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21 pages, 3898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Cold Tolerance Transcriptional Regulatory Genes in Seedlings of Medicago sativa L. and Medicago falcata L.

by Qi Wang, Jianzhong Wu, Guili Di, Qian Zhao, Chao Gao, Dongmei Zhang, Jianli Wang, Zhongbao Shen and Weibo Han

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10345; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910345 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Alfalfa species Medicago sativa L. (MS) and Medicago falcata L. (MF), globally prominent perennial leguminous forages, hold substantial economic value. However, our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms governing their resistance to cold stress remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we scrutinized and [...] Read more.

Alfalfa species Medicago sativa L. (MS) and Medicago falcata L. (MF), globally prominent perennial leguminous forages, hold substantial economic value. However, our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms governing their resistance to cold stress remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we scrutinized and compared MS and MF cold-stress responses at the molecular level following 24 h and 120 h low-temperature exposure (4 °C). Our study revealed that MF had superior physiological resilience to cold stress compared with MS, and its morphology was healthier under cold stress, and its malondialdehyde content and superoxide dismutase activity increased, first, and then decreased, while the soluble sugar content continued to accumulate. Transcriptome analysis showed that after 120 h of exposure, there were different gene-expression patterns between MS and MF, including 1274 and 2983 genes that were continuously up-regulated, respectively, and a total of 923 genes were included, including star cold-resistant genes such as ICE1 and SIP1. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed numerous inter-species differences in sustained cold-stress responses. Notably, MS-exclusive genes included a single transcription factor (TF) gene and several genes associated with a single DNA repair-related pathway, whereas MF-exclusive genes comprised nine TF genes and genes associated with 14 pathways. Both species exhibited high-level expression of genes encoding TFs belonging to AP2-EREBP, ARR-B, and bHLH TF families, indicating their potential roles in sustaining cold resistance in alfalfa-related species. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms governing cold-stress responses in MS and MF, which could inform breeding programs aimed at enhancing cold-stress resistance in alfalfa cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Genetic Diversity in Plants, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 3510 KiB

Open AccessReview

Innovative Peptide Bioconjugation Chemistry with Radionuclides: Beyond Classical Click Chemistry

by Samantha Leier and Frank Wuest

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(10), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17101270 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: The incorporation of radionuclides into peptides and larger biomolecules requires efficient and sometimes biorthogonal reaction conditions, to which click chemistry provides a convenient approach. Methods: Traditionally, click-based radiolabeling techniques have focused on classical click chemistry, such as copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide [3+2] [...] Read more.

Background: The incorporation of radionuclides into peptides and larger biomolecules requires efficient and sometimes biorthogonal reaction conditions, to which click chemistry provides a convenient approach. Methods: Traditionally, click-based radiolabeling techniques have focused on classical click chemistry, such as copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide [3+2] cycloaddition (CuAAC), strain-promoted azide-alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition (SPAAC), traceless Staudinger ligation, and inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA). Results: However, newly emerging click-based radiolabeling techniques, including tyrosine-click, sulfo-click, sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx), thiol-ene click, azo coupling, hydrazone formations, oxime formations, and RIKEN click offer valuable alternatives to classical click chemistry. Conclusions: This review will discuss the applications of these techniques in peptide radiochemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Radiolabeled Peptides)

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17 pages, 1003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Present but Absent—Nurses’ Experiences of How a Hospital Design with Only Single Bedrooms and the Technological Shift Affect Nursing

by Anne Karine Østbye Roos, Vigdis Abrahamsen Grøndahl and Ann Karin Helgesen

Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14(4), 2651-2667; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14040196 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Hospitals are complex environments that bring together diverse aspects of technology, society, medicine, and architecture. The aim of this qualitative study was to examine how a hospital design with originally only single bedrooms and technological innovations affect nursing. Methods: Twelve interviews were [...] Read more.

Background: Hospitals are complex environments that bring together diverse aspects of technology, society, medicine, and architecture. The aim of this qualitative study was to examine how a hospital design with originally only single bedrooms and technological innovations affect nursing. Methods: Twelve interviews were conducted with registered nurses working in a hospital in Norway. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: Results show that a layout with single bedrooms allows nurses to be present and improve patient care, but also complicates patient monitoring, leading to adverse events and patient isolation. Nurses may struggle to find colleagues, experiencing loneliness at work. Additionally, the use of technology, long corridors, and poorly positioned clinical support spaces can contribute to nurses’ mental and physical absence. Conclusions: This study provides knowledge that nurses working in a hospital environment designed with single bedrooms must modify their workflow and communication strategies. Technological advancements are necessary to support nurses’ presence and patient safety, and systems and clinical support spaces must be adequately adapted. Technologically advanced hospitals with only single bedrooms can make nurses feel both present and absent in patient care. This understanding holds significance in practical terms, offering insights to guide future hospital design and nursing practices. Full article

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15 pages, 1899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vascular Biomarkers for Pulmonary Nodule Malignancy: Arteries vs. Veins

by Tong Yu, Xiaoyan Zhao, Joseph K. Leader, Jing Wang, Xin Meng, James Herman, David Wilson and Jiantao Pu

