MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

18 pages, 1499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nodules of Medicago spp. Host a Diverse Community of Rhizobial Species in Natural Ecosystems

by Andrei Stefan, Jannick Van Cauwenberghe, Craita Maria Rosu, Catalina Stedel, Crystal Chan, Ellen L. Simms, Catalina Iticescu, Daniela Tsikou, Emmanouil Flemetakis and Rodica Catalina Efrose

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2156; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092156 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobia-nodulated legumes reduces the dependence on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Identification of locally adapted rhizobia may uncover economically valuable strains for sustainable agriculture. This study investigated the diversity and symbiotic potential of rhizobia associated with three Medicago species from Eastern [...] Read more.

Biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobia-nodulated legumes reduces the dependence on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Identification of locally adapted rhizobia may uncover economically valuable strains for sustainable agriculture. This study investigated the diversity and symbiotic potential of rhizobia associated with three Medicago species from Eastern Romania’s ecosystems. Phenotypic screening ensured that only rhizobial species were retained for molecular characterization. 16S rDNA sequencing clustered the isolates into four distinct groups: Sinorhizobium meliloti, Sinorhizobium medicae, Rhizobium leguminosarum, and Mesorhizobium spp. The chromosomal genes (atpD, glnII, recA) and nifH phylogenies were congruent, while the nodA phylogeny grouped the Mesorhizobium spp. isolates with R. leguminosarum. Medicago sativa was the most sampled plant species, and only S. meliloti and R. leguminosarum were found in its nodules, while Medicago falcata nodules hosted S. meliloti and Mesorhizobium spp. Medicago lupulina was the only species that hosted all four identified rhizobial groups, including S. medicae. This study provides the first report on the Mesorhizobium spp. associated with M. falcata nodules. Additionally, R. leguminosarum and two Mesorhizobium genospecies were identified as novel symbionts for Medicago spp. Comparative analysis of Medicago-associated rhizobia from other studies revealed that differences in 16S rDNA sequence type composition were influenced by Medicago species identity rather than geographic region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities in Environments Shaped by Anthropogenic Activities)

21 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empowering Diverse Learners: Integrating Writing-to-Learn Strategies in a Middle School Science Classroom in the U.S

by So Lim Kim and Deoksoon Kim

Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14091031 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Science education has shifted towards emphasizing science literacy rather than simply memorizing facts. Studies have shown that incorporating writing in science education engages students in higher-order thinking, fosters critical reasoning skills, and deepens subject matter comprehension. However, writing can be particularly challenging for [...] Read more.

Science education has shifted towards emphasizing science literacy rather than simply memorizing facts. Studies have shown that incorporating writing in science education engages students in higher-order thinking, fosters critical reasoning skills, and deepens subject matter comprehension. However, writing can be particularly challenging for CLD (culturally and linguistically diverse) students due to content-specific vocabulary and distinctive grammatical patterns. This case study explores six CLD students’ experiences with writing in a seventh-grade science classroom in the northeastern United States that used invention-based learning (IBL). By incorporating hands-on invention processes, IBL facilitates problem-solving and student-centered learning. The study shows how a writing-to-learn approach in science education can simultaneously support CLD students in developing a scientific understanding of abstract concepts and address the need for science literacy skills. The implications of this study suggest that teachers should integrate writing-to-learn strategies into their science instruction to promote deeper understanding and improve science literacy. By supporting students through productive struggles with writing and providing opportunities to practice scientific language, teachers can help students develop critical thinking skills and better comprehension of scientific concepts. In addition, by connecting hands-on experiences with writing tasks, educators can make science more accessible and engaging for students, particularly those from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Content and Language/Literacy Learning for Multilingual Students)

24 pages, 4655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dihydrotestosterone Enhances MICA-Mediated Immune Responses to Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Carcinoma

by Donghyun Seo, Hyeji Byun, Miyeon Cho, Sun Hee Lee, Sohyun Youn, Junho Lee, Inuk Jung, Hyosun Cho and Hyojeung Kang

Cancers 2024, 16(18), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183219 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Epstein–Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is a subset of gastric cancers linked to EBV infection. While the role of male hormones in cancers such as prostate, breast, and ovarian cancers is well-studied, their impact on EBVaGC remains less understood. This study aims [...] Read more.

Background: Epstein–Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is a subset of gastric cancers linked to EBV infection. While the role of male hormones in cancers such as prostate, breast, and ovarian cancers is well-studied, their impact on EBVaGC remains less understood. This study aims to examine the effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on EBVaGC, particularly focusing on its influence on the immune response. Methods: The study utilized the SNU719 EBVaGC cell line. Cells were treated with DHT to assess androgen receptor (AR) expression and the activation of signaling pathways, including NF-κB. The expression of MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA) and its interaction with the NKG2D receptor on NK and T cells was evaluated. Cytotoxicity assays were conducted to determine DHT’s effect on NK and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression was analyzed. Results: DHT significantly increased AR expression in EBVaGC cells and activated the NF-κB pathway, which led to increased transcription of target genes such as MICA and EBNA1. These changes enhanced the interaction with receptors on NK and T cells, thereby boosting their cytotoxicity against EBVaGC cells. Importantly, DHT did not upregulate proinflammatory cytokine genes. Conclusion: DHT enhances the immune response against EBVaGC by upregulating MICA and activating NK and T cells. These findings suggest potential therapeutic strategies targeting androgen signaling to improve anti-tumor immunity in EBVaGC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Associated Cancers)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 7615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infection Process of Alfalfa Root Rot Caused by Fusarium acuminatum

by Le Wang, Jianfeng Yang, Ruifang Jia, Zhengqiang Chen, Na Wang, Jie Wu, Fangqi Chen, Yuanyuan Zhang and Kejian Lin

