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23 pages, 6779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Impact Mechanisms of Areca Palm Plantations in China (1987–2022)

by Cai Wang, Zhaode Yin, Ruoyu Luo, Jun Qian, Chang Fu, Yuling Wang, Yu Xie, Zijia Liu, Zixuan Qiu and Huiqing Pei

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101679 - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study delved into the spatiotemporal evolution and impact mechanisms of areca palm (Areca catechu L.) plantations in China. Using Landsat and Google Earth imagery combined with machine learning, the geographical distribution of areca palm was mapped at a 30 m resolution [...] Read more.

This study delved into the spatiotemporal evolution and impact mechanisms of areca palm (Areca catechu L.) plantations in China. Using Landsat and Google Earth imagery combined with machine learning, the geographical distribution of areca palm was mapped at a 30 m resolution from 1987 to 2022, achieving an overall classification accuracy of 0.67 in 2022. The plantation area rapidly expanded from 8064 hectares in 1987 to 193,328 hectares in 2022. Spatially, there was a pronounced trend of overall agglomeration in areca palm plantations, primarily displaying two distribution patterns: high-value aggregation and low-value aggregation. Moreover, the plantation area exhibited a significant positive correlation with both GDP (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) and total population (r = 0.92, p < 0.01), while negatively correlating with rural population (r = −0.76, p < 0.05). No significant correlation was observed with environmental factors. This study elucidated the patterns and trends concerning economic development across regions and the impact of monoculture on Hainan Island’s ecological environment. Comprehensive, large-scale, long-term mapping of areca palms will enhance our understanding of global agriculture’s sustainability challenges and inform policy development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Measurements for Precision Forestry)

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18 pages, 4776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retinal Microvasculature Changes Linked to Executive Function Impairment after COVID-19

by Mar Ariza, Barbara Delas, Beatriz Rodriguez, Beatriz De Frutos, Neus Cano, Bàrbara Segura, Cristian Barrué, Javier Bejar, Mouafk Asaad, Claudio Ulises Cortés, Carme Junqué, Maite Garolera and NAUTILUS Project Collaborative Group

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(19), 5671; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195671 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Studies using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) have revealed that individuals recovering from COVID-19 have a reduced retinal vascular density (VD) and larger foveal avascular zones (FAZs) than healthy individuals, with more severe cases showing greater reductions. We aimed to examine [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Studies using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) have revealed that individuals recovering from COVID-19 have a reduced retinal vascular density (VD) and larger foveal avascular zones (FAZs) than healthy individuals, with more severe cases showing greater reductions. We aimed to examine aspects of the retinal microvascularization in patients with post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) classified by COVID-19 severity and how these aspects relate to cognitive performance. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study included 104 PCC participants from the NAUTILUS Project, divided into severe (n = 59) and mild (n = 45) COVID-19 groups. Participants underwent cognitive assessments and OCTA to measure VD and perfusion density (PD) in the superficial capillary plexus (SVP) and FAZ. Analysis of covariance and partial Pearson and Spearman correlations were used to study intergroup differences and the relationships between cognitive and OCTA variables. Results: Severe PCC participants had significantly lower central (p = 0.03) and total (p = 0.03) VD, lower central (p = 0.02) PD measurements, and larger FAZ areas (p = 0.02) and perimeters (p = 0.02) than mild cases. Severe cases showed more cognitive impairment, particularly in speed processing (p = 0.003) and executive functions (p = 0.03). Lower central VD, lower central PD, and larger FAZ areas and perimeters were associated with worse executive function performance in the entire PCC sample and in the mild COVID-19 group. Conclusions: Retinal microvascular alterations, characterized by reduced VD and PD in the SVP and larger FAZ areas, were associated with cognitive impairments in PCC individuals. These findings suggest that severe COVID-19 leads to long-lasting microvascular damage, impacting retinal and cognitive health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into COVID-19-Associated Complications and Sequelae)

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16 pages, 2972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Assessment of Mudstone Aggregate as an Alternative Material for Colored Asphalt Pavement in South Korea

by Je Won Kim and Carlo Elipse

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8601; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198601 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Colored asphalt pavements have been implemented in South Korea to enhance visibility and lane distinction; however, color fading, accelerated deterioration, and increased pothole occurrence have been noticed. As a solution, alternative materials that can be used for the construction of colored asphalt pavements [...] Read more.

Colored asphalt pavements have been implemented in South Korea to enhance visibility and lane distinction; however, color fading, accelerated deterioration, and increased pothole occurrence have been noticed. As a solution, alternative materials that can be used for the construction of colored asphalt pavements are being explored. This study evaluates the feasibility of using mudstone aggregate in constructing colored asphalt pavement in South Korea. Initially, aggregate quality tests were conducted on mudstone samples to assess their suitability compared to standard criteria. To enhance the visibility and color retention of colored asphalt, addition of pigment in the colored asphalt pavement mixture was considered and evaluated. The asphalt mixtures were evaluated for deformation, crack and viscoelastic properties using the Kim test, indirect tensile (IDT) strength test, and dynamic modulus test, respectively. Results showed that mudstone aggregate exceeded quality standards and the colored asphalt mixtures demonstrated superior deformation strength and crack resistance compared to typical SMA. However, the addition of pigment slightly reduced these properties. Overall, the findings suggest mudstone aggregate as a viable alternative for constructing colored asphalt pavements, offering potential improvements in durability and color retention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Pavement Materials in Road Construction)

