0.001). An in silico analysis identified key molecular players, including IL-6 and CTLA4, in the HCV-melanoma network. Conclusions: While HCV infection may be associated with a lower risk of melanoma development, HCV-positive patients who develop melanoma have poorer outcomes. The identified molecular pathways provide potential targets for future research and therapeutic interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dermatology)
12 pages, 234 KiB  
Article
The Non-Anthropocentric Other in Film: Towards a Spectral Ethics of Film
by Christine Reeh-Peters
Philosophies 2024, 9(5), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies9050147 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
This article aims to add a further perspective to the discussion of the relationship between film and ethics. This perspective is important in today’s context, as the omnipresence of digital and mobile audiovisual images in everyday life increasingly determines our thinking and behaviour. [...] Read more.
This article aims to add a further perspective to the discussion of the relationship between film and ethics. This perspective is important in today’s context, as the omnipresence of digital and mobile audiovisual images in everyday life increasingly determines our thinking and behaviour. However, there is a lack of appropriate critical reflection and ethical understanding of these images and their ontology. This article proposes a machine ethics of film from a film-philosophical perspective. Such an ethics draws on critical posthumanism, namely on Karen Barad’s “ethics of mattering”, which explicitly relates to Emmanuel Levinas’ philosophy of the Other and their death. Thereby, special attention is given to the ontological nexus of film and death, as well as to the idea of film’s spectrality (drawing on, e.g., Derrida, Barthes, and Leutrat), a context that is discussed along with Barad’s diffractive view on quantum entanglement. Following from the author’s earlier approaches to Barad’s agential realism in the context of film-philosophy and certain Heidegger-based arguments set out in earlier writings about film and death, this article introduces the figure of what is called the “machinic spectre of film”. From here, the outline of a possible spectral ethics of film is considered by giving reasons for the exploration of further questions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cinema and Philosophy: Exploring the Intersections of Time, Identity, Ethics and Aesthetics)
10 pages, 3671 KiB  
Case Report
Long-Term Survival of Patients with Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Treated with Amplified Natural Killer Cell Therapy
by Yuji Okubo, Sho Nagai, Yuta Katayama, Kunihiro Kitamura, Kazuhisa Hiwaki and Keisuke Teshigawara
Reports 2024, 7(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7030080 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
Background: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) after a long latent infection. HTLV-1 induces the indolent or aggressive type of leukemia in 5% of HTLV-1 carriers. ATL, especially the aggressive type, is resistant to multi-agent [...] Read more.
Background: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) after a long latent infection. HTLV-1 induces the indolent or aggressive type of leukemia in 5% of HTLV-1 carriers. ATL, especially the aggressive type, is resistant to multi-agent chemotherapy. The indolent type often progresses to the aggressive type. Even in the most indolent-type cases, that is, smoldering ATL, the average survival time is 55.0 months. Case Presentation: Five patients with ATL were followed up for their clinical course after amplified natural killer cell (ANK) therapy. Four patients who received ANK therapy as first-line therapy achieved complete remission and showed long-term survival without aggressive conversion or relapse for more than 5 years. One patient was treated with multiagent chemotherapy due to acute exacerbation but relapsed 2 months later. She was subsequently treated with radiation and ANK therapy and survived for more than 6 years. Furthermore, ANK therapy enhanced the immune function of ATL patients to a level higher than that of normal individuals. Conclusions: ANK therapy has great potential as first-line treatment for ATL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)
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21 pages, 5624 KiB  
Article
Intelligent Trajectory Prediction Algorithm for Hypersonic Vehicle Based on Sparse Associative Structure Model
by Furong Liu, Lina Lu, Zhiheng Zhang, Yu Xie and Jing Chen
Drones 2024, 8(9), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8090505 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
The Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV) has become a focal point in military competitions among nations. Predicting the real-time trajectory of an HGV is of significant importance for aerospace defense interception and assessing enemy combat intentions. Existing prediction methods are limited by the need [...] Read more.
The Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV) has become a focal point in military competitions among nations. Predicting the real-time trajectory of an HGV is of significant importance for aerospace defense interception and assessing enemy combat intentions. Existing prediction methods are limited by the need for large data samples and poor general applicability. To address these challenges, this paper presents a novel trajectory forecasting approach based on the Sparse Association Structure Model (SASM). The SASM can uncover the relationship among known data, transfer associative relationships to unknown data, and improve the generalization of the model. Firstly, a trajectory database is established for different maneuvering modes based on the six-degree-of-freedom motion equations and models of attack and bank angles of the HGV. Subsequently, three trajectory parameters are selected as prediction variables according to the maneuvering characteristics of the HGV. A parameters prediction model based on the SASM is then constructed to predict trajectory parameters. The SASM model demonstrates high accuracy and generalization in forecasting the trajectories of three different HGV types. Experimental results show a 50.35% reduction in prediction error and a 48.7% decrease in average processing time compared to the LSTM model, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed method for real-time trajectory forecasting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Drones for Security and Defense Applications)
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15 pages, 3796 KiB  
Article
Visible Light-Assisted Periodate Activation Using Carbon Nitride for the Efficient Elimination of Acid Orange 7
by Wenjun Xu, Qianyi Wang, Jintao He, Fuzhen Liu, Xiang Yan and Yin Xu
Separations 2024, 11(9), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11090274 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
The development of appropriate and effective periodate (PI) activation technology is currently a popular research area. This study presents a novel efficient photocatalytic activation approach of PI for pollutant degradation based on carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and visible light (Vis). [...] Read more.
The development of appropriate and effective periodate (PI) activation technology is currently a popular research area. This study presents a novel efficient photocatalytic activation approach of PI for pollutant degradation based on carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and visible light (Vis). The results show that the system can remove 92.3% of acid orange 7 (AO7) within 60 min under the g-C3N4/PI/Vis reaction system. The degradation rate constant (kobs) reached 4.08 × 10−2 min−1, which is 4.21, 5.16 times, and 51.3 times higher than that of the g-C3N4/Vis system (9.7 × 10−3 min−1), PI/Vis system (7.9 × 10−3 min−1) and the g-C3N4/PI system (7.96 × 10−4 min−1), respectively. Clearly, the addition of PI significantly enhances the degradation efficiency of AO7 in the system. Additionally, under the same reaction conditions, the presence of PI showed excellent oxidation capacity in the photoactivation process compared with other common oxidants, such as peroxymonosulfate, peroxydisulfate, and H2O2. Moreover, the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system showed excellent removal of AO7 across a wide range of pH levels and in the presence of various anions. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments suggested that the superoxide anions (•O2−) and singlet oxygen (1O2) dominated in the oxidation of pollutants in the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system. In addition, the catalyst showed relative stability during cyclic testing, although a slight reduction in degradation efficiency was observed. In brief, the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system is highly efficient and environmentally friendly, with significant application potential in wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Efficiency Catalyst Preparation and Application in Environmental Purification)
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23 pages, 3063 KiB  
Article
A Novel Fractal Model for Contact Resistance Based on Axisymmetric Sinusoidal Asperity
by Yue Liu, Shihao Yang, Weikun Wang, Shuai Wang, Qi An, Min Huang and Shuangfu Suo
Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(9), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8090544 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
In this paper, a novel fractal model for the contact resistance based on axisymmetric sinusoidal asperity is proposed, which focuses on the resistance characteristics of the rough interface at a microscopic scale. By introducing the unique geometric shape of axisymmetric sinusoidal asperity, and [...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel fractal model for the contact resistance based on axisymmetric sinusoidal asperity is proposed, which focuses on the resistance characteristics of the rough interface at a microscopic scale. By introducing the unique geometric shape of axisymmetric sinusoidal asperity, and combining it with a three-dimensional fractal theory, the micro-morphology characteristics of the rough interface can be characterized more precisely. Subsequently, by conducting a theoretical analysis and numerically solving the deformation mechanisms of asperities on the rough interface, a refined model for contact resistance is constructed. This research comprehensively employs theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental testing methods to deeply explore the current transmission mechanisms during the contact process of the rough interface. The findings suggest that the proposed model is capable of precisely capturing the intricate interplay of various factors, including contact area, contact load, and material properties, with the contact resistance. Compared to the existing models, the presented model demonstrates significant advantages in terms of prediction accuracy and practicality. This research provides an important theoretical basis and design guidance for optimizing the electrical performance of the rough interface, which has great significance for engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractal Theory Applications in the Contact Interface of Mechanical Equipment)
37 pages, 1373 KiB  
Article
Waste Management and Innovation: Insights from Europe
by Lucio Laureti, Alberto Costantiello, Fabio Anobile, Angelo Leogrande and Cosimo Magazzino
Recycling 2024, 9(5), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9050082 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationship between urban waste recycling and innovation systems in Europe. Data from the Global Innovation Index for 34 European countries in the period 2013–2022 were used. To analyze the characteristics of European countries in terms of waste recycling capacity, [...] Read more.