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2157; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092157 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Fusarium spp. can cause root rot in alfalfa, leading to the death of the whole plant, which seriously affects the yield and quality of alfalfa. This study used a Fusarium acuminatum strain labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to observe the infection process [...] Read more.

Fusarium spp. can cause root rot in alfalfa, leading to the death of the whole plant, which seriously affects the yield and quality of alfalfa. This study used a Fusarium acuminatum strain labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to observe the infection process of F. acuminatum on alfalfa by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The aim of this study was to reveal the infection mechanism of alfalfa Fusarium root rot at the cellular histological level. The results showed that conidia of F. acuminatum attached to the surface of the root and germinated at one day post-inoculation, the mycelium then entered the vascular bundle tissue of the alfalfa root at 5 days post-inoculation, reached the base of the plant stem at 14 days post-inoculation, and colonized the stem of the first and second compound leaf at 28 and 49 days post-inoculation, respectively. Moreover, the experiment, which sprayed a spore suspension, showed that the conidia of F. acuminatum could spread through the air to infect the pericarp and seed coat tissue of the pod. For the first time, we report the infection process of alfalfa Fusarium root rot caused by F. acuminatum and clarify that F. acuminatum can initially infect the root tissue of alfalfa, colonize the bottom stem of the plant through systematic infection, and eventually cause the plant to wilt and die. The results reveal the infection mechanism of F. acuminatum at the cell level via histology and provide theoretical support for the development of control strategies and key control technologies for alfalfa root rot. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grass and Forage Diseases: Etiology, Epidemic and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 13481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Broken Bars in Induction Motors Operating with Closed-Loop Speed Control

by Francesca Muzio, Lorenzo Mantione, Tomas Garcia-Calva, Lucia Frosini and Daniel Morinigo-Sotelo

Machines 2024, 12(9), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12090662 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Rotor bar breakage in induction motors is often detected by analysing the signatures in the stator current. However, due to the alteration of the current spectrum, traditional methods may fail when inverter-fed motors operate with closed-loop control using a cascade structure to regulate [...] Read more.

Rotor bar breakage in induction motors is often detected by analysing the signatures in the stator current. However, due to the alteration of the current spectrum, traditional methods may fail when inverter-fed motors operate with closed-loop control using a cascade structure to regulate the speed. In this paper, the potential of zero-sequence voltage analysis to detect this fault is investigated, and a new index to quantify the severity of the fault based on this signal is proposed. Signals from motors operating under different control strategies and signals from motors powered from the mains are considered to verify the robustness of the proposed fault severity index. As a result, in all the analysed conditions the value of the proposed index for the healthy motor is found to be approximately 0.010, while for the faulty machine it is between 0.110 and 0.252. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical Machines and Drives)

18 pages, 3367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation Model for Maize Multi-Components Based on Hyperspectral Data

by Hang Xue, Xiping Xu and Xiang Meng

Sensors 2024, 24(18), 6111; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186111 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Assessing the quality of corn seeds necessitates evaluating their water, fat, protein, and starch content. This study integrates hyperspectral imaging technology with chemometric analysis techniques to achieve non-invasive and rapid detection of multiple key components in corn seeds. Hyperspectral images of the embryo [...] Read more.

Assessing the quality of corn seeds necessitates evaluating their water, fat, protein, and starch content. This study integrates hyperspectral imaging technology with chemometric analysis techniques to achieve non-invasive and rapid detection of multiple key components in corn seeds. Hyperspectral images of the embryo surface of maize seeds were collected within the wavelength range of 1100~2498 nm. Subsequently, image segmentation techniques were applied to extract the germ structure of the corn seeds as the region of interest. Seven spectral data preprocessing algorithms were employed, and the Detrending Transformation (DT) algorithm was identified as the optimal preprocessing method through comparative analysis using the Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) model. To reduce spectral redundancy and streamline the prediction model, three algorithms were employed for characteristic wavelength extraction: Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA), Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS), and Uninformative Variable Elimination (UVE). Using the original spectra and extracted characteristic wavelengths, PLSR, BP, RBF, and LSSVM models were constructed to detect the content of four components. The analysis indicated that the CARS-LSSVM algorithm had the best prediction performance. The PSO algorithm was employed to further optimize the parameters of the LSSVM model, thereby improving the model’s prediction performance. The R values for the four components in the test set were 0.9884, 0.9490, 0.9864, and 0.9687, respectively. This indicates that hyperspectral technology combined with the DT-CARS-PSO-LSSVM algorithm can effectively detect the main component content of corn seeds. This study not only provides a scientific basis for the evaluation of corn seed quality but also opens up new avenues for the development of non-destructive testing technology in related fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Sensing Technologies for Monitoring Food Quality and Safety)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1211 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Examining the Link between Air Quality (PM, SO₂, NO₂, PAHs) and Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review