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26 pages, 6632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of the Earth Explorer 11 SeaSTAR Mission Candidate for Simultaneous Retrieval of Total Surface Current and Wind Vectors

by Adrien C. H. Martin, Christine P. Gommenginger, Daria Andrievskaia, Petronilo Martin-Iglesias and Alejandro Egido

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(19), 3556; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16193556 - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Interactions between ocean surface currents, winds and waves at the atmosphere-ocean interface are key controls of lateral and vertical exchanges of water, heat, carbon, gases and nutrients in the global Earth System. The SeaSTAR satellite mission concept proposes to better quantify and understand [...] Read more.

Interactions between ocean surface currents, winds and waves at the atmosphere-ocean interface are key controls of lateral and vertical exchanges of water, heat, carbon, gases and nutrients in the global Earth System. The SeaSTAR satellite mission concept proposes to better quantify and understand these important dynamic processes by measuring two-dimensional fields of total surface current and wind vectors with unparalleled spatial and temporal resolution (1 × 1 km

^{2}

or finer, 1 day) and unmatched precision over one continuous wide swath (100 km or more). This paper presents a comprehensive numerical analysis of the expected performance of the Earth Explorer 11 (EE11) SeaSTAR mission candidate in the case of idealised and realistic 2D ocean currents and wind fields. A Bayesian framework derived from satellite scatterometry is adapted and applied to SeaSTAR’s bespoke inversion scheme that simultaneously retrieves total surface current vectors (TSCV) and ocean surface vector winds (OSVW). The results confirm the excellent performance of the EE11 SeaSTAR concept, with Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) for TSCV and OSVW at 1 × 1 km

^{2}

resolution consistently better than 0.1 m/s and 0.4 m/s, respectively. The analyses highlight some performance degradation in some relative wind directions, particularly marked at near range and low wind speeds. Retrieval uncertainties are also reported for several variations around the SeaSTAR baseline three-azimuth configuration, indicating that RMSEs improve only marginally (by ∼0.01 m/s for TSCV) when including broadside Radial Surface Velocity or broadside dual-polarisation data in the inversion. In contrast, our results underscore a) the critical need to include broadside Normalised Radar Cross Section data in the inversion; b) the rapid performance degradation when broadside incidence angles become steeper than 20° from nadir; and c) the benefits of maintaining ground squint angle separation between fore and aft lines-of-sight close to 90°. The numerical results are consistent with experimental performance estimates from airborne data and confirm that the EE11 SeaSTAR concept satisfies the requirements of the mission objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series — Recent Advances in Ocean Radar)

15 pages, 2465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Internet News for Patient Safety Campaigns: Focusing on Text Network Analysis and Topic Modeling

by Sun-Hwa Shin and On-Jeon Baek

Healthcare 2024, 12(19), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12191914 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to identify the main issues related to public patient safety campaigns reflected in Korean online news. This study utilized a text-mining method to identify keywords and topics related to patient safety campaigns. Methods: The data collection period was from [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to identify the main issues related to public patient safety campaigns reflected in Korean online news. This study utilized a text-mining method to identify keywords and topics related to patient safety campaigns. Methods: The data collection period was from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2023, and 4110 news articles were extracted. Through data preprocessing, 2661 duplicated news and 1213 unrelated news were removed, and 236 news were selected. Using the NetMiner program, keyword co-occurrence frequency calculation, keyword centrality analysis, and topic modeling analysis were performed. Results: The results showed that the most frequently mentioned keywords with high degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality in online news were “hospital”, “medical”, “medicine”, “project”, and “treatment”. The topics of online news related to the patient safety campaign were “patient-centered care for medical safety”, “health promotion projects at a regional institution”, “hand hygiene education to prevent infection”, “healthcare quality improvement through the Mint Festival”, and “safe use of medicines”. Conclusions: This study analyzed patient safety campaign news topics using text network analysis and topic modeling. It was confirmed that patient safety campaigns are essential for fostering a patient safety culture, improving medical quality, and encouraging patient participation in hospitals. Therefore, to build a safe medical environment, it is necessary to establish an effective patient safety campaign for not only medical staff providing medical care, but also patients and their caregivers, and for this, cooperation and participation from various professional occupations are necessary. Full article

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8 pages, 1267 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Phage–Antibiotic Combination Therapy against Recurrent Pseudomonas Septicaemia in a Patient with an Arterial Stent

by Ulla Elina Otava, Laura Tervo, Riikka Havela, Liisa Vuotari, Matti Ylänne, Annette Asplund, Sheetal Patpatia and Saija Kiljunen

Antibiotics 2024, 13(10), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13100916 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Intravascular stent infections are often associated with high risks of morbidity and mortality. We report here a case of a patient with an arterial stent and recurrent Pseudomonas septicaemias successfully treated with phage–meropenem combination therapy. Methods: A 75-year-old female with arteriosclerosis and [...] Read more.