This paper analyzes the relationship between urban waste recycling and innovation systems in Europe. Data from the Global Innovation Index for 34 European countries in the period 2013–2022 were used. To analyze the characteristics of European countries in terms of waste recycling capacity, the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Elbow method and the Silhouette Coefficient was used. The results show that the optimal number of clusters is three. Panel data results show that waste recycling increases with domestic market scale, gross capital formation, and the diffusion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), while it decreases with the infrastructure index, business sophistication index, and the average expenditure on research and development of large companies. Full article
20 pages, 5174 KiB  
Article
A Pseudo-Exponential-Based Artificial Potential Field Method for UAV Cluster Control under Static and Dynamical Obstacles
by Jie Zhang, Fengyun Li, Jiacheng Li, Qian Chen and Hanlin Sheng
Drones 2024, 8(9), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8090506 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
This study presents a novel obstacle evasion method for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) clusters in the presence of static and dynamic obstacles. First, a discrete three-dimensional model of the UAV is provided. Second, the proposed improved artificial potential field (APF) is illustrated. In [...] Read more.
This study presents a novel obstacle evasion method for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) clusters in the presence of static and dynamic obstacles. First, a discrete three-dimensional model of the UAV is provided. Second, the proposed improved artificial potential field (APF) is illustrated. In designing the improved scheme, a pseudo-exponential function is fused into the potential field, thus avoiding local extreme points. Frictional resistance is introduced to optimize vibration and maintain stability after reaching the desired endpoints. Meanwhile, the relevant parameters are optimized, and appropriate state limits are defined, thus enhancing the control stability. Third, Lyapunov stability analysis proves that all signals in the closed-loop cluster system are ultimately bounded. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that the UAV cluster can efficiently reconstruct, form, and maintain formations while avoiding static and dynamical obstacles along with maintaining a safe distance, solving the problem of the local extreme of traditional artificial potential field methods. The proposed scheme is also tested under large-scale multi-UAV scenarios. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights for engineers working with UAV clusters navigating through formations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomous Flight of Drone: Control, Trajectory Optimization and Mission Planning: 2nd Edition)
29 pages, 8518 KiB  
Article
Differential Game-Based Cooperative Interception Guidance Law with Collision Avoidance
by Xueping Zhu, Xinxing Wang, Yue Li and Jun Yang
Aerospace 2024, 11(9), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090771 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2024
Abstract
To deal with the offense-defense confrontation problem of multi-missile cooperative intercepting a high-speed and large-maneuvering target, a differential game-based cooperative interception guidance law with collision avoidance is proposed, in which the offense-defense parties are the incoming target and the interceptors, respectively. Given that [...] Read more.
To deal with the offense-defense confrontation problem of multi-missile cooperative intercepting a high-speed and large-maneuvering target, a differential game-based cooperative interception guidance law with collision avoidance is proposed, in which the offense-defense parties are the incoming target and the interceptors, respectively. Given that both offense-defense parties have uniformly decreasing speeds and first-order biproper dynamics, the relative motion models among the offense-defense parties are established, and the performance indices of the target and the interceptors are proposed. After that, the cooperative interception guidance law with collision avoidance is derived based on a differential game. The guidance law considers the effects of speed variations and rudder layouts on the motions of both offense-defense parties, ensuring excellent algorithmic real-time property and interception accuracy while introducing inter-missile collision avoidance constraints. In addition, the parameters of the target performance index are set according to the target acceleration information estimated by the interceptors. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the guidance law designed in this paper, under various three-to-one scenarios, the interceptors could achieve collision-free interceptions with the interception accuracy of less than 5 m and the interception time difference of less than 0.1 s. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aeronautics)
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