by Barbara Siewert, Agata Kozajda, Marta Jaskulak and Katarzyna Zorena

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5605; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185605 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Childhood obesity has emerged as a global health concern with profound implications for long-term health outcomes. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential role of environmental factors in the development of childhood obesity. This comprehensive review aims to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Childhood obesity has emerged as a global health concern with profound implications for long-term health outcomes. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential role of environmental factors in the development of childhood obesity. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between various components of air pollution and childhood obesity. Methods: We systematically analyze the existing literature from the past 5 years to explore the mechanistic pathways linking air pollution, including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), to childhood obesity. This systematic review examines 33 epidemiological studies on the link between air pollution and childhood obesity, published from 1 January 2018, to 31 January 2024. Results: Studies from counties with low overall air pollution noticed only low to no impact of the exposure to childhood obesity, unlike studies from countries with higher levels of pollution, suggesting that the mitigation of air pollutants can reduce the chance of it being a negative factor for the development of obesity. This relationship was noticed for PM_2.5, PM₁, PM₁₀, NO_x, and SO₂ but not for PAHs, which showed a negative effect on children’s health across 10 out of 11 studies. Conclusions: This review underscores the need for interdisciplinary approaches to address both environmental and socio-economic determinants of childhood obesity. Efforts aimed at reducing air pollution levels and promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors are essential for safeguarding the health and well-being of children worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevalence and Risk Factors of Obesity and Hypertension)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 10347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial–Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Mechanism Analysis of the “Three-Zone Space” in China’s Ili River Basin

by Zhixian Jiang, Meihua Yang, Li Yang, Wenjing Su and Zhuojun Liu

Land 2024, 13(9), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091530 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The Ili River Basin (IRB) is located in the northwest of China. With its large-scale zone and abundant resources, it is believed to be a “wet island” and a biotic resource storehouse in the dry regions of Eurasia. The IRB has stable ecological [...] Read more.

The Ili River Basin (IRB) is located in the northwest of China. With its large-scale zone and abundant resources, it is believed to be a “wet island” and a biotic resource storehouse in the dry regions of Eurasia. The IRB has stable ecological conditions and abundant water resources, providing natural conditions for agricultural production and human settlements. With the population increasing and economic development advancing, the competition for land resources is becoming fierce, leading to some ecological problems in this region. Therefore, understanding the spatiotemporal changes and driving mechanisms of the “three-zone space” (TZS) in the IRB is of significant practical importance for promoting sustainable development and optimizing the territorial spatial pattern. This study first analyzes the characteristics and intensity of the TZS changes from 2000 to 2020. Then, it utilizes the optimized parameter Geodetector (OPGD) to analyze the driving mechanisms behind these changes. The results show the following. Firstly, the agricultural space (AS) increased by a total of 837.5 km², the urban space (US) increased by 519.64 km², and other ecological space (OES) increased by 1518.83 km². Green ecological space (GES) decreased by 2875.97 km². Secondly, intensity analysis indicated that the total TZS change in IRB was 11.07%. At the spatial-type level, the increased intensities of OES, US, and AS were active. In spatial transformation intensity, US and OES tended to transform into AS; AS tended to transform into US; and OES and GES had a mutual transformation tendency. Thirdly, AS converted into US around emerging cities like Khorgas and Cocodala. The conversion towards GES was scattered. The mutual conversion between OES and GES showed spatial distribution consistency, mainly occurring in the Borohoro ranges and the Halik ranges. Lastly, regarding the driving mechanisms, the evolution of US in the IRB was driven by social and economic factors. Location and climate factors accelerated agricultural development, facilitating the transformation of GES and OES into AS. Climate and economic factors played a crucial role in the scale of conversions between OES and GES. The findings can provide a basis for the governance and protection of the IRB, help to form a rational territorial spatial pattern, and offer scientific guidance for sustainable land management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Environmental and Policy Impact Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Introducing the PrimeD Framework: Teacher Practice and Professional Development through Shulman’s View of Professionalism

by Jon Saderholm, Robert N. Ronau, Christopher R. Rakes, Sarah B. Bush and Margaret J. Mohr-Schroeder

Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14091032 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

This paper clarifies and expands the definition of teacher professional practice, grounded in the commonplaces of professionalism outlined by Lee Shulman. We present the Professional Development: Research, Implementation, and Evaluation (PrimeD) framework as a lens for transforming professional development into a practice that [...] Read more.