Background: Intravascular stent infections are often associated with high risks of morbidity and mortality. We report here a case of a patient with an arterial stent and recurrent Pseudomonas septicaemias successfully treated with phage–meropenem combination therapy. Methods: A 75-year-old female with arteriosclerosis and comorbidities went through a femoropopliteal bypass with prosthesis in the right inguinal area. After the bypass, she developed a recurring Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and also neutropenia during different antibiotics. A rapidly growing pseudoaneurysm in the right inguinal area led to an emergency intra-arterial stent placement during blood stream infection, later suspected to host a P. aeruginosa biofilm. Removing the stent was deemed precarious, and phage therapy was considered as a compassionate treatment option. A three-phage cocktail infecting the P. aeruginosa strain was prepared and administered intravenously together with meropenem for two weeks, after which, a ten-month follow-up was carried out. Results: No adverse reactions occurred during the phage therapy treatment, while infection markers were normalized. In addition, recovery was seen in a PET-CT scan. During the 10-month follow-up, no further P. aeruginosa septicaemias occurred. Conclusions: Phage–meropenem combination therapy was thus found safe and effective in the treatment of recurrent Pseudomonas septicaemia in a patient with an arterial stent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacteriophages)

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15 pages, 3642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic Luminous Textiles for the Treatment of Wastewater Issued from Petroleum Activity: Photocatalytic Process Extrapolation

by Achraf Amir Assadi, Hicham Zeghioud, Nacer Belkessa, Amina Rabahi, Atef EL Jery, Moutaz Aldrdery and Aymen Amine Assadi

Catalysts 2024, 14(10), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14100663 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this study, the degradation of naphthalene in water was performed via photocatalysis with two different configurations: UV-irradiated TiO₂ deposited on cellulosic tissue and photocatalytic luminous textiles. The photocatalytic performance of these configurations was evaluated in terms of pollutant removal and mineralization [...] Read more.

In this study, the degradation of naphthalene in water was performed via photocatalysis with two different configurations: UV-irradiated TiO₂ deposited on cellulosic tissue and photocatalytic luminous textiles. The photocatalytic performance of these configurations was evaluated in terms of pollutant removal and mineralization yield. Moreover, the influence of key operating parameters, such as the initial pollutant concentration, solution turbidity, the number of tissues, and the type of irradiation, was investigated. The results showed a complete removal of 8 mg/L of naphthalene with photocatalytic luminous textiles after 4 h of UV irradiation, with a mineralization yield of 80%. The impact of the turbidity shows that at 90 NTU, reductions in photocatalytic activity of 30% and 10% were recorded for the UV-irradiated TiO₂ deposed on cellulosic tissue and photocatalytic luminous textiles, respectively. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations were monitored during photocatalysis to better understand the contribution of each active species in the mechanism reaction of naphthalene oxidation. The results show that the hydroxyl radical (^•OH) is responsible for 70% of pollutant oxidation. A scaling up of the water treatment with photocatalytic luminous textiles was performed. The extrapolation confirmed the same trends observed at the laboratory scale in terms of degradation and mineralization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants in Wastewater)

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20 pages, 2705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Indirect Shear Strength of Black Shale for Urban Deep Excavation

by Mintae Kim

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3050; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103050 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study thoroughly investigated the compressive and tensile strength characteristics of black shale using both experimental and analytical approaches. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted to determine the elastic constants of black shale modeled as idealized, linear elastic, homogeneous, and transversely isotropic. Additionally, Brazilian [...] Read more.

This study thoroughly investigated the compressive and tensile strength characteristics of black shale using both experimental and analytical approaches. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted to determine the elastic constants of black shale modeled as idealized, linear elastic, homogeneous, and transversely isotropic. Additionally, Brazilian tests were carried out on shale, considering it a transversely isotropic material. Strain measurements were recorded at the center of disc specimens subjected to diametric loading. By placing strain gages at the disc centers, the five elastic constants were accurately estimated. The effects of experimental methods and diametric loading on the elastic constant determination were evaluated and analyzed, and the indirect shear strength of the black shale, considering anisotropy, was determined using the estimated stress concentration coefficient. This study revealed that the indirect tensile strength of black shale is significantly influenced by the angle between the anisotropic planes and the diametric loading direction. Moreover, it was revealed that the stress concentration coefficients for anisotropic rocks vary from those of isotropic rocks, depending on the inclination angle of the bedding planes. This study confirms that the shear (tensile) strength of anisotropic black shale is not constant but varies with the orientation of the anisotropic planes in relation to the applied load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Foundation Engineering for Building Structures)

22 pages, 4815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urchin-like WO₃ Particles Form Honeycomb-like Structured PLA/WO₃ Nanocomposites with Enhanced Crystallinity, Thermal Stability, Rheological, and UV-Blocking and Antifungal Activity

by Sihem Daikhi, Salim Hammani, Soumia Guerziz, Huda Alsaeedi, Syreina Sayegh, Mikhael Bechlany and Ahmed Barhoum

Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2702; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192702 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

The development of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites incorporating urchin-like WO₃ particles through a cost-effective solution-casting method has led to significant enhancements in structural, thermal, optical, and rheological properties. The incorporation of these WO₃ particles up to 7 wt% resulted in the [...] Read more.