Cancers 2024, 16(19), 3274; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16193274 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to investigate the association between the arteries and veins surrounding a pulmonary nodule and its malignancy. Methods: A dataset of 146 subjects from a LDCT lung cancer screening program was used in this study. AI algorithms were used to [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the association between the arteries and veins surrounding a pulmonary nodule and its malignancy. Methods: A dataset of 146 subjects from a LDCT lung cancer screening program was used in this study. AI algorithms were used to automatically segment and quantify nodules and their surrounding macro-vasculature. The macro-vasculature was differentiated into arteries and veins. Vessel branch count, volume, and tortuosity were quantified for arteries and veins at different distances from the nodule surface. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression (LR) analyses were performed, with a special emphasis on the nodules with diameters ranging from 8 to 20 mm. ROC-AUC was used to assess the performance based on the k-fold cross-validation method. Average feature importance was evaluated in several machine learning models. Results: The LR models using macro-vasculature features achieved an AUC of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.71–0.86) for all nodules and an AUC of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.54–0.80) for nodules between 8–20 mm. Models including macro-vasculature features, demographics, and CT-derived nodule features yielded an AUC of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87–0.96) for all nodules and an AUC of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.71–0.92) for nodules between 8–20 mm. In terms of feature importance, arteries within 5.0 mm from the nodule surface were the highest-ranked among macro-vasculature features and retained their significance even with the inclusion of demographics and CT-derived nodule features. Conclusions: Arteries within 5.0 mm from the nodule surface emerged as a potential biomarker for effectively discriminating between malignant and benign nodules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Oncology: State-of-the-Art Research in the USA)

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25 pages, 8839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Biochemical Activity of Copper-Coated Cellulose Nonwoven Fabric via Magnetron Sputtering and Alginate-Calcium Ion Complexation

by Małgorzata Świerczyńska, Zdzisława Mrozińska, Michał Juszczak, Katarzyna Woźniak and Marcin H. Kudzin

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(10), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22100436 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Alginate-based materials have gained significant recognition in the medical industry due to their favorable biochemical properties. As a continuation of our previous studies, we have introduced a new composite consisting of cellulose nonwoven fabric charged with a metallic copper core (CNW-Cu⁰) [...] Read more.

Alginate-based materials have gained significant recognition in the medical industry due to their favorable biochemical properties. As a continuation of our previous studies, we have introduced a new composite consisting of cellulose nonwoven fabric charged with a metallic copper core (CNW-Cu⁰) covered with a calcium alginate (ALG⁻Ca²⁺) layer. The preparation process for these materials involved three main steps: coating the cellulose nonwoven fabric with copper via magnetron sputtering (CNW → CNW-Cu⁰), subsequent deposition with sodium alginate (CNW-Cu⁰ → CNW-Cu⁰/ALG⁻Na⁺), followed by cross-linking the alginate chains with calcium ions (CNW-Cu⁰/ALG⁻Na⁺ → CNW-Cu⁰/ALG⁻Ca²⁺). The primary objective of the work was to supply these composites with such biological attributes as antibacterial and hemostatic activity. Namely, equipping the antibacterial materials (copper action on representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungal strains) with induction of blood plasma clotting processes (activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT)). We determined the effect of CNW-Cu⁰/ALG⁻Ca²⁺ materials on the viability of Peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells. Moreover, we studied the interactions of CNW-Cu⁰/ALG⁻Ca²⁺ materials with DNA using the relaxation plasmid assay. However, results showed CNW-Cu⁰/ALG⁻Ca²⁺’s cytotoxic properties against PBM cells in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the CNW-Cu⁰/ALG⁻Ca²⁺ composite exhibited the potential to interact directly with DNA. The results demonstrated that the CNW-Cu⁰/ALG⁻Ca²⁺ composites synthesized show promising potential for wound dressing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials of Marine Origin)

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14 pages, 631 KiB

Open AccessReview

Entangled Connections: HIV and HPV Interplay in Cervical Cancer—A Comprehensive Review

by Giuliana Pavone, Andrea Marino, Viviana Fisicaro, Lucia Motta, Alessandra Spata, Federica Martorana, Serena Spampinato, Benedetto Maurizio Celesia, Bruno Cacopardo, Paolo Vigneri and Giuseppe Nunnari

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10358; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910358 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a prevalent malignancy and a significant global public health concern, primarily driven by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. The infectious nature of HPV underscores the preventability of CC through vaccination and screening programs. In addition to HPV, factors such [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a prevalent malignancy and a significant global public health concern, primarily driven by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. The infectious nature of HPV underscores the preventability of CC through vaccination and screening programs. In addition to HPV, factors such as age, parity, smoking, hormonal contraceptives, and HIV co-infection elevate the risk of CC. HIV-associated immunodeficiency exacerbates susceptibility to infections and cancers, making CC a defining condition for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers among women living with HIV (WLWH). These women face higher risks of HPV exposure due to sexual behavior and often encounter economic, social, and psychological barriers to screening. HIV and HPV co-infection can potentially accelerate CC carcinogenesis, with WLWH typically being diagnosed with CC earlier than their HIV-negative counterparts. Antiretroviral therapy (ART), which reduces AIDS-related mortality, also lowers the risk of invasive CC. The interaction between HIV and HPV is intricate and bidirectional. This summary reviews current evidence on HPV infection and CC in WLWH, highlighting the connections across pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on HIV Virus and Infection)