This paper clarifies and expands the definition of teacher professional practice, grounded in the commonplaces of professionalism outlined by Lee Shulman. We present the Professional Development: Research, Implementation, and Evaluation (PrimeD) framework as a lens for transforming professional development into a practice that engages teachers as professionals. This discussion explores teachers’ roles in both their classrooms and the profession. The inclusion of PrimeD evaluation and research in the development and practice of mathematics teachers addresses Shulman’s professionalism commonplaces. PrimeD was tested as a lens for professionalism in mathematics teacher education programs at four universities. In the study, teachers collaborated as professionals on developing and testing novel ways to approach mathematics lessons. In general, teachers’ efforts to conduct structured experimentation in their lessons were disconnected from traditional views of the role of a teacher. As a result, teachers who did develop and test lesson trials in this PD program did not frequently continue experimentation. Typically, teachers wanted to collaborate on testing classroom activities but did not have resources to do so (e.g., time, collaborative planning). Systemic changes are needed to promote sustainable change, allowing teachers to collaborate and share the results of classroom research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section STEM Education)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Attitudes towards Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination during the Subsiding COVID-19 Pandemic—Results of a Longitudinal Survey Study among Risk Groups in Germany between 2021 and 2023

by Sebastian Born, Daniel Schwarzkopf, Norman Rose, Mathias W. Pletz, Konrad Reinhart and Carolin Fleischmann-Struzek

Vaccines 2024, 12(9), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12091080 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: In many countries, an increase in influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined how attitude, risk perception and knowledge towards influenza and pneumococcal vaccines of at-risk patients developed when the COVID-19 pandemic subsided and if COVID-19 [...] Read more.

Background: In many countries, an increase in influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined how attitude, risk perception and knowledge towards influenza and pneumococcal vaccines of at-risk patients developed when the COVID-19 pandemic subsided and if COVID-19 vaccination attitude (VA) was still associated with the attitudes towards the two other vaccines. Methods: We used longitudinal data from two surveys conducted in Germany in 2021 and 2023 among persons with chronic diseases. We assessed VA, risk perception, vaccination knowledge and further psychological determinants of vaccine acceptance. Structural equation modelling using full information maximum likelihood was used to estimate multivariate regressions with planned missing data. Results: Among 543 respondents, the influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates remained relatively stable between 2021 and 2023. VA also remained unchanged at a moderately positive level, while COVID-19 VA decreased. A constantly positive association between COVID-19 VA and influenza as well as pneumococcal VA was found, independent from a general VA. The perceived danger of influenza increased between 2021 and 2023 and was among the strongest predictors of influenza VA. Conclusions: Also at the subsiding pandemic, COVID-19 VA was constantly associated with the influenza and pneumococcal VA. It seems sensible to take these aspects into account when designing future vaccination campaigns for at-risk patients. Trial registration: DRKS00024561. Registered 9 March 2021. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating Public Perceptions of Vaccination: Understanding Attitudes and Challenges)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Prevalence of Demodex spp. Infestation in Dermatological Patients in Northern Poland

by Katarzyna Rychlik, Julia Sternicka, Monika Zabłotna, Roman J. Nowicki, Leszek Bieniaszewski and Dorota Purzycka-Bohdan

Life 2024, 14(9), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091196 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The presence of Demodex spp. mites on the skin is a common phenomenon in the human population. In most people, it is an asymptomatic infestation, but in some patients, it can contribute to the occurrence of diseases such as demodicosis, rosacea, or blepharitis, [...] Read more.

The presence of Demodex spp. mites on the skin is a common phenomenon in the human population. In most people, it is an asymptomatic infestation, but in some patients, it can contribute to the occurrence of diseases such as demodicosis, rosacea, or blepharitis, as well as non-specific symptoms. In this study, the results of tests assessing the presence of Demodex spp. by direct microscopic examination (DME) in 2508 patients from northern Poland with the suspicion of demodicosis were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 3684 tests were performed. Among them, only 1585 (43.02%) revealed the presence of Demodex spp., while 2099 (56.98%) were negative. It was shown that in the analyzed population of patients with clinical suspicion of demodicosis, the degree of confirmation of the presence of Demodex spp. positively correlated with the patient’s age (p = 0.001) and the mite was mainly found on the edges of eyelids and on the facial skin. Additionally, in men, the presence of Demodex was more often confirmed than in women (p = 0.004). In conclusion, the proper diagnosis of demodicosis still constitutes an important clinical problem due to the non-specificity of symptoms and the low confirmation of clinical suspicions of infestation by DME, especially in lower age groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Dermatology: From Molecular Insights into Clinical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Yein-Early, a Unique Fruit-Color and Leaf-Shape Mutant of Citrus unshiu, and Its Specific Selection Marker

by Jung-Gwon Ko, Chang-Ho Eun and In-Jung Kim

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(9), 10606-10617; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090628 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa-wase is one of the most widely cultivated citrus varieties on Jeju Island in Republic of Korea. Mutation breeding is a useful tool for inducing genetic diversity by causing genomic mutations in a short period of time. We previously [...] Read more.

Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa-wase is one of the most widely cultivated citrus varieties on Jeju Island in Republic of Korea. Mutation breeding is a useful tool for inducing genetic diversity by causing genomic mutations in a short period of time. We previously conducted mutation breeding using gamma irradiation to develop new varieties of C. unshiu. Here, we describe one of these varieties, Yein-early, which has a redder peel, greater hardness, and higher sugar content compared with the wild type (WT). Yein-early leaves also showed a unique phenotype compared with the WT, characterized by longer longitudinal length, shorter transverse length, stronger curling, and longer petiole length. Genome resequencing of Yein-early and the WT uncovered significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (InDels). These variations were crucial in identifying molecular markers unique to Yein-early. In addition, we developed an allele-specific PCR marker specifically targeting a homozygous SNP in Yein-early that distinguishes it from the WT and other citrus varieties. This study contributes to the understanding of pigment synthesis in fruits and provides a valuable tool for selection of the novel Yein-early variety in citrus breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multi-Omics for Functional Genomics Studies and Molecular Breeding)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 3669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smoke Emissions and Buoyant Plumes above Prescribed Burns in the Pinelands National Reserve, New Jersey

by Kenneth L. Clark, Michael R. Gallagher, Nicholas Skowronski, Warren E. Heilman, Joseph Charney, Matthew Patterson, Jason Cole, Eric Mueller and Rory Hadden

Fire 2024, 7(9), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7090330 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Prescribed burning is a cost-effective method for reducing hazardous fuels in pine- and oak-dominated forests, but smoke emissions contribute to atmospheric pollutant loads, and the potential exists for exceeding federal air quality standards designed to protect human health. Fire behavior during prescribed burns [...] Read more.

Prescribed burning is a cost-effective method for reducing hazardous fuels in pine- and oak-dominated forests, but smoke emissions contribute to atmospheric pollutant loads, and the potential exists for exceeding federal air quality standards designed to protect human health. Fire behavior during prescribed burns influences above-canopy sensible heat flux and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in buoyant plumes, affecting the lofting and dispersion of smoke. A more comprehensive understanding of how enhanced energy fluxes and turbulence are related during the passage of flame fronts could improve efforts to mitigate the impacts of smoke emissions. Pre- and post-fire fuel loading measurements taken during 48 operational prescribed burns were used to estimate the combustion completeness factors (CC) and emissions of fine particulates (PM_2.5), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO) in pine- and oak-dominated stands in the Pinelands National Reserve of southern New Jersey. During 11 of the prescribed burns, sensible heat flux and turbulence statistics were measured by tower networks above the forest canopy. Fire behavior when fire fronts passed the towers ranged from low-intensity backing fires to high-intensity head fires with some crown torching. Consumption of forest-floor and understory vegetation was a near-linear function of pre-burn loading, and combustion of fine litter on the forest floor was the predominant source of emissions, even during head fires with some crowning activity. Tower measurements indicated that above-canopy sensible heat flux and TKE calculated at 1 min intervals during the passage of fire fronts were strongly influenced by fire behavior. Low-intensity backing fires, regardless of forest type, had weaker enhancement of above-canopy air temperature, vertical and horizontal wind velocities, sensible heat fluxes, and TKE compared to higher-intensity head and flanking fires. Sensible heat flux and TKE in buoyant plumes were unrelated during low-intensity burns but more tightly coupled during higher-intensity burns. The weak coupling during low-intensity backing fires resulted in reduced rates of smoke transport and dispersion, and likely in more prolonged periods of elevated surface concentrations. This research facilitates more accurate estimates of PM_2.5, CO, and CO₂ emissions from prescribed burns in the Pinelands, and it provides a better understanding of the relationships among fire behavior, sensible heat fluxes and turbulence, and smoke dispersion in pine- and oak-dominated forests. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reinforcement Learning: A Paradigm Shift in Personalized Blood Glucose Management for Diabetes

by Lehel Dénes-Fazakas, László Szilágyi, Levente Kovács, Andrea De Gaetano and György Eigner

Biomedicines 2024, 12(9), 2143; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12092143 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Managing blood glucose levels effectively remains a significant challenge for individuals with diabetes. Traditional methods often lack the flexibility needed for personalized care. This study explores the potential of reinforcement learning-based approaches, which mimic human learning and adapt strategies through ongoing interactions, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Managing blood glucose levels effectively remains a significant challenge for individuals with diabetes. Traditional methods often lack the flexibility needed for personalized care. This study explores the potential of reinforcement learning-based approaches, which mimic human learning and adapt strategies through ongoing interactions, in creating dynamic and personalized blood glucose management plans. Methods: We developed a mathematical model specifically for patients with type IVP diabetes, validated with data from 10 patients and 17 key parameters. The model includes continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) noise and random carbohydrate intake to simulate real-life conditions. A closed-loop system was designed to enable the application of reinforcement learning algorithms. Results: By implementing a Policy Optimization (PPO) branch, we achieved an average Time in Range (TIR) metric of 73%, indicating improved blood glucose control. Conclusions: This study presents a personalized insulin therapy solution using reinforcement learning. Our closed-loop model offers a promising approach for improving blood glucose regulation, with potential applications in personalized diabetes management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes: Pathogenesis, Therapeutics and Outcomes)

27 pages, 8781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Axial Compression Performance of L-Shaped Partially Encased Steel–Concrete Composite Stub Columns

by Yuansen Qi, Haochuan Zhu, Youwu Xu, Zhibin Xiao and Zhenfen Jin

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 3001; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14093001 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The L-shaped partially encased steel–concrete composite (PEC) stub column, composed of profile steel, concrete, and transverse links, tends to occupy less space than the rectangle-shaped PEC column when used as side or corner columns. In this study, an axial compression test involving three [...] Read more.