The development of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites incorporating urchin-like WO₃ particles through a cost-effective solution-casting method has led to significant enhancements in structural, thermal, optical, and rheological properties. The incorporation of these WO₃ particles up to 7 wt% resulted in the formation of an irregular honeycomb-like morphology with broad pore sizes ranging from 14.1 to 24.7 µm, as confirmed by SEM and EDX analysis. The urchin-like WO₃ particles acted as effective nucleating agents, increasing the crystallinity of PLA from 40% to 50% and achieving an impressive overall crystallinity rate of 97%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed an 11 K reduction in the crystalline phase transition temperature while maintaining stable melting (Tm) and glass transition (Tg) temperatures. Thermal analysis indicated a significant decrease in the onset of degradation and maximum thermal stability (T_max), with a reduction of 21 K due to the incorporation of the WO₃ particles. Optical measurements showed enhancement of UV-blocking properties from 9% to 55% with the WO₃ particle loading. Rheological tests demonstrated substantial improvements in viscoelastic properties, including a remarkable 30-fold increase in storage modulus, suggesting enhanced gel formation. Although the nanocomposites showed minimal antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, they exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans. These results underscore the potential of the PLA/WO₃ nanocomposites for advanced material applications, particularly where enhanced mechanical, thermal, optical, and antifungal performance is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)

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15 pages, 2280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive High-Depth Proteomic Analysis of Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Containing Preparations in Rett Syndrome

by Sho Hagiwara, Tadashi Shiohama, Satoru Takahashi, Masaki Ishikawa, Yusuke Kawashima, Hironori Sato, Daisuke Sawada, Tomoko Uchida, Hideki Uchikawa, Hironobu Kobayashi, Megumi Shiota, Shin Nabatame, Keita Tsujimura, Hiromichi Hamada and Keiichiro Suzuki

Biomedicines 2024, 12(10), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12102172 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Backgroud: Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1 in 10,000 females. Various treatments have been explored; however, no effective treatments have been reported to date, except for trofinetide, a synthetic analog of glycine-proline-glutamic acid, which was approved by the FDA in [...] Read more.

Backgroud: Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1 in 10,000 females. Various treatments have been explored; however, no effective treatments have been reported to date, except for trofinetide, a synthetic analog of glycine-proline-glutamic acid, which was approved by the FDA in 2023. Serological biomarkers that correlate with the disease status of RTT are needed to promote early diagnosis and to develop novel agents. Methods: In this study, we performed a high-depth proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles containing preparations extracted from patient plasma samples to identify novel biomarkers. Results: We identified 33 upregulated and 17 downregulated candidate proteins among a total of 4273 proteins in RTT compared to the healthy controls. Among these, UBE3B was predominantly increased in patients with Rett syndrome and exhibited a strong correlation with the clinical severity score, indicating the severity of the disease. Conclusions: We demonstrated that the proteomics of high-depth extracellular vesicles containing preparations in rare diseases could be valuable in identifying new disease biomarkers and understanding their pathophysiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Biomarkers and Novel Therapeutics Targets for Fragile X Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorders and Genetic Neurodevelopmental Diseases: Advances and Challenges)

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13 pages, 817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Melatonin Supplementation Alleviates Impaired Spatial Memory by Influencing Aβ_1-42 Metabolism via γ-Secretase in the icvAβ_1-42 Rat Model with Pinealectomy

by Irina Georgieva, Jana Tchekalarova, Zlatina Nenchovska, Lidia Kortenska and Rumiana Tzoneva

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910294 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

In the search for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapies, most animal models focus on familial AD, which accounts for a small fraction of cases. The majority of AD cases arise from stress factors, such as oxidative stress, leading to neurological changes (sporadic AD). Early [...] Read more.

In the search for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapies, most animal models focus on familial AD, which accounts for a small fraction of cases. The majority of AD cases arise from stress factors, such as oxidative stress, leading to neurological changes (sporadic AD). Early in AD progression, dysfunction in γ-secretase causes the formation of insoluble Aβ_1-42 peptides, which aggregate into senile plaques, triggering neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and circadian rhythm disturbances. To better model sporadic AD, we used a new AD rat model induced by intracerebroventricular administration of Aβ_1-42 oligomers (icvAβ_1-42) combined with melatonin deficiency via pinealectomy (pin). We validated this model by assessing spatial memory using the radial arm maze test and measuring Aβ_1-42 and γ-secretase levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus with ELISA. The icvAβ_1-42 + pin model experienced impaired spatial memory and increased Aβ_1-42 and γ-secretase levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, effects not seen with either icvAβ_1-42 or the pin alone. Chronic melatonin treatment reversed memory deficits and reduced Aβ_1-42 and γ-secretase levels in both structures. Our findings suggest that our icvAβ_1-42 + pin model is extremely valuable for future AD research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Apoptosis and Senescence)

12 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Asymptotics for Finite-Time Ruin Probabilities of a Dependent Bidimensional Risk Model with Stochastic Return and Subexponential Claims

by Xiaowen Shen, Kaiyong Wang and Yang Yang

Mathematics 2024, 12(19), 2969; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12192969 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

The paper considers a bidimensional continuous-time risk model with subexponential claims and Brownian perturbations, in which the price processes of the investment portfolio of the two lines of business are two geometric Lévy processes and the two lines of business share a common [...] Read more.

