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19 pages, 854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Concept of Green Development Promote High-Quality Urban Development?—An Empirical Analysis Based on the Pilot Policy of the “Zero-Waste City” in China

by Yifei Zhou

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8240; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188240 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Since 2019, eighteen major ministries and commissions, including the National Development and Reform Commission, have launched trials for a “zero-waste city”. Shenzhen, Baotou, Tongling, and 16 other cities and regions have entered the practical operation stage, and the significance of the economic effect [...] Read more.

Since 2019, eighteen major ministries and commissions, including the National Development and Reform Commission, have launched trials for a “zero-waste city”. Shenzhen, Baotou, Tongling, and 16 other cities and regions have entered the practical operation stage, and the significance of the economic effect of the policy pilot needs to be tested through empirical evaluation. This study systematically gathers time series data from 281 prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2022 and constructs an innovative experimental framework for the construction of a zero-waste city. It implements a series of rigorous robustness testing procedures using the difference-in-differences (DID) method to scientifically and objectively measure the actual effects of waste-free city construction strategies in promoting the city’s social development along a high-quality development path. This study provides deep insights into the zero-waste city construction strategy as a strong driving force. Our results indicate that the high-quality development stage has a positive impact on the city as a whole that cannot be ignored. At the same time, in-depth analysis shows that this strategy exhibits strong regional differences in the process of promoting high-quality urban development. For the two core regions of eastern and central China, the implementation of zero-waste city policies has significantly accelerated the pace of high-quality development, and further analysis reveals that, compared with the developed eastern region, the implementation of this policy in the central region has achieved superior results in terms of high-quality development. Third, the benefits of waste-free city policies are related to the economic bases of cities, the number of green patents granted, national policies, geographical location, and other factors. Full article

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16 pages, 3667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Power Prediction for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Reactor Systems

by Shuai He, Xuejing Wu, Zexu Bai, Jiyao Zhang, Shinee Lou and Guoqing Mu

Sensors 2024, 24(18), 6120; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186120 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Enhancing high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology is crucial for the widespread adoption of hydrogen energy, a leading renewable resource. In this research, we introduce an innovative and cost-effective data-driven approach using the BP-AdaBoost algorithm to accurately predict the power output [...] Read more.

Enhancing high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology is crucial for the widespread adoption of hydrogen energy, a leading renewable resource. In this research, we introduce an innovative and cost-effective data-driven approach using the BP-AdaBoost algorithm to accurately predict the power output of hydrogen fuel cell stacks. The algorithm’s effectiveness was validated with experimental data obtained from an advanced fuel cell testing platform, where the predicted power outputs closely matched the actual results. Our findings demonstrate that the BP-AdaBoost algorithm achieved lower RMSE and MAE, along with higher R², compared to other models, such as Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and back propagation (BP) neural networks, when predicting power output for electric stacks of the same type. However, the algorithm’s performance decreased when applied to electric stacks with varying material compositions, highlighting the need for more sophisticated models to handle such diversity. These results underscore the potential of the BP-AdaBoost algorithm to improve PEMFC efficiency while also emphasizing the necessity for further research to develop models capable of accurately predicting power output across different types of PEMFC stacks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)

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24 pages, 3630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Convergence Media Ecological Model Based on Blockchain

by Hongbin Hu, Yongbin Wang and Guohui Song

Systems 2024, 12(9), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12090381 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Currently, the media industry is in the rapid development stage of media integration, which has brought about great changes in content production mode, presentation form, communication mechanism, operation and maintenance management, etc. At the same time, it is also faced with problems such [...] Read more.

Currently, the media industry is in the rapid development stage of media integration, which has brought about great changes in content production mode, presentation form, communication mechanism, operation and maintenance management, etc. At the same time, it is also faced with problems such as difficult information traceability, declining industry credibility, low data circulation quality and efficiency, difficult data security and user privacy protection, etc. Utilizing blockchain’s characteristics can solve these problems that the media industry is currently facing. This paper designs a convergence media ecology model based on blockchain (CMEM-BC), focusing on the basic elements of the model, node operation and maintenance system, node management mechanism, value circulation mechanism, and storage mechanism, trying to establish a decentralized, traceable, and immutable convergence media ecosystem. On this basis, this paper summarizes the ecological framework and ecological model of CMEM-BC. Finally, the paper describes the verification of the effectiveness of CMEM-BC in key links through simulation experiments, verifying that CMEM-BC has high originality and is more suitable for the application of convergence media ecology through model analysis and comparison. Full article

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17 pages, 3772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodological Framework for New Product Development in Fuzzy Environments

by Chun-Ming Yang, Shiyao Li, Kuen-Suan Chen, Mingyuan Li and Wei Lo

Systems 2024, 12(9), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12090382 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

New product development (NPD) is crucial for helping companies to maintain competitive advantages. In this study, a methodological framework is presented combining a novel Kano model and fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD) for improving the product development capability in the whole NPD process. In [...] Read more.