The L-shaped partially encased steel–concrete composite (PEC) stub column, composed of profile steel, concrete, and transverse links, tends to occupy less space than the rectangle-shaped PEC column when used as side or corner columns. In this study, an axial compression test involving three L-shaped PEC stub columns was conducted to investigate the influence of critical factors on axial compression performance. The test results indicated that the axial compression capacity can be effectively enhanced with an increase in material strength. Furthermore, finite element (FE) analysis was carried out with parameters such as material strength, steel thickness, transverse link spacing, transverse link diameter, transverse link distribution, and longitudinal rebar diameter. The results revealed that the primary failure modes of L-shaped PEC columns were concrete spalling and local buckling of the flange. Additionally, it was found that the increase in steel strength, steel thickness, and transverse link diameter, as well as the decrease in transverse link spacing, significantly improved the axial compression capacity and concrete confinement effect. However, an increase in concrete strength diminished the concrete confinement effect. Additionally, the accuracy of the axial compression capacity calculation methods in the Eurocode 4 and T/CECS719-2010 specifications for L-shaped PEC stub columns was verified. Finally, a calculation method based on the superposition principle incorporating the concrete confinement effect was proposed, and validated by comparing with experimental and FE results. Overall, this study could provide a theoretical basis for the engineering application of L-shaped PEC columns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Confirmed Description of Acremonium egyptiacum from Greece and Molecular Identification of Acremonium and Acremonium-like Clinical Isolates

by Michael Arabatzis, Philoktitis Abel, Eleni Sotiriou and Aristea Velegraki

J. Fungi 2024, 10(9), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090664 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Acremonium and the recently separated acremonium-like genera, such as Sarocladium, are emerging causes of opportunistic disease in humans, mainly post-traumatic infections in immunocompetent hosts, but also invasive infections in immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing transplantation. Acremonium egyptiacum has emerged as the [...] Read more.

Acremonium and the recently separated acremonium-like genera, such as Sarocladium, are emerging causes of opportunistic disease in humans, mainly post-traumatic infections in immunocompetent hosts, but also invasive infections in immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing transplantation. Acremonium egyptiacum has emerged as the major pathogenic Acremonium species in humans, implicated mainly in nail but also in disseminated and organ specific infections. In this first study of acremonium-like clinical isolates in Greece, 34 isolates were identified and typed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer, and their antifungal susceptibility was determined by a modified CLSI standard M38 3rd Edition method for filamentous fungi. A. egyptiacum was the primary species (18 isolates) followed by Sarocladium kiliense (8), Acremonium charticola, Gliomastix polychroma, Proxiovicillium blochii, Sarocladium terricola, Sarocladium zeae, and Stanjemonium dichromosporum (all with one isolate). Two isolates, each with a novel ITS sequence, possibly represent undescribed species with an affinity to Emericellopsis. All three A. egyptiacum ITS barcode types described to date were identified, with 3 being the major type. Flutrimazole, lanoconazole, and luliconazole presented the lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against A. egyptiacum, with a geometric mean (GM) MIC of 2.50, 1.92, and 1.57 μg/mL, respectively. Amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, terbinafine, amorolfine, and griseofulvin MICs were overall high (GM 12.79–29.49 μg/mL). An analysis of variance performed on absolute values showed that flutrimazole, lanoconazole, and luliconazole were equivalent and notably lower than those of all the other drugs tested against A. egyptiacum. Antifungal susceptibility of the three different A. egyptiacum genotypes was homogeneous. Overall, the high MICs recorded for all systemically administered drugs, and for some topical antifungals against the tested A. egyptiacum and other acremonium-like clinical isolates, justify the routine susceptibility testing of clinical isolates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Pathogenicity and Drug Resistance of Medically Important Fungi)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1113 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Chemical Derivatization and Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Fast Screening of Retinoic Acid in Cosmetics

by Yuzhang Bao, Ningzi Guo, Xiaowen Hu, Bin Di, Yang Liu and Huimin Sun

Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4491; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184491 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

As a prescription drug, retinoic acid is listed as a banned cosmetic additive in the EU and China regulations. Currently, spectrophotometric methods, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and HPLC–MS/MS, are commonly used for the determination of retinoic acid. As these [...] Read more.

As a prescription drug, retinoic acid is listed as a banned cosmetic additive in the EU and China regulations. Currently, spectrophotometric methods, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and HPLC–MS/MS, are commonly used for the determination of retinoic acid. As these conventional methods require complex pretreatment and are time-consuming, chemical derivatization combined with paper spray ionization mass spectrometry was developed for the fast detection of retinoic acid in cosmetics. N,N-dimethylpiperazine iodide (DMPI) was utilized as a derivatization reagent. Carboxylic acid in retinoic acid was derivatized to carry a positive charge and was subjected to mass spectrometry analysis. Results showed that compared with non-derivatized compounds, the detection limit was increased by about 50 times. The linearity in the range of 0.005–1 μg·mL⁻¹ was good. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.0013 μg·mL⁻¹, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0043 μg·mL⁻¹. The recoveries of spiked samples were in the range of 95–105%, and the RSDs were below 5%. Derivatization and paper spray ionization MS render a quick, sensitive, and accurate method for the detection of retinoic acid in a complex matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Scheduling Problems: Some Models and Algorithms

by Evgeny R. Gafarov and Frank Werner

Algorithms 2024, 17(9), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/a17090421 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this paper, we consider some problems that arise in connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) systems. Their simplified variants can be formulated as scheduling problems. Therefore, scheduling solution algorithms can be used as a part of solution algorithms for real-world problems. For four [...] Read more.