The paper considers a bidimensional continuous-time risk model with subexponential claims and Brownian perturbations, in which the price processes of the investment portfolio of the two lines of business are two geometric Lévy processes and the two lines of business share a common claim-number process, which is a renewal counting process. The paper mainly considers the claims of each line of business having a dependence structure. When the claims have subexponential distributions, the asymptotics of the finite-time ruin probabilities

ψ_{a n d} (x_{1}, x_{2}; T)

and

ψ_{s i m} (x_{1}, x_{2}; T)

have been obtained. When the distributions of claims belong to the intersection of long-tailed and dominatedly varying-tailed distribution classes, the asymptotics of the finite-time ruin probability

ψ_{o r} (x_{1}, x_{2}; T)

is given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probabilistic Models in Insurance and Finance)

16 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Farm Machinery Rental Services and Off-Farm Work Affect Household Income in China

by Weiwei Wang, Zhihai Yang, Xiangqun Gu, Amin Mugera and Ning Yin

Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101672 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Most nations struggle to close significant income gaps between high and low earners. While the adoption of farm machinery rental services and off-farm employment may be beneficial, it is unclear whether jointly applying both approaches can raise income levels in rural [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Most nations struggle to close significant income gaps between high and low earners. While the adoption of farm machinery rental services and off-farm employment may be beneficial, it is unclear whether jointly applying both approaches can raise income levels in rural households or help narrow the income gap within the farm sector. This study investigated scenarios involving both participation in farm machinery rental markets and in off-farm work, analyzing their varied impacts on household incomes based on survey data from 1027 rice producers in rural China. (2) Methods: We employed a two-stage econometric procedure encompassing a bivariate ordered probit model with an endogeneity-corrected unconditional quantile regression model. (3) Results: Rice farmers often simultaneously rent farm machinery services and engage in off-farm work. Both activities positively affect their household incomes; however, these effects vary across different income levels. Renting farm machinery provides greater marginal benefits for lower-income households, while off-farm employment has a stronger impact on higher-income households. Farm machinery rental services appear to benefit disadvantaged households more than off-farm employment opportunities do. (4) Suggestions: To enhance the welfare of lower-income households, policymakers should focus on expanding access to farm machinery rental services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

11 pages, 486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Acute Citrulline Malate Supplementation on CrossFit^® Exercise Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Study

by Asli Devrim-Lanpir, Ferenc Ihász, Máté Demcsik, András Csaba Horváth, Pál Góczán, Péter Czepek, Johanna Takács, Rachel Kimble, Reza Zare, Fatma Esra Gunes, Beat Knechtle, Katja Weiss, Thomas Rosemann and Katie M. Heinrich

Nutrients 2024, 16(19), 3235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193235 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Given the increasing popularity of CrossFit^® as a high-intensity functional training program and the potential benefits of citrulline malate (CM) in enhancing exercise performance through its role as a precursor to L-arginine and nitric oxide production, this study aimed to investigate the [...] Read more.

Given the increasing popularity of CrossFit^® as a high-intensity functional training program and the potential benefits of citrulline malate (CM) in enhancing exercise performance through its role as a precursor to L-arginine and nitric oxide production, this study aimed to investigate the acute effects of CM supplementation on CrossFit^® performance and cardiovascular function. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, 21 recreationally active participants (mean age 22.2 ± 2.6 years, mean body weight 75.9 ± 10.4 kg) with CrossFit^® experience completed the “Cindy” workout under CM and placebo conditions. Participants consumed 4.4 g of CM or a placebo 60 min before the workout, and the performance was measured by the number of rounds completed. Secondary outcomes included heart rate response, time spent in different heart rate intensity zones, and post-exercise recovery time. The results indicated no significant difference in the number of rounds completed between the CM and placebo conditions (13.5 ± 5.2 vs. 13.8 ± 6.7 rounds, respectively; p = 0.587). However, the time spent in zone 4 (80–90% of HR max) was significantly increased in the CM condition (527 ± 395 s vs. 453 ± 334 s; p = 0.017), suggesting a potential benefit for aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold. No significant differences in post-exercise recovery time were observed (6.6 ± 4.7 h vs. 6.9 ± 4.7 h; p = 0.475). This study highlights the need for further research with larger sample sizes, both genders, and different CM dosages to clarify these findings and better understand CM’s role in enhancing athletic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Status and Ergogenic Aids in the Performance of Exercise and Sports)

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17 pages, 796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DNA Damage in Moderate and Severe COVID-19 Cases: Relation to Demographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Parameters

by Tigran Harutyunyan, Anzhela Sargsyan, Lily Kalashyan, Naira Stepanyan, Rouben Aroutiounian, Thomas Liehr and Galina Hovhannisyan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10293; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910293 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

The ability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to cause DNA damage in infected humans requires its study as a potential indicator of COVID-19 progression. DNA damage was studied in leukocytes of 65 COVID-19 patients stratified by sex, age, and disease severity in relation to [...] Read more.