New product development (NPD) is crucial for helping companies to maintain competitive advantages. In this study, a methodological framework is presented combining a novel Kano model and fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD) for improving the product development capability in the whole NPD process. In the Kano model, a novel mixed-class classification method is presented to classify each evaluation indicator agreed on by the majority, and to calculate the affiliation value based on category strength (CS) to display the degree to which the indicator belongs to a certain attribute. A new importance ratio is also proposed to adjust the importance of each indicator attribute. This helps to achieve higher customer satisfaction and improve the attractiveness of the product or service. FAD is then used to measure the gap between customer satisfaction and the company’s expected levels of satisfaction in terms of product functions. This enables the company to obtain more comprehensive information for decision-making. A case study is provided to verify the practicability of the proposed method. Sensitivity analysis proves the robustness of the results based on the number of respondents. Finally, comparative analysis with existing approaches demonstrates the strengths of the proposed method. Full article

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27 pages, 2408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Thermomechanical Behavior of Single-Crystal and Polycrystal Copper

by Sudip Kunda, Noah J. Schmelzer, Akhilesh Pedgaonkar, Jack E. Rees, Samuel D. Dunham, Charles K. C. Lieou, Justin C. M. Langbaum and Curt A. Bronkhorst

Metals 2024, 14(9), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091086 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

This research paper presents an experimental, theoretical, and numerical study of the thermomechanical behavior of single-crystal and polycrystal copper under uniaxial stress compression loading at varying rates of deformation. The thermomechanical theory is based on a thermodynamically consistent framework for single-crystal face-centered cubic [...] Read more.

This research paper presents an experimental, theoretical, and numerical study of the thermomechanical behavior of single-crystal and polycrystal copper under uniaxial stress compression loading at varying rates of deformation. The thermomechanical theory is based on a thermodynamically consistent framework for single-crystal face-centered cubic metals, and assumes that all plastic power is partitioned between stored energy due to dislocation structure evolution (configurational) and thermal (kinetic vibrational) energy. An expression for the Taylor–Quinney factor is proposed, which is a simple function of effective temperature and is allowed by second-law restrictions. This single-crystal model is used for the study of single- and polycrystal copper. New polycrystal thermomechanical experimental results are presented at varying strain rates. The temperature evolution on the surface of the polycrystal samples is measured using mounted thermocouples. Thermomechanical numerical single- and polycrystal simulations were performed for all experimental conditions ranging between

10^{- 3}

and 5 ×

10^{3}

s^{- 1}

. A Taylor homogenization model is used to represent polycrystal behavior. The numerical simulations of all conditions compare reasonable well with experimental results for both stress and temperature evolution. Given our lack of understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the coupling of dislocation glide and atomic vibration, this implies that the proposed theory is a reasonably accurate approximation of the single-crystal thermomechanics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Metal Crystal/Polycrystal Plastic Strain Hardening)

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17 pages, 1924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacokinetics and Dose Proportionality Study of a Novel Antiparkinsonian Agent, a 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-ylthio-conjugate of Prottremine

by Daria S. Gorina, Anastasiya V. Lastovka, Artem D. Rogachev, Alexandra V. Podturkina, Alla V. Pavlova, Oleg V. Ardashov, Nikolai S. Li-Zhulanov, Tatyana G. Tolstikova, Konstantin P. Volcho and Nariman F. Salakhutdinov

Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4498; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184498 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The novel antiparkinsonian agent PA-96 is the focus of our research. PA-96 supported the survival of cultured naïve dopamine neurons, alleviated motor deficits in MPTP and haloperidol-based mice models of Parkinson’s disease, and increased the density of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons and dopamine [...] Read more.

The novel antiparkinsonian agent PA-96 is the focus of our research. PA-96 supported the survival of cultured naïve dopamine neurons, alleviated motor deficits in MPTP and haloperidol-based mice models of Parkinson’s disease, and increased the density of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons and dopamine concentration in the midbrain of an MPTP-damaged brain. In this work, an HPLC–MS/MS method was developed and validated, and the pharmacokinetics of the agent was investigated in mice after a single or multiple oral administration (p.o.) and intravenous injection (i.v.) at various doses. The dose proportionality was also evaluated after a single p.o. administration of three ascending doses (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) and a single i.v. injection of two doses (1 and 10 mg/kg); also, the bioavailability was estimated. The disproportionality of pharmacokinetic parameters could be explained by the saturation of active centres of enzymes or receptors binding the substance: at low doses, part of the compound is bound, leaving a small amount circulating in blood, and rapidly metabolised and/or bound too. The bioavailability of PA-96 was c.a. 7 and 35% for the doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, correspondingly. Full article

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15 pages, 4537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Validation of Two Point-of-Care Assays for Hematological Analysis in the Miranda Donkey

by Céline Costa, Ana Patrícia Sousa, Grasiene Silva, Felisbina Queiroga, Ângela Martins, Daniela Andrade and Ana C. Silvestre-Ferreira

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(9), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090450 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Miranda donkeys are an endangered autochthonous breed of Portugal. The HemoCue WBC DIFF and HemoCue Hb 201 portable analyzers, developed as a simplified alternative method for total and differential WBC count and hemoglobin measurement, respectively, may be relevant tools in veterinary practice. This [...] Read more.