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26 pages, 3701 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modulatory Impact of Oxidative Stress on Action Potentials in Pathophysiological States: A Comprehensive Review

by Chitaranjan Mahapatra, Ravindra Thakkar and Ravinder Kumar

Antioxidants 2024, 13(10), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13101172 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defenses, significantly affects cellular function and viability. It plays a pivotal role in modulating membrane potentials, particularly action potentials (APs), essential for properly functioning excitable [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defenses, significantly affects cellular function and viability. It plays a pivotal role in modulating membrane potentials, particularly action potentials (APs), essential for properly functioning excitable cells such as neurons, smooth muscles, pancreatic beta cells, and myocytes. The interaction between oxidative stress and AP dynamics is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac arrhythmias, and ischemia-reperfusion injuries. This review explores how oxidative stress influences APs, focusing on alterations in ion channel biophysics, gap junction, calcium dynamics, mitochondria, and Interstitial Cells of Cajal functions. By integrating current research, we aim to elucidate how oxidative stress contributes to disease progression and discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting this interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Antioxidant Mechanisms for Health and Diseases)

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13 pages, 7854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Opposite-Electrode Effect on the Planar Solid-State Pulse-Forming Line

by Zebin Fu, Fanzheng Zeng, Yifeng Liu, Chenglin Jia and Song Li

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8677; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198677 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The planar solid-state pulse-forming line (planar solid-state PFL) is an important solid-state device used in compact pulse power systems. Moreover, pulsed power systems constitute a crucial element within electroporation systems. In this paper, we present theoretical and simulation analyses of the influence of [...] Read more.

The planar solid-state pulse-forming line (planar solid-state PFL) is an important solid-state device used in compact pulse power systems. Moreover, pulsed power systems constitute a crucial element within electroporation systems. In this paper, we present theoretical and simulation analyses of the influence of the ground electrode structure of the planar solid-state PFL on the edge electric field and thermal distribution of high-voltage electrodes and the design of a novel improved solid-state PFL (opposite-electrode PFL) that differs from the classic planar solid-state PFL (full-electrode PFL) in which the ground electrode covers the entire plane. The ground electrode of the opposite-electrode PFL is structured to be consistent with the high-voltage electrode and positioned directly opposite to enhance the withstand voltage capacity of the planar solid-state PFL. The simulation results show that when the ground electrode width is the same as the high-voltage electrode, the electric field strength at the edge of the electrodes is smaller. In the electrostatic field simulation, the edge electric field strength of the high-voltage electrode in the opposite-electrode PFL is smaller than that of the full-electrode PFL, which indicates that the opposite-electrode PFL may have a higher withstand voltage. The experimental results show that the opposite-electrode PFL has a higher withstand voltage than the full-electrode PFL, which verifies the correctness of the theoretical and simulation analyses. Furthermore, the opposite-electrode PFL surface temperature rise showed a better performance after running the same test repeatedly. The findings of this study are conducive to enhancing the maximum output voltage or compactness of pulsed power systems and highlight the additional potential for the utilization of solid-state pulse generators in electroporation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electroporation Systems and Applications)

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24 pages, 400 KiB

Open AccessReview

History and Toxinology of Palytoxins

by Harriet L. Hammond and Chad J. Roy

Toxins 2024, 16(10), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16100417 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Palytoxins are a group of highly potent and structurally complex marine toxins that rank among some of the most toxic substances known to science. Palytoxins are naturally synthesized by a variety of marine organisms, including Palythoa zoanthids, Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, and Trichodesmium cyanobacteria, and [...] Read more.

Palytoxins are a group of highly potent and structurally complex marine toxins that rank among some of the most toxic substances known to science. Palytoxins are naturally synthesized by a variety of marine organisms, including Palythoa zoanthids, Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, and Trichodesmium cyanobacteria, and are widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions where they can bioaccumulate in marine life. The evolution of research on palytoxins has been an intricate exchange between interdisciplinary fields, drawing insights from chemistry, biology, medicine, and environmental science in efforts to better understand and mitigate the health risks associated with this family of toxins. In this review, we begin with a brief history covering the discovery of this group of toxins and the events that led to its isolation. We then focus on the chemical structure of these compounds and their proposed mechanism of action. Finally, we review in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies related to their toxicity, with the aim to provide a broad overview of the current knowledge on palytoxin toxinology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine and Freshwater Toxins)

17 pages, 1290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for the Assessment of Underground Renewable Reserves for Large Regions: Its Importance in Water Supply Regulation

by Joaquín Sanz de Ojeda, Eugenio Sanz-Pérez and Juan Carlos Mosquera-Feijóo

Water 2024, 16(19), 2736; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16192736 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The growing interest in groundwater as a sustainable resource for water supply regulation is noteworthy. Just as surface reservoirs in many countries are primarily designed to manage seasonal fluctuations throughout the year, aquifers possess significant reserves, making them particularly well suited for interannual [...] Read more.