The ability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to cause DNA damage in infected humans requires its study as a potential indicator of COVID-19 progression. DNA damage was studied in leukocytes of 65 COVID-19 patients stratified by sex, age, and disease severity in relation to demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters. In a combined group of COVID-19 patients, DNA damage was shown to be elevated compared to controls (12.44% vs. 5.09%, p < 0.05). Severe cases showed higher DNA damage than moderate cases (14.66% vs. 10.65%, p < 0.05), and males displayed more damage than females (13.45% vs. 8.15%, p < 0.05). DNA damage is also correlated with international normalized ratio (INR) (r = 0.471, p < 0.001) and creatinine (r = 0.326, p < 0.05). In addition to DNA damage, severe COVID-19 is associated with age, C-reactive protein (CRP), and creatinine. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified age, INR, creatinine, DNA damage, and CRP as significant predictors of disease severity, with cut-off values of 72.50 years, 1.46 s, 78.0 µmol/L, 9.72%, and 50.0 mg/L, respectively. The results show that DNA damage correlates with commonly accepted COVID-19 risk factors. These findings underscore the potential of DNA damage as a biomarker for COVID-19 severity, suggesting its inclusion in prognostic assessments to facilitate early intervention and improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research of DNA Repair and Damage in Human Health)

15 pages, 2190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Directional Strain Measurement in Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Based on Birefringence of Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating

by Chunhua Zhou, Changhao Chen, Zilong Ye, Qi Wu and Ke Xiong

Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6190; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196190 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Embedded fiber Bragg gratings are increasingly applied for in-situ strain measurement in fiber-reinforced plastics, integral to high-end aerospace equipment. Existing research primarily focuses on in-plane strain measurement, limited by the fact that fiber Bragg gratings are mainly sensitive to axial strain. However, out-of-plane [...] Read more.

Embedded fiber Bragg gratings are increasingly applied for in-situ strain measurement in fiber-reinforced plastics, integral to high-end aerospace equipment. Existing research primarily focuses on in-plane strain measurement, limited by the fact that fiber Bragg gratings are mainly sensitive to axial strain. However, out-of-plane strain measurement is equally important for comprehending structural deformation. The birefringence of fiber Bragg gratings shows promise for addressing this problem; yet, the strain transfer relationship between composites and optical fibers, along with the decoupling method for multi-directional strains, remains inadequately explored. This study introduces an innovative method for multi-directional strain measurement in fiber-reinforced plastics using the birefringence of a single-fiber Bragg grating. The strain transfer relationship between composites and embedded optical fibers was derived based on Kollar’s analytical model, leading to the development of a multi-directional strain decoupling methodology. This method was experimentally validated on carbon fiber/polyetherimide laminates under thermo-mechanical loading. Its reliability was confirmed by comparing experimental results and finite element simulations. These findings significantly broaden the application scenarios of fiber Bragg gratings, advancing the in-situ measurement technology crucial for the next generation of high-end aerospace equipment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Sensors and Sensing Technology Used for Empowering High-End Equipment Structure)

39 pages, 21329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Irrotational Flow over Ogee Spillway Crest: New Solution Method and Flow Geometry Analysis

by Oscar Castro-Orgaz, Willi H. Hager, Yakun Guo, Sebastien Erpicum and Francisco Nicolás Cantero-Chinchilla

Water 2024, 16(19), 2720; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16192720 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

A spillway is a hydraulic structure of major importance in dam safety, and its current analysis usually involves a hybrid approach combining CFD modeling with experimental research, either using well-known WES design charts or conducting new model experiments in the laboratory. Flow over [...] Read more.

A spillway is a hydraulic structure of major importance in dam safety, and its current analysis usually involves a hybrid approach combining CFD modeling with experimental research, either using well-known WES design charts or conducting new model experiments in the laboratory. Flow over spillway crests involves fluid accelerations, making irrotationality an adequate simplification of the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations. However, an efficient tool using this method is currently lacking for spillway flow, particularly for ogee spillway flow. This work focuses on this aspect of the problem, and a new method for computing irrotational flow solutions over ogee spillways is proposed by developing flow net computational solutions. The proposed method entails a new iterative procedure in the complex potential plane where free surface pressures are exactly set to zero, contrary to other methods, and an automatic determination of the critical point, the unknown energy head, and the free surface profile. The model generates solutions efficiently in only a few seconds on a personal workstation, permitting a fast estimate of spillway flow operation, and is thus an effective complement to experimental and NS-CFD modeling. The solutions produced are compared with observations of a high operational head equal to five times the design head of the ogee crest, resulting in reasonable agreement. The application of the new model to investigate the limitations of analytical equations used in spillway flow, like Jaeger’s theory, establishes limits for its use by relating its curvature parameter to the spillway chute slope. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics)

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24 pages, 2573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Cytokine Secretory Fingerprint of the Adipocytes Derived from Stem Cells of Morbidly Obese Patients—A Preliminary Study

by Bartłomiej Łukaszuk, Elżbieta Supruniuk, Adrian Chabowski and Agnieszka Mikłosz

Cells 2024, 13(19), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13191603 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Context: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) are progenitor cells that shape the tissue’s biological properties. Objective: To examine the dipocytes differentiated from the ADMSCs of lean and obese individuals with/without a metabolic syndrome (MetSx) cytokine secretory profile, as to date, little is known [...] Read more.

Context: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) are progenitor cells that shape the tissue’s biological properties. Objective: To examine the dipocytes differentiated from the ADMSCs of lean and obese individuals with/without a metabolic syndrome (MetSx) cytokine secretory profile, as to date, little is known on this topic. Methods: Interleukin, chemokine and growth factor levels in the culture medium were determined using the Human Cytokine kit. Results: We observed a characteristic secretory fingerprint displayed by the cells from the MetSx group and identified a set of putative markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, VEGF, FGF, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-γ) of the condition. Surprisingly, the concentrations of most of the molecules (except for IL-6, IFN-γ, IP-10, VEGF) decreased when compared with the cells from the lean group. We postulate that the difference stemmed from the fact that in vivo cytokines were mostly secreted by the activated monocytes/macrophages and not adipocytes per se. This may also suggest that the aforementioned upregulated cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, IP-10, VEGF) might have been the ones that attracted monocytes and triggered the vicious cycle of tissue inflammation. Conclusions: Our study indicated that the adipocytes newly derived from the ADMSCs of obese patients with metabolic syndrome displayed a secretory fingerprint that may be characteristic to the early stages of the condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifaceted Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Health and Disease)

33 pages, 49504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Late Early–Middle Pleistocene Mammal Fauna from the Megalopolis Basin (Peloponnese, Greece) and Its Importance for Biostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment

by George E. Konidaris, Athanassios Athanassiou, Vangelis Tourloukis, Krystalia Chitoglou, Thijs van Kolfschoten, Domenico Giusti, Nicholas Thompson, Georgia Tsartsidou, Effrosyni Roditi, Eleni Panagopoulou, Panagiotis Karkanas and Katerina Harvati

Quaternary 2024, 7(4), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/quat7040041 - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Recent investigations in the upper Lower–Middle Pleistocene deposits of the Megalopolis Basin (Greece) led to the discovery of several sites/findspots with abundant faunal material. Here, we provide an updated overview including new results on the micro- and macro-mammal fauna. Important new discoveries comprise [...] Read more.

Recent investigations in the upper Lower–Middle Pleistocene deposits of the Megalopolis Basin (Greece) led to the discovery of several sites/findspots with abundant faunal material. Here, we provide an updated overview including new results on the micro- and macro-mammal fauna. Important new discoveries comprise partial hippopotamus skeletons from Marathousa 1 and the new Lower Pleistocene site Choremi 6, as well as a second partial elephant skeleton from Marathousa 1, including a complete tusk and the rarely found stylohyoideum. Based on the first results from the newly collected micromammals, we discuss age constraints of the sites, and we provide biostratigraphic/biochronologic remarks on key mammal taxa for the Middle Pleistocene of Greece and southeastern Europe. The presence of mammals highly dependent on freshwater for their survival, together with temperate-adapted ones in several stratigraphic layers of the basin, including those correlated with glacial stages, when conditions were colder and/or drier, indicate the capacity of the basin to retain perennial freshwater bodies under milder climatic conditions, even during the harsher glacial periods of the European Middle Pleistocene, and further support its refugial status. Yet, the smaller dimensions of the Megalopolis hippopotamuses may represent a response to the changing environmental conditions of the epoch, not optimal for hippopotamuses. Overall, the Megalopolis Basin comprises a unique fossil record for southeastern Europe and provides valuable insights into the Middle Pleistocene terrestrial ecosystems of Europe, and hominin adaptations in particular. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mammals Biochronology and Paleoecology of the Euro-Mediterranean Quaternary)

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8 pages, 2953 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Tuberculosis-Induced Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy: A Challenging Case Scenario in a Non-Endemic Country

by Agnese Colpani, Davide Astorri, Andrea De Vito, Giordano Madeddu, Sandro Panese and Nicholas Geremia

Reports 2024, 7(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7040082 - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) poses a significant global health challenge; although low–middle income countries carry the heaviest burden, its diagnosis and treatment can be challenging in any country. The clinical picture can be complex and vary from person to person, with autoimmune complications [...] Read more.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) poses a significant global health challenge; although low–middle income countries carry the heaviest burden, its diagnosis and treatment can be challenging in any country. The clinical picture can be complex and vary from person to person, with autoimmune complications that can hinder TB diagnosis and treatment. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 38-year-old man from Bangladesh who had recently arrived in Italy through the Balkan route. He presented with TB in the cervical lymph nodes and long-standing chronic myalgias. While a wide range of TB-triggered autoimmune entities can be found in the literature, this case is the first to describe immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) triggered by active TB. Conclusions: IMNM has been previously associated only with other infections like SARS-CoV-2 and Dengue. The successful diagnosis and management of TB-induced IMNM was achieved through a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach involving rheumatologists, immunologists, and infectious diseases specialists, showcasing an innovative treatment strategy and adding new insights into the complexities of TB and IMNM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Health Threats of Climate Change)

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6 pages, 2340 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Endoscopic Guided Dilations without Intralesional Corticosteroid Injections: Pediatric Crohn’s Patients Case Series

by Leo Fawaz, Yousif Slim and Peter N. Freswick

Reports 2024, 7(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7040081 - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: The treatment for pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) has shifted over the years from steroids and immunomodulators to biologics with the goal of histological and clinical remission. Endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) has been utilized for stricturing disease, even in the pediatric population. EBD [...] Read more.

Background: The treatment for pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) has shifted over the years from steroids and immunomodulators to biologics with the goal of histological and clinical remission. Endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) has been utilized for stricturing disease, even in the pediatric population. EBD has been shown to be effective and minimally invasive, though historically, has been performed on patients with persistent mucosal inflammation. As such, intralesional corticosteroid (ILC) injections have been traditionally utilized during EBD. However, intralesional corticosteroid efficacy among pediatrics patients in deep endoscopic remission is unknown. Case Presentation: We report four patients that demonstrated at least initial successful dilations without intralesional steroid injections. Conclusions: The use of ILC injections during routine EBDs in pediatric patients should be further explored in randomized control trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology)

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13 pages, 7982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermoplastic-Based Ballistic Helmets: Processing, Ballistic Resistance and Damage Characterization

by Rafael R. Dias, Natalin M. Meliande, Hector G. Kotik, César G. Camerini and Iaci M. Pereira

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100385 - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Ballistic helmets are individual pieces of armor equipment designed to protect a soldier’s head from projectiles and fragments. Although very common, these helmets are responsible for several casualties due to their significant back face deformation and low ballistic resistance to projectiles. Therefore, to [...] Read more.

Ballistic helmets are individual pieces of armor equipment designed to protect a soldier’s head from projectiles and fragments. Although very common, these helmets are responsible for several casualties due to their significant back face deformation and low ballistic resistance to projectiles. Therefore, to enhance helmet performance, studies have focused on the development of new materials and new ballistic protection solutions. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a new ballistic solution using thermoplastic-based matrices. The first matrix was based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The second matrix was based on HDPE modified with exfoliated montmorillonite (MMT). The main manufacturing processes of a thermoplastic-based ballistic helmet are presented, along with its ballistic performance, according to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) standard 0106.01 and an investigation of its failure mechanisms via a non-destructive technique. All the helmets resulted in level III-A ballistic protection. The postimpact helmets were scanned to evaluate the back face deformation dimensions, which revealed that the global cone deformation was deeper in the HDPE than in the HDPE/MMT helmet. The failure analysis revealed an overall larger deformation area in the HDPE and HDPE/MMT helmet delamination zones in the regions with a large radius of curvature than in the zones with the lowest radius, which is in accordance with previous simulations reported in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)

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16 pages, 3882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene, Polyoxymethylene and Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Modified with Adhesive Resins

by Jakub Czakaj, Daria Pakuła, Julia Głowacka, Bogna Sztorch and Robert E. Przekop

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100384 - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene (PP), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have been blended with adhesive-grade ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), propylene elastomer (VMX), isobutylene–isoprene rubber (IIR) and an acrylic block copolymer (MMA-nBA-MMA). The blends were prepared using a two-roll mill and injection molding. The mechanical properties [...] Read more.

Polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene (PP), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have been blended with adhesive-grade ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), propylene elastomer (VMX), isobutylene–isoprene rubber (IIR) and an acrylic block copolymer (MMA-nBA-MMA). The blends were prepared using a two-roll mill and injection molding. The mechanical properties of the blends, such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at maximum load, and impact resistance, were investigated. The water contact angle, melt flow rate (MFR), and differential scanning calorimetry were ascertained to evaluate the blends. The blend samples exhibited the following properties: all POM/EVA blends showed reduced crystallinity compared to neat POM; the 80% PMMA/20% MMA-nBA-MMA blend showed improved impact resistance by 243% compared to the neat PMMA. An antiplasticization effect was observed for POM/EVA 1% blends and PMMA/EVA 1% blends, with MFR reduced by 1% and 3%, respectively. The MFR of the PP/IIR 1% blend increased by 5%, then decreased below the MFR near the polymer for the remaining IIR concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Polymer Composites, Volume III)

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13 pages, 612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Length at First Maturity Estimation Using Machine Learning for Fisheries Resource Management: A Case Study on Small Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) in South Korea

by Heejoong Kang and Sang Chul Yoon

Fishes 2024, 9(10), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9100373 - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) is a critical economic fish species in South Korea, where effective management is essential due to concerns over declining populations. This study aims to enhance fishery management strategies by applying machine learning techniques to classify the [...] Read more.

Small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) is a critical economic fish species in South Korea, where effective management is essential due to concerns over declining populations. This study aims to enhance fishery management strategies by applying machine learning techniques to classify the maturity stages and estimate the length at first maturity (L50 and L95), comparing these results with those obtained using traditional macroscopic methods. Five machine learning models, including Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), LightGBM (LGBM), EXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were developed and evaluated for their effectiveness in predicting maturity stages. The XGB model demonstrated superior performance with the highest evaluation final score and low computation time. Using generalized linear models (GLM), this study estimated L50 and L95 for both machine learning predictions and macroscopic observations. The results showed that machine learning models, particularly XGB, provided more precise estimates with narrower confidence intervals and better model fit than the traditional macroscopic methods. These findings can support more sustainable fisheries management practices by offering reliable tools for setting appropriate regulatory measures, such as minimum landing sizes, which contribute to the conservation of marine resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies for Improving Fisheries and Aquaculture Production and Management)

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