Miranda donkeys are an endangered autochthonous breed of Portugal. The HemoCue WBC DIFF and HemoCue Hb 201 portable analyzers, developed as a simplified alternative method for total and differential WBC count and hemoglobin measurement, respectively, may be relevant tools in veterinary practice. This study aimed to validate these instruments using Miranda donkey blood samples. For the HemoCue WBC DIFF, most parameters showed acceptable intra- and inter-assay precision with coefficients of variation (CV) below 5%, except for monocytes and eosinophils with higher CVs. The HemoCue Hb 201 showed CVs of 1.98% and 4.07%. Linearity correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.53 to 0.99 for HemoCue WBC DIFF and 0.99 for HemoCue Hb 201. Significant levels for neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and Hb measurements varied. Comparisons with ProCyte Dx showed an excellent correlation for WBC (r_s = 0.96), neutrophils (r_s = 0.91), lymphocytes (r_s = 0.94), and eosinophils (r_s = 0.90) but a poor correlation for monocytes and basophils. The HemoCue Hb 201 showed a correlation of r_s = 0.96 with ProCyte Dx. In conclusion, both analyzers provided reliable results and are suitable for use in Miranda’s donkey breed for WBC counts and Hb measurements. Full article

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14 pages, 12030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macrophytes as Key Element to Determine Ecological Quality Changes in Transitional Water Systems: The Venice Lagoon as Study Case

by Adriano Sfriso, Alessandro Buosi, Yari Tomio, Giulia Silan, Marion Adelheid Wolf, Katia Sciuto and Andrea Augusto Sfriso

Environments 2024, 11(9), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11090209 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

According to European Union guidelines, the assessment of the ecological status of Transitional Water Systems (TWSs) should be based on the monitoring of biological communities rather than physico-chemical parameters and pollutants. Macrophytes, including aquatic angiosperms and macroalgae, are organisms that respond more quickly [...] Read more.

According to European Union guidelines, the assessment of the ecological status of Transitional Water Systems (TWSs) should be based on the monitoring of biological communities rather than physico-chemical parameters and pollutants. Macrophytes, including aquatic angiosperms and macroalgae, are organisms that respond more quickly to environmental changes by varying the structure and biomass of their assemblages. There are several ecological indices based on macrophytes, among them the Macrophyte Quality Index (MaQI), which has been intercalibrated with water and sediment parameters, nutrient concentrations, and pollutants and is used to determine the ecological status of Italian TWSs. In the Venice Lagoon, it was applied to 87 stations, showing a significant score increase over the last ten years of monitoring (2011–2021) due to progressive lagoon environmental recovery. The dominant taxa assemblages, previously dominated by Ulvaceae, were replaced by species of higher ecological value, with an increase in the number and distribution of sensitive species, as well as the spread and cover of aquatic angiosperms. The rise in the Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR) determined by the MaQI confirms the key role of macrophyte monitoring in detecting environmental changes in TWSs. In fact, a simple check of the presence or absence of aquatic angiosperms and sensitive species is sufficient for an initial rapid assessment of the ecological status of these environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems Volume III)

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12 pages, 2939 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

In Situ Efficient End Functionalization of Polyisoprene by Epoxide Compounds via Neodymium-Mediated Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization

by Xiuhui Zhang, Jing Dong, Feng Wang, Xuequan Zhang and Heng Liu

Polymers 2024, 16(18), 2672; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182672 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The Nd-mediated coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of dienes represents one of the state-of-the-art techniques in the current synthetic rubber field. Besides having well-controlled polymerization behaviors as well as high atom economies, it also allows for the generation of highly reactive Al-capped polydienyl [...] Read more.

The Nd-mediated coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of dienes represents one of the state-of-the-art techniques in the current synthetic rubber field. Besides having well-controlled polymerization behaviors as well as high atom economies, it also allows for the generation of highly reactive Al-capped polydienyl chain-ends, which hold great potential, yet much less explored up to date, in achieving end functionalization to mimic the structure of natural rubber. In this study, we demonstrate an efficient in situ method to realize end-functionalizing polyisoprene by introducing epoxide compounds into a CCTP system. The end functionalization efficiency was 92.7%, and the obtained polymers were systematically characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹H,¹H-COSY NMR, DOSY NMR, and MALDI TOF. NMR studies revealed that a maximum of two EO units were introduced to the chain ends, and based on density functional theory (DFT) studies, an energy barrier of 33.3 kcal/mol was required to be overcome to open the ring of the EO monomer. Increasing the ratio of [Ip]/[Nd] resulted in gradually increased viscosities for the reaction medium and therefore gave rise to an end functionalization efficiency that decreased from 92.7% to 74.2%. The end hydroxyl group can also be readily converted to other functionalities, as confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)

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10 pages, 448 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Effects, Doses, and Applicability of Gestrinone in Estrogen-Dependent Conditions and Post-Menopausal Women

by Guilherme Renke, Mariana Antunes, Renato Sakata and Francisco Tostes

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(9), 1248; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091248 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Gestrinone (R-2323), or ethylnorgestrienone, is a synthetic steroid of the 19-nortestosterone group more commonly used as an oral, intravaginal, or subcutaneous implant for the treatment of endometriosis, contraception, and estrogen-dependent conditions such as hypermenorrhea, premenstrual dysphoria, and intense menstrual cramps. This review aims [...] Read more.