The growing interest in groundwater as a sustainable resource for water supply regulation is noteworthy. Just as surface reservoirs in many countries are primarily designed to manage seasonal fluctuations throughout the year, aquifers possess significant reserves, making them particularly well suited for interannual regulation, especially during droughts. In the face of climate change, this form of regulation may increasingly highlight the importance of groundwater resources. For instance, the temporary use of groundwater reserves through intensive pumping in arid or semiarid regions, compensating for seasonal or interannual variations in natural water recharge, can significantly affect aquifers. The exploitation of groundwater reserves may lead to adverse effects over time, eventually being deemed overexploitation and subject to environmental or even legal issues. This work assesses the interannual regulation capacity of aquifers and estimates the groundwater renewal rates and periods for aquifers according to river basins. We first present the mathematical background and development of a method to assess the hydrodynamic volumes (renewable groundwater reserves) in large regions. This method builds on prior knowledge of the distribution functions of spring water contributions based on their discharge and for lithological groups exhibiting similar hydrogeological behavior. Furthermore, it establishes a relationship between spring discharges and hydrodynamic volumes, facilitating the integration of the latter based on discharge. Although proposed for Spain, the method can also be implemented to other regions where data are available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Qualitative and Quantitative Management of Groundwater Resources in Urban Areas)

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26 pages, 8072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Immune Response in Two Models of Traumatic Injury of the Immature Brain

by Zahra F. Al-Khateeb, Siân M. Henson, Jordi L. Tremoleda and Adina T. Michael-Titus

Cells 2024, 13(19), 1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13191612 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause major disability and increases the risk of neurodegeneration. Post-TBI, there is infiltration of peripheral myeloid and lymphoid cells; there is limited information on the peripheral immune response post-TBI in the immature brain—where injury may interfere with neurodevelopment. [...] Read more.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause major disability and increases the risk of neurodegeneration. Post-TBI, there is infiltration of peripheral myeloid and lymphoid cells; there is limited information on the peripheral immune response post-TBI in the immature brain—where injury may interfere with neurodevelopment. We carried out two injury types in juvenile mice: invasive TBI with a controlled cortical impact (CCI) and repetitive mild TBI (rmTBI) using weight drop injury and analysed the response at 5- and 35-days post-injury. In the two models, we detected the brain infiltration of immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells, and NK cells). There were increases in macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in the spleen, increases in dendritic cells in blood, and increases in CD8+ T cells and B cells in lymph nodes. These results indicate a complex peripheral immune response post-TBI in the immature brain, with differences between an invasive injury and a repetitive mild injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Identifying Molecular or Cellular Level Pathomechanisms for Possible Therapeutic/Neuroprotective Interventions in Traumatic Brain Injury)

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11 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Results of an Innovative Scalable Digital Treatment for Diabetes Distress in Families of School-Age Children with Type 1 Diabetes

by Susana R. Patton, Jessica S. Pierce, Nicole Kahhan, Matthew Benson, Mark A. Clements and Larry A. Fox

Children 2024, 11(10), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11101169 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Objective: This paper reports on the initial outcomes of a new mHealth intervention to reduce diabetes distress (DD) in families of school-age children living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) entitled, ‘Remedy to Diabetes Distress’ (R2D2). Methods: We randomized 34 families (mean child age [...] Read more.

Objective: This paper reports on the initial outcomes of a new mHealth intervention to reduce diabetes distress (DD) in families of school-age children living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) entitled, ‘Remedy to Diabetes Distress’ (R2D2). Methods: We randomized 34 families (mean child age = 10 ± 1.4 years; 53% male, 85% White, mean HbA1c = 7.24 ± 0.71%) to one of three delivery arms differing only by number of telehealth visits over a 10-week period: zero visits = self-guided (SG), three visits = enhanced self-guided (ESG), or eight visits = video visits (VV). All families had 24 × 7 access to digital treatment materials for 10 weeks. We examined the feasibility and acceptability of R2D2. We used the Problem Areas in Diabetes-Child (PPAIDC and PAIDC, parent and child, respectively) to examine treatment effects by time and delivery arm. We performed sensitivity analyses to characterize families who responded to R2D2. Results: It was feasible for families to access R2D2 mHealth content independently, though attendance at telehealth visits was variable. Parents and children reported high satisfaction scores. There were significant pre-post reductions in PPAIDC (p = 0.026) and PAIDC (p = 0.026) scores but no differences by delivery arm. There were no differences in child age, sex, race, or pre-treatment HbA1c for responders versus non-responders, though families who responded reported higher PPAID-C scores pre-treatment (p = 0.01) and tended to report shorter diabetes duration (p = 0.08). Conclusions: Initial results support the acceptability and treatment effects of R2D2 regardless of the frequency of adjunctive virtual visits. Characterizing responders may help to identify families who could benefit from R2D2 in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Psychosocial Interventions in Children and Adolescents Living with Type 1 Diabetes)

15 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immunotherapy in Basal Cell Carcinoma

by Loredana Ungureanu, Alina Florentina Vasilovici, Salomea-Ruth Halmágyi, Ioana Irina Trufin, Adina Patricia Apostu, Manuela Prisecaru and Simona Corina Șenilă

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(19), 5730; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195730 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent of all cancers, with an increasing incidence. The first line therapy is surgical excision, but topical therapies can be used in low-risk superficial BCCs, while the more advanced, unresectable, or metastatic BCCs benefit from systemic [...] Read more.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent of all cancers, with an increasing incidence. The first line therapy is surgical excision, but topical therapies can be used in low-risk superficial BCCs, while the more advanced, unresectable, or metastatic BCCs benefit from systemic therapies with hedgehog inhibitors and immunotherapy. The purpose of this review is to highlight local and systemic immunotherapies and their efficacy in the management of BCCs. Local therapies can be considered in superficial and low-risk nodular BCCs, with imiquimod frequently used for its antitumor and immunoregulatory properties. Imiquimod alone demonstrated higher histological clearance rates, but patients treated with imiquimod experienced more adverse events than ones treated with other therapies. Imiquimod can be used as an adjuvant before Mohs micrographic surgery and can also be combined with other local therapies, like curettage, electrodesiccation, cryosurgery, and photodynamic therapy, with some treatment methods yielding results comparable with the surgery. Interferons and Interleukin-2 were evaluated in a small number of studies with different results. Systemic immunotherapies with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors showed inconsistent results in patients with advanced BCCs, being effective in some patients that progressed on or were intolerant to hedgehog pathway inhibitors (HHI). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Skin Cancer: From Pathology Advances to Techniques Applications)

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13 pages, 3550 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Application of Calcium Hypochlorite for Sanitizing 3/16-Inch Tubing Used in Maple Sap Collection

by Yangjin Jung, Olivia McHugh and Elijah Ayilaran

Microorganisms 2024, 12(10), 1948; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12101948 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Despite the widespread empirical adoption of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)₂) for sanitizing 3/16-inch tubing after the maple sap collection season, there remains a dearth of scientific data on its best practice and effectiveness. To address this gap, we cultivated microbial mass in [...] Read more.

Despite the widespread empirical adoption of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)₂) for sanitizing 3/16-inch tubing after the maple sap collection season, there remains a dearth of scientific data on its best practice and effectiveness. To address this gap, we cultivated microbial mass in tubing through continuous maple sap flow at 7 °C for 5 weeks in the lab. The tubing was sanitized with 200, 400, or 600 ppm Ca(ClO)₂ and retained Ca(ClO)₂ for either 10 min, 1 h, 7 days, or 6 weeks. Half of the tubing segments underwent microbial analysis, while the other half were stored for 6 weeks post-flushing of the Ca(ClO)₂ to determine microbial survival/growth. The level and presence of the microbial load were determined, and the inner tubing surfaces were visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The initial microbial load in the tubing was approximately 4–5 log CFU/cm². A 10-min and 1 h contact time with 200 ppm Ca(ClO)₂, and a 10-min exposure to 400 ppm Ca(ClO)₂, achieved reductions of 2.4–2.8 log for Pseudomonas spp., 1.6–2.5 log for mold and yeast, and 2.3–3.3 log for psychrotrophic microorganisms. Microorganisms were recovered from the enrichment process after retaining 200 ppm Ca(ClO)₂ for 6 weeks, indicating insufficient inactivation. Consequently, the data suggests the use of at least 400 ppm Ca(ClO)₂ for 1 day. The SEM images supported the microbial count results, offering valuable insights for educating maple syrup producers on optimal tubing sanitation practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of the Mediating Effect of Parenting Stress in the Relationship between Work-Family Strains and Gains and Marital Satisfaction for Fathers in Korea

by Si-Young Lee and Hye-Sun Jung

Children 2024, 11(10), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11101170 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between Korean fathers’ work-family strains and gains and marital satisfaction and to validate the mediating effect of parenting stress in the relationship. Methods: This study used the 14th-year survey data of the Panel Study of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between Korean fathers’ work-family strains and gains and marital satisfaction and to validate the mediating effect of parenting stress in the relationship. Methods: This study used the 14th-year survey data of the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) conducted by the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education (KICCE), the latest available data. The PSKC is a longitudinal study of children’s growth and development from birth in the Republic of Korea. After excluding datasets containing missing values from the data collected from 2150 respondents, the data were extracted from the survey responses collected from 1130 respondents, and descriptive statistical analysis, path analysis, and mediating effect analysis were conducted. Results: First, Korean fathers’ work-family strains had a positive (+) influence on parenting stress (β = 0.658, p < 0.001). Second, Korean fathers’ work-family strains had a negative (−) influence on marital satisfaction (β = −0.185, p < 0.001). Third, Korean fathers’ work-family gains did not have a statistically significant influence on parenting stress (β = 0.016, p = 0.632). Fourth, Korean fathers’ work-family gains had a positive (+) influence on marital satisfaction (β = 0.381, p < 0.001). Fifth, Korean fathers’ parenting stress did not have a statistically significant influence on marital satisfaction (β = 0.011, p = 0.783). Sixth, the indirect effect of work-family strains on marital satisfaction via parenting stress (β = 0.013, 95% Bias-corrected CI = −0.042∼0.075) was statistically significant, and specifically, it had a partial mediating effect. Seventh, the indirect effect of work-family gains on marital satisfaction via parenting stress (β = 0.028, 95% Bias-corrected CI = 0.005∼0.051) was statistically significant, and specifically, it had a partial mediating effect. Conclusions: This study aims to provide the basic data for various family support policies for fathers by understanding the current status of work-family balance for fathers in modern society, as well as by examining the effects of parenting stress in the relationship with marital satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

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12 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Future Healthcare Workers and Ecopharmacovigilance: Where Do We Stand?

by Toni Durdov, Ana Šešelja Perišin, Nikolina Škaro, Josipa Bukić, Dario Leskur, Darko Modun, Joško Božić, Marjeta Grgas and Doris Rušić

Pharmacy 2024, 12(5), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12050146 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

With the rapid development of the pharmaceutical industry and constant growth of drug usage, ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) has emerged as a way of coping with and minimizing the effects that drugs have on the environment. EPV concerns and describes unwanted effects that the use [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of the pharmaceutical industry and constant growth of drug usage, ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) has emerged as a way of coping with and minimizing the effects that drugs have on the environment. EPV concerns and describes unwanted effects that the use of a specific drug could have on the environment. The US, EU and Cananda are the improving position of EPV, both in legislation and practice. EPV requires further development as previous studies have shown that neither the general population nor healthcare professionals have enough knowledge about the subject. Improving awareness and knowledge about this topic is a key task for the future of EPV. The main objective was to determine students’ level of knowledge about ecopharmacovigilance and to examine ways of storing and disposing of unused and expired drugs. Students’ knowledge and habits were examined by a previously published survey. The survey contains twenty questions divided into three parts and the possibility of writing an additional note. There was no difference in the level of knowledge between the students of different studies. Also, students who had a family member working as healthcare professional did not show a higher level of knowledge compared to the others. Pharmacy students had a greater intention to educate their environment about EPV when compared to students of the other studies. This is in the line with a previous study which showed that the general public expects that pharmacists and physicians educate them about EPV. Medicine and dental medicine students will become prescribers after finishing their studies, and as such, they should be informed about eco-directed sustainable prescribing (EDSP) as part of an EPV strategy. More than half of the participants reported good adherence to prescribers’ instruction, which decreased the amount of unused drugs. Most of the students found that the drug expiration date was legible, but they did not check it often. In comparison with similar studies, Croatian students had more knowledge and better practices concerning EPV and drug disposal. Structured learning strategies and curriculum implementation for EPV are much needed for further raising awareness about the subject among healthcare professionals and the public. Full article

21 pages, 4781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Investigation on Kick Control with the Displacement Kill Method during a Well Test in a Deep-Water Gas Reservoir: A Case Study

by Qingchao Li, Qiang Li and Ying Han

Processes 2024, 12(10), 2090; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102090 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The efficient exploitation of marine oil and gas resources holds significant potential to mitigate the current severe energy crisis. Regrettably, incidents, such as gas kick and even blowouts, can significantly impact normal development activities. The displacement kill method is one effective strategy for [...] Read more.

The efficient exploitation of marine oil and gas resources holds significant potential to mitigate the current severe energy crisis. Regrettably, incidents, such as gas kick and even blowouts, can significantly impact normal development activities. The displacement kill method is one effective strategy for well control in deep-water areas. In this study, the detailed mathematical method for determining kill parameters involved in the kill operation by using the displacement kill method was proposed. Of course, this includes both cases: one where the kill fluid leaks during the kill process and another where no leakage occurs. Meanwhile, its applicability was verified through comparison with experimental results. Then, evolution characteristics of kill parameters, when killing fluid leakage occurs and when it does not occur, were analyzed. Finally, factors, such as pit gain and shut-in casing pressure, affecting the kill parameters of kill operation, were explored. It was found that the experimental and calculated results show great similarity, although there are slight differences between them. The total kill time in the simulation is 44 s shorter than that in the verification experiment. This indicates that the model established in this study is suitable for simulating the process of kill operation using the displacement kill method. In addition, the investigation results show that leakage of kill fluid increases the difficulty of the kill operation and prolongs the operation time. The number of kill cycles in the presence of kill fluid leakage is one more than that when there is no fluid leakage, resulting in an additional 70 min of total duration. Furthermore, the increase in pit gain and the rise in shut-in casing pressure can also pose challenges to the kill operations. The total kill time will be extended by 164 min when the mud pit gain increases from 20 m³ to 50 m³. The number of kill cycles rises by two when the shut-in casing pressure is increased from 5 MPa to 20 MPa. To ensure the safety of the drilling operation in abnormally high-pressure reservoirs, it is crucial to monitor parameters such as casing pressure during the drilling process and timely well control measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Fracturing Technology for Oil and Gas Reservoir Stimulation)

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14 pages, 3747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Whitening Mechanism on Cultural Relic Surfaces Treated with Paraloid B72

by Xing Zhao, Xia Li, Siyu Zhang, Qing Niu, Zongmin Li and Cheng Xue

Coatings 2024, 14(10), 1240; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14101240 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

In the conservation of cultural relics, the application of Paraloid B72 in humid environments frequently results in the surface whitening of artifacts, which impairs their appearance and conceals important details. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon by examining the effect of [...] Read more.

In the conservation of cultural relics, the application of Paraloid B72 in humid environments frequently results in the surface whitening of artifacts, which impairs their appearance and conceals important details. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon by examining the effect of ambient humidity, Paraloid B72 mass concentration, solution addition volume, and solvent type. To evaluate the microstructure, transmittance, and composition of the films, a range of analytical techniques were employed, including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, a UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The findings indicate that higher ambient humidity, lower Paraloid B72 mass concentration, smaller solution addition volume, and solvents with higher volatility and water miscibility increase water content during curing, intensifying the whitening effect. These factors modify the interaction between water and solvent, altering the surface structure of Paraloid B72. The whitening mechanism is linked to the cooling effect of solvent volatility, which lowers the dew point temperature at the air–solution interface, causing moisture condensation. Moisture forms droplets that leave irregular pores upon volatility, resulting in surface roughness, optical heterogeneity, and a reduced refractive index, resulting in whitening. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding and preventing the whitening of Paraloid B72. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings for Cultural Heritage: Cleaning, Protection and Restoration)

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15 pages, 9105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Extended Finite Element Method to Characterize Stress Interference Caused by Nonuniform Stress Distribution during Hydraulic Fracturing

by Yinghui Zhu, Pengxiang Wang, Yi Liao, Ruiquan Liao and Heng Zheng

Processes 2024, 12(10), 2089; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102089 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Stress interference is the main factor affecting hydraulic fracture propagation during multi-well hydraulic fracturing; stress interference is influenced by fracture bending, fracture hits, and asymmetric fracture propagation. To investigate the role of stress interferences among hydraulic fractures with nonuniform stress distribution in an [...] Read more.

Stress interference is the main factor affecting hydraulic fracture propagation during multi-well hydraulic fracturing; stress interference is influenced by fracture bending, fracture hits, and asymmetric fracture propagation. To investigate the role of stress interferences among hydraulic fractures with nonuniform stress distribution in an inhomogeneous formation, a hydromechanical coupling extended finite element method was adopted to investigate the fracturing paths that occurred during the first fracturing–fracturing fluid flowback–repeat fracturing process; the asymmetric fracturing that occurred at different child well locations was also studied. The results showed that the area affected by fracturing-induced stress formed a “butterfly type” area. For child wells located within the zone, stress interference resulted in asymmetric fracture propagation; meanwhile, for child wells located outside this zone, stress interference resulted in symmetric fracture geometry. The effect of stress interference on the asymmetry of child well fracture wings was found to be negatively correlated with the distance between the parent well and the child well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydraulic Fracturing Technology for Unconventional Reservoirs)

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23 pages, 13596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveals the Pivotal Role of the NAM Family Genes in Oncidium hybridum Lodd. Pseudobulb Growth

by Yi Liu, Qing Zhu, Zukai Wang, Haoyue Zheng, Xinyi Zheng, Peng Ling and Minqiang Tang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10355; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910355 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Oncidium hybridum Lodd. is an important ornamental flower that is used as both a cut flower and a potted plant around the world; additionally, its pseudobulbs serve as essential carriers for floral organs and flower development. The NAM gene family is crucial for [...] Read more.

Oncidium hybridum Lodd. is an important ornamental flower that is used as both a cut flower and a potted plant around the world; additionally, its pseudobulbs serve as essential carriers for floral organs and flower development. The NAM gene family is crucial for managing responses to various stresses as well as regulating growth in plants. However, the mechanisms by which NAM genes regulate the development of pseudobulbs remain unclear. In this study, a total of 144 NAM genes harboring complete structural domains were identified in O. hybridum. The 144 NAM genes were systematically classified into 14 distinct subfamilies via phylogenetic analysis. Delving deeper into the conserved motifs revealed that motifs 1–6 exhibited remarkable conservation, while motifs 7–10 presented in a few NAM genes only. Notably, NAM genes sharing identical specific motifs were classified into the same subfamily, indicating functional relatedness. Furthermore, the examination of occurrences of gene duplication indicated that the NAM genes display 16 pairs of tandem duplications along with five pairs of segmental duplications, suggesting their role in genetic diversity and potential adaptive evolution. By conducting a correlation analysis integrating transcriptomics and metabolomics at four stages of pseudobulb development, we found that OhNAM023, OhNAM030, OhNAM007, OhNAM019, OhNAM083, OhNAM047, OhNAM089, and OhNAM025 exhibited significant relationships with the endogenous plant hormones jasmonates (JAs), hinting at their potential involvement in hormonal signaling. Additionally, OhNAM089, OhNAM025, OhNAM119, OhNAM055, and OhNAM136 showed strong links with abscisic acid (ABA) and abscisic acid glucose ester (ABA-GE), suggesting the possible regulatory function of these NAM genes in plant growth and stress responses. The 144 NAM genes identified in this study provide a basis for subsequent research and contribute to elucidating the intricate molecular mechanisms of NAM genes in Oncidium and potentially in other species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

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16 pages, 3272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RNAseq-Based Carboxylesterase Nl-EST1 Gene Expression Plasticity Identification and Its Potential Involvement in Fenobucarb Resistance in the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens

by Murtaza Khan, Changhee Han, Nakjung Choi and Juil Kim

Insects 2024, 15(10), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100743 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Carbamate insecticides have been used for over four decades to control brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, but resistance has been reported in many countries, including the Republic of Korea. The bioassay results on resistance to fenobucarb showed that the LC₅₀ values were [...] Read more.

Carbamate insecticides have been used for over four decades to control brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, but resistance has been reported in many countries, including the Republic of Korea. The bioassay results on resistance to fenobucarb showed that the LC₅₀ values were 3.08 for the susceptible strain, 10.06 for the 2015 strain, and 73.98 mg/L for the 2019 strain. Compared to the susceptible strain, the 2015 and 2019 strains exhibited resistance levels 3.27 and 24.02 times higher, respectively. To elucidate the reason for the varying levels of resistance to fenobucarb in these strains, mutations in the acetylcholinesterase 1 (ACE1) gene, the target gene of carbamate, were investigated, but no previously reported mutations were confirmed. Through RNA-seq analysis focusing on the expression of detoxification enzyme genes as an alternative resistance mechanism, it was found that the carboxylesterase gene Nl-EST1 was overexpressed 2.4 times in the 2015 strain and 4.7 times in the 2019 strain compared to the susceptible strain. This indicates a strong correlation between the level of resistance development in each strain and the expression level of Nl-EST1. Previously, Nl-EST1 was reported in an organophosphorus insecticide-resistant strain of Sri Lanka 2000. Thus, Nl-EST1 is crucial for developing resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Resistance-related genes such as Nl-EST1 could serve as expression markers for resistance diagnosis, and can apply to integrated resistance management of N. lugens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Toxicology and Insecticide Resistance on Insect Pests)

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17 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between the Number of Children, Depressive Symptoms, and Cognition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

by Yongze Zhao, Huaxin Mai and Ying Bian

Healthcare 2024, 12(19), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12191928 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: China’s rapidly aging population presents challenges for cognitive health and mental well-being among the older adults. This study examines how the number of children affects cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults and whether depressive symptoms mediate this relationship. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: China’s rapidly aging population presents challenges for cognitive health and mental well-being among the older adults. This study examines how the number of children affects cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults and whether depressive symptoms mediate this relationship. Methods: This study analyzed data from waves 1 to 5 (2011–2020) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), involving 5932 participants aged 45 and older. Participants were grouped by the number of children: childless, only child and multiple children. We used Logarithmic Generalized Linear Models (LGLMs) to explore the relationships among the number of children, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function. Indirect effect coefficients and 95% bias-corrected and accelerated confidence intervals (BCaCI) were estimated using Simultaneous Equation Models (SEM) with three-stage least squares (3SLS) and the bootstrap method to assess the mediating effect of depressive symptoms. Results: In middle-aged and older adults, a negative association was observed between the number of children and overall cognitive functioning (all p < 0.01). This association remained significant even after adjusting for covariates in groups with three (β = −0.023, p < 0.05) and four or more children (β = −0.043, p < 0.001). Conversely, the positive association between the number of children and depression also persisted after adjusting for covariates, although it weakened as the number of children increased (all p < 0.01). Depressive symptoms consistently correlated negatively with overall cognitive function (p < 0.001) and partially mediated the relationship between the number of children and cognitive function (pMe = 20.36%, p < 0.05). The proportion of the mediating effect attributed to depression was more pronounced in middle-aged and older adults who had experienced the loss of children (pMe = 24.31%) or had two children (pMe = 25.39%), with stronger mediating effects observed in males (pMe = 48.84%) and urban residents (pMe = 64.58%). Conclusions: The findings indicate that depressive symptoms partially mediate the relationship between the number of children and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults in China. These results highlight the significance of considering mental health factors when studying cognitive function in this demographic. Notably, in families without children and those with two children, depressive symptoms play a crucial role in explaining the decline in cognitive function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Depression: Recognizing and Addressing Mental Health Challenges)

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46 pages, 6754 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhancing Solar Plant Efficiency: A Review of Vision-Based Monitoring and Fault Detection Techniques

by Ioannis Polymeropoulos, Stavros Bezyrgiannidis, Eleni Vrochidou and George A. Papakostas

Technologies 2024, 12(10), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12100175 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Over the last decades, environmental awareness has provoked scientific interest in green energy, produced, among others, from solar sources. However, for the efficient operation and longevity of green solar plants, regular inspection and maintenance are required. This work aims to review vision-based monitoring [...] Read more.

Over the last decades, environmental awareness has provoked scientific interest in green energy, produced, among others, from solar sources. However, for the efficient operation and longevity of green solar plants, regular inspection and maintenance are required. This work aims to review vision-based monitoring techniques for the fault detection of photovoltaic (PV) plants, i.e., solar panels. Practical implications of such systems include timely fault identification based on data-driven insights and problem resolution, resulting in enhanced energy outputs, extended lifetime spans for PV panels, cost savings, as well as safe and scalable inspections. Details regarding the main components of PV systems, operation principles and key non-destructive fault detection technologies are included. Advancements in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), as well as in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods, offering enhanced monitoring opportunities, are in focus. A comparative analysis and an overall evaluation of state-of-the-art vision-based methods for detecting specific types of defects on PVs is conducted. The current performance and failures of vision-based algorithms for solar panel fault detection are identified, raising their capabilities, limitations and research gaps, towards effectively guiding future research. The results indicate that shading anomalies significantly impact the performance of PV units, while the top five fault detection methodologies, according to preset evaluation criteria, involve deep learning methods, such as CNNs and YOLO variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Autonomous Systems and Artificial Intelligence Stage)

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12 pages, 416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Big Five Personality Traits and Psychological Well-Being: A Mediation Analysis of Social Support for University Students

by Min-Ning Yu, Yu-Ning Chang and Ren-Hau Li

Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 1050; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14101050 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

University life is a critical period for personality development and psychological well-being. This study, which investigated the relationships between the Big Five personality traits, social support, and psychological well-being, particularly the mediation role of social support, has yielded significant findings. A total of [...] Read more.

University life is a critical period for personality development and psychological well-being. This study, which investigated the relationships between the Big Five personality traits, social support, and psychological well-being, particularly the mediation role of social support, has yielded significant findings. A total of 848 university students (570 females, 67.2%) were conveniently sampled in Taiwan. The results, which showed that female students scored significantly higher on conscientiousness, neuroticism, and social support than male students, with no gender differences for other traits and psychological well-being, provide valuable insights. The mediation analysis, when controlling for gender, demonstrated that social support only mediates the two personality traits (extraversion and agreeableness). Specifically, under the control of social support, the Big Five traits, except for agreeableness, still directly affect psychological well-being. Further, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness can directly affect students’ psychological well-being without being mediated by social support, while extraversion can affect psychological well-being in both direct and indirect pathways. Moreover, agreeableness can affect psychological well-being completely by an indirect pathway through social support. These findings not only contribute to the existing body of knowledge but also underscore the importance of personality traits and social support for higher education students’ mental health and adaptive functioning. Full article

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