In this paper, we consider some problems that arise in connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) systems. Their simplified variants can be formulated as scheduling problems. Therefore, scheduling solution algorithms can be used as a part of solution algorithms for real-world problems. For four variants of such problems, mathematical models and solution algorithms are presented. In particular, three polynomial algorithms and a branch and bound algorithm are developed. These CAV scheduling problems are considered in the literature for the first time. More complicated NP-hard scheduling problems related to CAVs can be considered in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2024 and 2025 Selected Papers from Algorithms Editorial Board Members)

19 pages, 1049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Continuous Monitoring of Forests in Wetland Ecosystems with Remote Sensing and Probability Sampling

by Aoyun Zhao, Xinjie Cheng, Rong Cao, Liuyuan Huang and Zhengyang Hou

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(18), 3508; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183508 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

With the drastic reduction in wetland areas, it is essential to conduct an annual monitoring of the biomass or carbon content of wetland ecosystems to support international initiatives and agreements focused on sustainable development, climate change, and carbon equity. Forests in wetland ecosystems [...] Read more.

With the drastic reduction in wetland areas, it is essential to conduct an annual monitoring of the biomass or carbon content of wetland ecosystems to support international initiatives and agreements focused on sustainable development, climate change, and carbon equity. Forests in wetland ecosystems play a crucial role in carbon sequestration; however, the monitoring of small, fragmented forest components in wetlands remains insufficient, leading to an underestimation of their ecological and carbon sequestration functions. This study utilizes a model-assisted (MA) estimator, a monitoring procedure that is asymptotically design-unbiased and incorporates remote sensing, to assess the status and trends in the above-ground biomass (AGB) of forest components in wetlands, while also proposing a method of optimizing the sample size to enable continuous monitoring. Based on the population of the forest component of Baiyangdian wetland, major findings indicate that: (1) neglecting the forest component of Baiyangdian wetland will lead to an underestimation of the total aboveground biomass by 224.34 t/ha and 243.64 t/ha in the years 2022 and 2023, respectively; (2) in either year-specific monitoring or interannual change monitoring, the MA estimator is more cost-effective than the expansion estimator, a comparable procedure that relies solely on field observations; (3) the method used to optimize sample size can effectively tackle the cost-related concerns of subsequent continuous monitoring. Overall, the neglect of forest components is inevitably bound to give rise to an underestimation of wetlands, and use of an MA estimator and optimizing the sample size could effectively address the cost issue in continuous monitoring. This holds significant importance when developing management strategies to prevent the further degradation of wetland ecological functions and carbon sink capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing-Assisted Forest Inventory Planning)

36 pages, 2946 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Crystalline Admixtures on Concrete Permeability and Compressive Strength: A Review

by Marah Ali Ammar, Amin Chegenizadeh, Mochamad Arief Budihardjo and Hamid Nikraz

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 3000; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14093000 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The durability and strength of concrete in construction can be significantly compromised by permeability issues, which pose considerable challenges to its long-term effectiveness and reliability. By analyzing six selected articles from the Scopus database, this study meticulously synthesizes findings on the effectiveness of [...] Read more.

The durability and strength of concrete in construction can be significantly compromised by permeability issues, which pose considerable challenges to its long-term effectiveness and reliability. By analyzing six selected articles from the Scopus database, this study meticulously synthesizes findings on the effectiveness of CAs in improving these essential properties of concrete. The research meticulously documents and analyzes key variables such as the CA dosage, water–cement ratio, evaluation duration, and treatment conditions, providing a thorough understanding of the factors that influence the performance of CAs in concrete. The results robustly indicate that CAs significantly reduce concrete permeability, thereby enhancing its resistance to water and other detrimental substances, and simultaneously boosts the compressive strength, leading to stronger and more durable concrete structures. However, the study also reveals that the impact of CAs can vary considerably depending on the specific conditions and methodologies employed in the individual studies. This underscores the importance of standardized testing procedures to ensure consistent and comparable results across different studies. This research provides valuable insights for optimizing the use of CAs in concrete formulations, ultimately aiming to improve the durability, performance, and sustainability of concrete in construction applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are There Benefits to Breastfeeding for Long Durations That Continue after Breastfeeding Has Stopped? An Analysis of Acute Respiratory Illness in Nigerian Children

by Lilian Ouja Ademu, Rajib Paul and Elizabeth F. Racine

Children 2024, 11(9), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091144 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: While an abundance of evidence exists regarding infectious outcomes in children as they relate to the short-term benefits of breastfeeding, there is limited evidence related to similar impacts beyond one year and after breastfeeding has stopped. Specifically, little is known about the [...] Read more.