Gestrinone (R-2323), or ethylnorgestrienone, is a synthetic steroid of the 19-nortestosterone group more commonly used as an oral, intravaginal, or subcutaneous implant for the treatment of endometriosis, contraception, and estrogen-dependent conditions such as hypermenorrhea, premenstrual dysphoria, and intense menstrual cramps. This review aims to reevaluate the routes, doses, and applicability proposed for using gestrinone, including its use in new conditions such as menopause, lipedema, and sarcopenia. Here, we present the possible application of gestrinone as a long-acting therapeutic possibility through hormonal implants and the benefits and potential risks. Available evidence on the safety of doses and routes is limited. Gestrinone appears to be effective compared to other progestins and may have some advantages in the treatment of estrogen-dependent pathologies. Future research must evaluate gestrinone’s long-term safety and potential therapeutic indications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Therapies for Endometriosis, Adenomyosis and Endometrial Cancer)

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34 pages, 12931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Based Nonparametric Identification and Path Planning for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

by Bin Mei, Chenyu Li, Dongdong Liu and Jie Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(9), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091683 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Abstract: As the nonlinear and coupling characteristics of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are the challenges for motion modeling, the nonparametric identification method is proposed based on dung beetle optimization (DBO) and deep temporal convolutional networks (DTCNs). First, the improved wavelet threshold is utilized [...] Read more.

Abstract: As the nonlinear and coupling characteristics of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are the challenges for motion modeling, the nonparametric identification method is proposed based on dung beetle optimization (DBO) and deep temporal convolutional networks (DTCNs). First, the improved wavelet threshold is utilized to select the optimal threshold and wavelet basis functions, and the raw model test data are denoising. Second, the bidirectional temporal convolutional networks, the bidirectional gated recurrent unit, and the attention mechanism are used to achieve the nonlinear nonparametric model of the AUV motion. And the hyperparameters are optimized by the DBO. Finally, the lazy-search-based path planning and the line-of-sight-based path following control are used for the proposed AUV model. The simulation shows that the prediction accuracy of the DBO-DTCN is better than other artificial intelligence methods and mechanical models, and the path following of AUV is feasible. The methods proposed in this paper can provide an effective strategy for AUV modeling, searching, and rescue cruising. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

19 pages, 2530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Phenotypical Characterization of Dual-Nature Hybrid Cells in Uveal Melanoma

by Emily Marcotte, Alicia Goyeneche, Mohamed Abdouh, Julia Valdemarin Burnier and Miguel Noel Burnier, Jr.

Cancers 2024, 16(18), 3231; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183231 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Metastasis, occurring years after primary diagnosis, represents a poor prognosis in uveal melanoma (UM)-affected individuals. The nature of cells involved in this process is under debate. Circulating hybrid cells that have combined tumor and immune cell features found in blood were predictive [...] Read more.

Background: Metastasis, occurring years after primary diagnosis, represents a poor prognosis in uveal melanoma (UM)-affected individuals. The nature of cells involved in this process is under debate. Circulating hybrid cells that have combined tumor and immune cell features found in blood were predictive of metastasis and may correspond to dual-nature cells (DNC) in the primary tumor. Herein, we sought to determine the presence of DNCs in primary UM tumors, the cell types involved in their genesis, and their ability to be formed in vitro. Methods: UM lesions (n = 38) were immunolabeled with HMB45 in combination with immune-cell-specific antibodies. In parallel, we co-cultured UM cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to analyze DNC formation. Results: HMB45⁺/CD45⁺ DNCs were present in 90% (26/29) of the tumors, HMB45⁺/CD8⁺ DNCs were present in 93% (26/28), and HMB45⁺/CD68⁺ DNCs were present in 71% (17/24). DNCs formed with CD8⁺ and CD68⁺ cells were positively correlated to the infiltration of their respective immune cells. Notably, UM cells were prone to hybridize with PBMCs in vitro. Conclusions: This phenotypical characterization of DNCs in UM demonstrates that CD8⁺ T-cells and macrophages are capable of DNC formation, and they are important for better understanding metastatic dissemination, thus paving the path towards novel therapeutic avenues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Uveal Melanoma)

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15 pages, 985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AFSMWD: A Descriptor Flexibly Encoding Multiscale and Oriented Shape Features

by Ling Hu, Haibo Wang, Xuguang Yang, Haojun Xu and Yongzhong Liao

Mathematics 2024, 12(18), 2946; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12182946 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Shape descriptors are extensively used in shape analysis tasks such as shape correspondence, segmentation and retrieval, just to name a few. Their performances significantly determine the efficiency and effectiveness of subsequent applications. For this problem, we propose a novel powerful descriptor called Anisotropic [...] Read more.

Shape descriptors are extensively used in shape analysis tasks such as shape correspondence, segmentation and retrieval, just to name a few. Their performances significantly determine the efficiency and effectiveness of subsequent applications. For this problem, we propose a novel powerful descriptor called Anisotropic Fractional Spectral Manifold Wavelet Descriptor (AFSMWD), built upon an extended manifold signal processing tool named Anisotropic Fractional Spectral Manifold Wavelet (AFSMW), which is also presented for the first time in this paper. The novelty of AFSMW is integrating the fractional theory into the common anisotropic spectral manifold wavelet. Compared to the existing wavelets, it provides one more new parameter, namely, the fractional order, to balance or enhance the transform coefficients among different shape vertices, enabling more flexible local shape analysis and more hidden shape structural information explored. Due to the advantages of this added parameter and the capability of analyzing shape features from multiple scales and orientations, the AFSMW allows us to construct the powerful descriptor AFSMWD just using the AFSMW transform coefficients of a very simple function. The proposed descriptor appears to be especially localizable, discriminative, and robust to noises. Extensive experiments have demonstrated that our descriptor has outperformed the state-of-the-art descriptors, nearly achieving 22% improvements to the most related work ASMWD and 69% to the recent popular work WEDS on the FAUST dataset. Its superiorities are also announced in some challenging occasions such as shapes with large deformation or topological partiality. Full article

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23 pages, 8494 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Group-10 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide PdSe₂-Based Photodetectors: Outlook and Perspectives

by Tawsif Ibne Alam, Kunxuan Liu, Sumaiya Umme Hani, Safayet Ahmed and Yuen Hong Tsang

Sensors 2024, 24(18), 6127; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186127 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The recent advancements in low-dimensional material-based photodetectors have provided valuable insights into the fundamental properties of these materials, the design of their device architectures, and the strategic engineering approaches that have facilitated their remarkable progress. This review work consolidates and provides a comprehensive [...] Read more.

The recent advancements in low-dimensional material-based photodetectors have provided valuable insights into the fundamental properties of these materials, the design of their device architectures, and the strategic engineering approaches that have facilitated their remarkable progress. This review work consolidates and provides a comprehensive review of the recent progress in group-10 two-dimensional (2D) palladium diselenide (PdSe₂)-based photodetectors. This work first offers a general overview of the various types of PdSe₂ photodetectors, including their operating mechanisms and key performance metrics. A detailed examination is then conducted on the physical properties of 2D PdSe₂ material and how these metrics, such as structural characteristics, optical anisotropy, carrier mobility, and bandgap, influence photodetector device performance and potential avenues for enhancement. Furthermore, the study delves into the current methods for synthesizing PdSe₂ material and constructing the corresponding photodetector devices. The documented device performances and application prospects are thoroughly discussed. Finally, this review speculates on the existing trends and future research opportunities in the field of 2D PdSe₂ photodetectors. Potential directions for continued advancement of these optoelectronic devices are proposed and forecasted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Optical Sensors 2024)

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15 pages, 916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Melatonin Enhances Heat Tolerance via Increasing Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Osmotic Regulatory Substances by Upregulating zmeno1 Expression in Maize (Zea mays L.)

by Liru Cao, Abbas Muhammad Fahim, Xiaohan Liang, Senmiao Fan, Yinghui Song, Huafeng Liu, Feiyu Ye, Chenchen Ma, Dongling Zhang and Xiaomin Lu

Antioxidants 2024, 13(9), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091144 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Heat stress severely affects the yield and quality of maize. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamin, MT) plays an important role in various types of stress resistance in plants, including heat tolerance. Enolase (ENO, 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase) contributes to plant growth, development, and stress response. As of now, [...] Read more.

Heat stress severely affects the yield and quality of maize. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamin, MT) plays an important role in various types of stress resistance in plants, including heat tolerance. Enolase (ENO, 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase) contributes to plant growth, development, and stress response. As of now, the molecular mechanisms by which MT and ENO1 affect heat tolerance are unknown. In our research, we have revealed that heat stress (H) and heat stress + MT (MH) treatment upregulate ZmENO1 expression levels by 15 and 20 times, respectively. ZmENO1 overexpression and mutant maize lines were created by transgenic and genome editing. These results illustrate that heat stress has a significant impact on the growth of maize at the seedling stage. However, ZmENO1-OE lines showed a lower degree of susceptibility to heat stress, whereas the mutant exhibited the most severe effects. Under heat stress, exogenous application of MT improves heat resistance in maize. The ZmENO1-OE lines exhibited the best growth and highest survival rate, while the zmeno1 mutants showed the least desirable results. Following treatment with H and MH, the level of MT in ZmENO1-OE lines exhibited the greatest increase and reached the maximum value, whereas the level of MT in the zmeno1 mutant was the lowest. Heat stress decreased the maize’s relative water content and fresh weight, although ZmENO1-OE lines had the highest and zmeno1 mutants had the lowest. Heat stress led to an increase in the levels of MDA, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide in all plants. Additionally, the ionic permeability and osmotic potential of the plants were significantly increased. However, the levels of MT were decreased in all plants, with the greatest decrease observed in the ZmENO1-OE lines. Interestingly, the zmeno1 mutant plants had the highest expression levels of MT. Heat stress-induced upregulation of ZmSOD, ZmPOD, ZmAPX, ZmCAT, ZmP5CS, and ZmProDH in all plants. However, the ZmENO1-OE lines exhibited the greatest increase in expression levels, while the zmeno1 mutants showed the lowest increase following MT spraying. The patterns of SOD, POD, APX, and CAT enzyme activity, as well as proline and soluble protein content, aligned with the variations in the expression levels of these genes. Our findings indicate that MT can upregulate the expression of the ZmENO1 gene. Upregulating the ZmENO1 gene resulted in elevated expression levels of ZmSOD, ZmPOD, ZmAPX, ZmCAT, ZmP5CS, and ZmProDH. This led to increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and higher levels of osmoregulatory substances. Consequently, it mitigated the cell membrane damage caused by heat stress and ultimately improved the heat resistance of maize. The results of this study provide genetic resources for molecular design breeding and lay a solid foundation for further exploring the molecular mechanism of MT regulation of heat stress tolerance in maize. Full article

11 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Biochemical Differences in Patients Having Non-Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding on NSAIDs, Oral Anticoagulants, and Antiplatelet Therapy

by Melania Ardelean, Roxana Buzas, Ovidiu Ardelean, Marius Preda, Stelian Ion Morariu, Codrina Mihaela Levai, Ciprian Ilie Rosca, Daniel Florin Lighezan and Nilima Rajpal Kundnani

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5622; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185622 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is among the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for major resource allocation and increasing incidence. This study aimed to evaluate the severity of non-variceal bleeding in patients at risk of bleeding through the use [...] Read more.

Introduction: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is among the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for major resource allocation and increasing incidence. This study aimed to evaluate the severity of non-variceal bleeding in patients at risk of bleeding through the use of NSAIDs, oral anticoagulants, and antiplatelet therapy. Material and Method: The study included 296 patients admitted in the Gastroenterology Department of the Municipal County Emergency University Hospital, Timisoara, between 01.01.2018 and 01.04.2020, and diagnosed via gastroscopy with non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding. The patients were divided among four groups based on their use of different drugs known to induce UGIB, i.e., aspirin and clopidogrel, NOACs, NSAIDs, and anti-vitamin K drugs, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed based on ANOVA one-way tests for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables with pairwise comparisons based on Bonferroni adjusted significance tests. Results: The results showed several parameters having statistical significance among the different groups of patients. Patients on NOACs had statistically significant lower hemoglobin levels, lower hematocrit values, lower erythrocytes, lower RDW and higher fibrinogen levels compared to patients on VKA. Discussion: Surprisingly, the results from our study suggest that the use of NOACs was associated with a higher risk of bleeding when compared to VKA, which differs from the existing literature. Conclusions: One of the important factors causing upper non-variceal bleeding can be iatrogenic, either due to antiplatelet drugs or anticoagulants, to which NSAID treatment is additionally associated for various reasons. In our study, the use of NOACs seemed to have a more severe bleeding spectrum with higher morbidity compared to VKA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine)

21 pages, 18155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Approach for Human Wellbeing and Environmental Assessment Based on a Wearable IoT System: A Pilot Case Study in Singapore

by Francesco Salamone, Sergio Sibilio and Massimiliano Masullo

Sensors 2024, 24(18), 6126; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186126 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study presents the results of the practical application of the first prototype of WEMoS, the Wearable Environmental Monitoring System, in a real case study in Singapore, along with two other wearables, a smart wristband to monitor physiological data and a smartwatch with [...] Read more.

This study presents the results of the practical application of the first prototype of WEMoS, the Wearable Environmental Monitoring System, in a real case study in Singapore, along with two other wearables, a smart wristband to monitor physiological data and a smartwatch with an application (Cozie) used to acquire users’ feedback. The main objective of this study is to present a new procedure to assess users’ perceptions of the environmental quality by taking into account a multi-domain approach, considering all four environmental domains (thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quality) through a complete wearable system when users are immersed in their familiar environment. This enables an alternative to laboratory tests where the participants are in unfamiliar spaces. We analysed seven-day data in Singapore using a descriptive and predictive approach. We have found that it is possible to use a complete wearable system and apply it in real-world contexts. The WEMoS data, combined with physiology and user feedback, identify the key comfort features. The transition from short-term laboratory analysis to long-term real-world context using wearables enables the prediction of overall comfort perception in a new way that considers all potentially influential factors of the environment in which the user is immersed. This system could help us understand the effects of exposure to different environmental stimuli thus allowing us to consider the complex interaction of multi-domains on the user’s perception and find out how various spaces, both indoor and outdoor, can affect our perception of IEQ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metrology for Living Environment 2024)

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12 pages, 10804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total Ionizing Dose and Single-Event Effect Response of the AD524CDZ Instrumentation Amplifier

by Jaime Cardenas Chavez, Dave Hiemstra, Adriana Noguera Cundar, Brayden Johnson, David Baik and Li Chen

Energies 2024, 17(18), 4725; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184725 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

This manuscript focuses on studying the radiation response of the Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) AD524CDZ operational amplifier. Total Ionizing Dose (TID) effects were tested using low-dose ⁶⁰Co irradiation. Single-Event Effect (SEE) sensitivity was studied on this operational amplifier using a 105 MeV proton beam. [...] Read more.

This manuscript focuses on studying the radiation response of the Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) AD524CDZ operational amplifier. Total Ionizing Dose (TID) effects were tested using low-dose ⁶⁰Co irradiation. Single-Event Effect (SEE) sensitivity was studied on this operational amplifier using a 105 MeV proton beam. Additionally, further study of the SEE response was carried out using a Two-photon absorption laser to scan some sensitive sectors of the die. For this laser experiment, different gain setups and laser energies were employed to determine how the Single Event Transient (SET) response of the device was affected based on the test configuration. The results from the TID experiments revealed that the studied device remained functional after 100 krads (Si). Proton experiments revealed the studied device exhibited a high SET response with a maximum DC offset SET of about 1.5 V. Laser experiments demonstrated that there was a clear SET reduction when using 10× and 1000× gain setups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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27 pages, 8205 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Carbon-Based Interfacial Photothermal Converters for Seawater Desalination: A Review

by Xiaoyu Jia, Yuke Niu, Shufang Zhu, Hongwei He and Xu Yan

C 2024, 10(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10030086 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Along with the rapid development of society, freshwater shortages have become a global concern. Although existing desalination technologies have alleviated this pressure to some extent, their long-term environmental impact and energy consumption are still questionable. Therefore, it is necessary to find a new [...] Read more.

Along with the rapid development of society, freshwater shortages have become a global concern. Although existing desalination technologies have alleviated this pressure to some extent, their long-term environmental impact and energy consumption are still questionable. Therefore, it is necessary to find a new effective way for seawater desalination with cleaner energy. Solar-driven interfacial water evaporation technology has the advantages of environmental protection, energy saving, high evaporation efficiency, low cost, and strong sustainability, and is considered one of the most effective technologies to relieve water resource stress. This review summarized the recent advances in carbon-based interfacial photothermal converters focused on the preparation methods of 2D and 3D photothermal absorbers, the potential ways to enhance the efficiency of photothermal conversion. Finally, this paper proposed the challenges and future trends of interfacial photothermal converters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Materials and Carbon Allotropes)

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16 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy Fixed Point Theorems in S-Metric Spaces: Applications to Navigation and Control Systems

by Maryam Iqbal, Afshan Batool, Aftab Hussain and Hamed Alsulami

Axioms 2024, 13(9), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13090650 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

This manuscript examines fuzzy fixed point results using the concepts of

S

-metric space. We introduce two contractive maps,

γ

- and

γ

-weak contractions, within the context of

S

-metric spaces. These contractive maps form the cornerstone of our research, offering a [...] Read more.

This manuscript examines fuzzy fixed point results using the concepts of

S

-metric space. We introduce two contractive maps,

γ

- and

γ

-weak contractions, within the context of

S

-metric spaces. These contractive maps form the cornerstone of our research, offering a novel approach to solving mathematical problems. We explore fixed point results derived from the application of these maps, showcasing their utility in finding solutions in diverse mathematical scenarios. Furthermore, we provide concrete examples that illustrate the practical relevance and versatility of our theorems, emphasizing their potential applications across a wide range of scientific and engineering domains. This manuscript presents the novel concepts of

γ

- and

γ

-weak contractions and establishes their importance in mathematical research. By demonstrating their effectiveness in solving real-world problems and offering illustrative examples, our work contributes valuable tools and insights to the broader scientific community, enhancing our understanding of contractive maps and their applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fixed Point Theory with Applications)

20 pages, 5244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Linked Metathesis Polynorbornenes Based on Nadimides Bearing Hydrocarbon Substituents: Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties

by Kirill S. Sadovnikov, Ivan V. Nazarov, Vsevolod A. Zhigarev, Anastasia A. Danshina, Igor S. Makarov and Maxim V. Bermeshev

Polymers 2024, 16(18), 2671; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182671 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Metathesis homo- and copolymerization of bifunctional monomers bearing two norbornene moieties was studied. The monomers were synthesized from cis-5-norbornene-exo-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride and various diamines (hexamethylenediamine, decamethylenediamine, 1R,3S-isophoronediamine). The metathesis homopolymerization of these bis(nadimides) in the presence of the second-generation Grubbs catalyst afforded glassy cross-linked [...] Read more.

Metathesis homo- and copolymerization of bifunctional monomers bearing two norbornene moieties was studied. The monomers were synthesized from cis-5-norbornene-exo-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride and various diamines (hexamethylenediamine, decamethylenediamine, 1R,3S-isophoronediamine). The metathesis homopolymerization of these bis(nadimides) in the presence of the second-generation Grubbs catalyst afforded glassy cross-linked polymers in more than 90% yields. The metathesis copolymerization of the bis(nadimides) and a monofunctional norbornene derivative containing the β-pinene fragment also resulted in insoluble cross-linked polymers in nearly quantitative yields. The structures and purity of the synthesized polymers were confirmed via IR spectroscopy and CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Conditions for the fabrication of mechanically strong solution-cast thin films based on copolymers synthesized from the comonomers mentioned above were determined by varying the content of the cross-linking agent. It was shown that the films made in this way are stable in a range of organic solvents and could be useful as semipermeable or membrane materials for use in liquid organic media. The permeability of the polymer films in question to 1-phenylethanol and mandelic acid was studied. The results obtained are discussed along with the data from the DSC, TGA, and powder X-ray diffraction studies of the properties of the synthesized metathesis homo- and copolymers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Application of Functional Polymer Materials)

18 pages, 13258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave Hybrid Sintering and Soldering of Cu-Cr-W Composite Material for Reactive Power Breakers

by Sorin Vasile Savu, Cristian Daniel Ghelsingher, Iulian Ștefan, Nicușor-Alin Sîrbu, Andrei-Angelo Midan, Ilie Dumitru, Ionel Dănuț Savu, Claudiu Nicolicescu and Andrej David

Materials 2024, 17(18), 4648; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184648 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Over 60% of reported failures for reactive power compensation systems are given for damage to electrical circuit breaker contacts. This paper presents a study on the development of microwave technology for sintering of W–Cu–Cr alloys at 1012 °C for 65 min using 623.38 [...] Read more.

Over 60% of reported failures for reactive power compensation systems are given for damage to electrical circuit breaker contacts. This paper presents a study on the development of microwave technology for sintering of W–Cu–Cr alloys at 1012 °C for 65 min using 623.38 W microwave power, as well as microwave joining at 231 °C of the W–Cu–Cr composite material on body contact using 475 W microwave power for 55 s. The joined components were subjected to mechanical and electrical tests in accordance with ICE standards to validate the applied technology. Tests of connection–disconnection of the electrical contacts were carried out in accordance with the maximum number of disconnections allowed by the manufacturer (2 cycles/min): 25 s rest time and 5 s operating time under load. The components of the electrical contact after 111237 switches were analyzed under a microscope revealing a reduction of the damaged area by 27% compared with the original contact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding and Joining Processes of Metallic Materials)

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20 pages, 1321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Scene Graph Similarity-Based Remote Sensing Image Retrieval Algorithm

by Yougui Ren, Zhibin Zhao, Junjian Jiang, Yuning Jiao, Yining Yang, Dawei Liu, Kefu Chen and Ge Yu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8535; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188535 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

With the rapid development of remote sensing image data, the efficient retrieval of target images of interest has become an important issue in various applications including computer vision and remote sensing. This research addressed the low-accuracy problem in traditional content-based image retrieval algorithms, [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of remote sensing image data, the efficient retrieval of target images of interest has become an important issue in various applications including computer vision and remote sensing. This research addressed the low-accuracy problem in traditional content-based image retrieval algorithms, which largely rely on comparing entire image features without capturing sufficient semantic information. We proposed a scene graph similarity-based remote sensing image retrieval algorithm. Firstly, a one-shot object detection algorithm was designed for remote sensing images based on Siamese networks and tailored to the objects of an unknown class in the query image. Secondly, a scene graph construction algorithm was developed, based on the objects and their attributes and spatial relationships. Several construction strategies were designed based on different relationships, including full connections, random connections, nearest connections, star connections, or ring connections. Thirdly, by making full use of edge features for scene graph feature extraction, a graph feature extraction network was established based on edge features. Fourthly, a neural tensor network-based similarity calculation algorithm was designed for graph feature vectors to obtain image retrieval results. Fifthly, a dataset named remote sensing images with scene graphs (RSSG) was built for testing, which contained 929 remote sensing images with their corresponding scene graphs generated by the developed construction strategies. Finally, through performance comparison experiments with remote sensing image retrieval algorithms AMFMN, MiLaN, and AHCL, in precision rates, Precision@1 improved by 10%, 7.2%, and 5.2%, Precision@5 improved by 3%, 5%, and 1.7%; and Precision@10 improved by 1.7%, 3%, and 0.6%. In recall rates, Recall@1 improved by 2.5%, 4.3%, and 1.3%; Recall@5 improved by 3.7%, 6.2%, and 2.1%; and Recall@10 improved by 4.4%, 7.7% and 1.6%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning for Graph Management and Analytics)

19 pages, 575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Jointly Optimization of Delay and Energy Consumption for Multi-Device FDMA in WPT-MEC System

by Danxia Qiao, Lu Sun, Dianju Li, Huajie Xiong, Rina Liang, Zhenyuan Han and Liangtian Wan

Sensors 2024, 24(18), 6123; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186123 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

With the rapid development of mobile edge computing (MEC) and wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies, the MEC-WPT system makes it possible to provide high-quality data processing services for end users. However, in a real-world WPT-MEC system, the channel gain decreases with the transmission [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of mobile edge computing (MEC) and wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies, the MEC-WPT system makes it possible to provide high-quality data processing services for end users. However, in a real-world WPT-MEC system, the channel gain decreases with the transmission distance, leading to “double near and far effect” in the joint transmission of wireless energy and data, which affects the quality of the data processing service for end users. Consequently, it is essential to design a reasonable system model to overcome the “double near and far effect” and make reasonable scheduling of multi-dimensional resources such as energy, communication and computing to guarantee high-quality data processing services. First, this paper designs a relay collaboration WPT-MEC resource scheduling model to improve wireless energy utilization efficiency. The optimization goal is to minimize the normalization of the total communication delay and total energy consumption while meeting multiple resource constraints. Second, this paper imports a BK-means algorithm to complete the end terminals cluster to guarantee effective energy reception and adapts the whale optimization algorithm with adaptive mechanism (AWOA) for mobile vehicle path-planning to reduce energy waste. Third, this paper proposes an immune differential enhanced deep deterministic policy gradient (IDDPG) algorithm to realize efficient resource scheduling of multiple resources and minimize the optimization goal. Finally, simulation experiments are carried out on different data, and the simulation results prove the validity of the designed scheduling model and proposed IDDPG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Sensing, Communication, and Computing Networks for IoT Applications)

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