Background: While an abundance of evidence exists regarding infectious outcomes in children as they relate to the short-term benefits of breastfeeding, there is limited evidence related to similar impacts beyond one year and after breastfeeding has stopped. Specifically, little is known about the long-term benefits of breastfeeding for acute health outcomes after infancy, particularly in Nigeria. Methods: The Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data was used in this study. We utilized data (n = 5391) on children who had stopped breastfeeding for at least 12 months before the survey. Breastfeeding duration was categorized into 1–6 months, 7–12 months, 13–18 months, 18–24 months, and > 24 months. Any recent incident of acute respiratory illness in children was operationalized using the responses to related questions (recent incidents of fever, cough, running nose, and short, rapid, or difficulty breathing in children). Adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios, and statistical significance was determined at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Post-infancy and after breastfeeding had stopped, the odds of recent acute respiratory illness were significantly less (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI [0.15–0.79], p = 0.04) in children breastfed for 19–24 months compared to those breastfed for 1–6 months. No significant association was found between the other durations and ARI post-infancy (p > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings indicate that breastfeeding for up to 24 months has a long-term protective effect from an acute health condition that contributes to the high under-five mortality rates recorded for decades in Nigeria specifically, and more broadly, in sub-Saharan Africa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supragingival Plaque Microbiomes in a Diverse South Florida Population

by Sharlene Demehri, Saynur Vardar, Cristina Godoy, Jose V. Lopez, Paisley Samuel, Toshihisa Kawai and Andrew T. Ozga

Microorganisms 2024, 12(9), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091921 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Trillions of microbes comprise the human oral cavity, collectively acting as another bodily organ. Although research is several decades into the field, there is no consensus on how oral microbiomes differ in underrepresented groups such as Hispanic, Black, and Asian populations living in [...] Read more.

Trillions of microbes comprise the human oral cavity, collectively acting as another bodily organ. Although research is several decades into the field, there is no consensus on how oral microbiomes differ in underrepresented groups such as Hispanic, Black, and Asian populations living in the United States. Here, using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, we examine the bacterial ecology of supragingival plaque from four quadrants of the mouth along with a tongue swab from 26 healthy volunteers from South Florida (131 total sequences after filtering). As an area known to be a unique amalgamation of diverse cultures from across the globe, South Florida allows us to address the question of how supragingival plaque microbes differ across ethnic groups, thus potentially impacting treatment regiments related to oral issues. We assess overall phylogenetic abundance, alpha and beta diversity, and linear discriminate analysis of participants based on sex, ethnicity, sampling location in the mouth, and gingival health. Within this cohort, we find the presence of common phyla such as Firmicutes and common genera such as Streptococcus. Additionally, we find significant differences across sampling locations, sex, and gingival health. This research stresses the need for the continued incorporation of diverse populations within human oral microbiome studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiomes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 8945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Experimental Modal Analysis in Modeling the Complex Timber Structure of a Historical Building

by Piotr Marciniak, Zdzisław Mikołaj Pawlak and Ireneusz Wyczałek

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8517; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188517 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The subject of this study was the complex structure of a wooden historic church, which consisted of several segments that differed in the material used, the structural system employed, and the degree of wear of the elements. Particularly examined were the multi-branched columns [...] Read more.

The subject of this study was the complex structure of a wooden historic church, which consisted of several segments that differed in the material used, the structural system employed, and the degree of wear of the elements. Particularly examined were the multi-branched columns located at the junction of different segments. The main objective of the analyses was to determine the degree of bonding of the column branches and the effect of this bonding on the operation of the entire structure. To evaluate the degree of bonding of the column branches, it was proposed to use experimental modal analysis. Based on the results of the experiment, it was found that the column branches are connected, but their cooperation is limited. Several computational models of the analyzed structure were also created, differing, for example, in the degree of bonding of the column branches. The effect of bonding the column branches on the values of stresses in the nave columns and on the values of extreme wind-induced displacements was studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Cultural Heritage)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 772 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Impact of Folic Acid Supplementation and Vitamin B12 Deficiency on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Celiac Disease

by Lily Lev, Katherine Petersen, Joseph L. Roberts, Kevin Kupferer and Steven Werder

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3194; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183194 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Celiac disease is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten, affecting approximately 1% of the global population and two million Americans. An increasing number of studies have identified a link between celiac disease and adverse maternal and [...] Read more.

Background: Celiac disease is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten, affecting approximately 1% of the global population and two million Americans. An increasing number of studies have identified a link between celiac disease and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes during pregnancy and after birth. Additionally, both celiac disease and pregnancy are associated with an increased risk for nutrient deficiencies, specifically vitamin B12 and folate. Methods: This review examines the current literature related to the folate trap and vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with celiac disease and pregnant women independently and provides rationale for future research to explore the relationship between the folate-to-12 ratio in pregnant women with celiac disease. Results: Deficiencies in vitamin B12 are linked with several negative maternal and fetal health outcomes including pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, spontaneous abortion/miscarriage, preterm birth, neural tube defects, intrauterine growth restriction, and low gestational age and birthweight. Conclusions: Folic acid supplementation is widely recommended during pregnancy, but complementary vitamin B12 supplementation is not standard. Physicians should consider celiac disease screening during pregnancy as well as vitamin B12 supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI