The Application and Safety Assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Bacterial Toxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2027 | Viewed by 1132

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
Interests: Bt pesticide; Bt transgenic plant; safety assessment of Bt toxins; soil ecology

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Guest Editor
Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
Interests: Bacillus thuringiensis; cry proteins; Lysinibacillus sphaericus; bin toxin; insect midgut; uptake of protein toxins
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Special Issue “The Application and Safety Assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins” addresses several key aspects. First, it elaborates on the diverse applications of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in pest control, including their use in transgenic crops, formulation as biological insecticides for agricultural and forestry protection, and potential application in managing vector-borne diseases. Second, it examines the molecular mechanisms of Bt toxicity, with a focus on the specific interactions between Bt toxins and insect midgut receptors, as well as the subsequent events that lead to pest mortality. Third, this Special Issue provides a comprehensive safety assessment covering environmental impacts—such as effects on non-target organisms and soil ecosystems—along with potential risks to human and animal health, including allergenicity and toxicity. Finally, it discusses current challenges and future prospects, particularly the evolution of pest resistance to Bt toxins and strategies for their sustainable application.

Dr. Peng Li
Prof. Dr. Michael Adang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins
  • insecticidal mechanism
  • resistance management
  • environmental fate
  • risk assessment
  • transgenic crops

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

12 pages, 2482 KB  
Article
Persistence and Degradation of Bt Toxin in Two Soil Types Under Different Sterilization Regimes
by Yixuan Fan, Ziteng Liang, Lingli Zou, Luyao Wang, Lei Ge, Kai Zhao, Yu Sun and Peng Li
Toxins 2026, 18(4), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins18040168 - 30 Mar 2026
Viewed by 591
Abstract
With the large-scale cultivation of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops, the Bt toxin released from Bt crops is continuously introduced into the soil. Its environmental fate represents a key indicator for assessing the ecological safety of transgenic crops. However, the persistence [...] Read more.
With the large-scale cultivation of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops, the Bt toxin released from Bt crops is continuously introduced into the soil. Its environmental fate represents a key indicator for assessing the ecological safety of transgenic crops. However, the persistence of Bt toxin in soil is influenced by both biotic and abiotic processes, and their respective contributions under natural conditions remain unclear. This study measured water-dissolved Bt toxin concentrations in paddy soil (PS) and red soil (RS) to compare the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the dynamic retention of exogenous Bt toxin under different sterilization methods: no sterilization, heat sterilization (HT), and irradiation sterilization (IS). The water-dissolved Bt toxin exhibited a dynamic decrease–increase–decrease trend across all three treatments in both soil types during the 30 day experimental period. Bt toxin displayed rapid adsorption during the initial 2 h stage in RS, but subsequently showed a high desorption, whereas PS probably achieved more stable bonding through soil organic matter (SOM). Different sterilization methods significantly influenced the results by altering abiotic factors: Compared to CK, HT affected soil physicochemical properties and enhanced adsorption resilience, whereas IS caused minimal impact on the soil physicochemical properties, thereby providing a more accurate reflection of abiotic processes. And microbial, as biotic facters, also influence the reduction process of Bt toxin by participating in the adsorption–desorption–degradation equilibrium process. Therefore, we infer that over time, the concentration of water-soluble Bt proteins in the soil will tend toward zero. Additionally, the initial Bt toxin concentration influenced dynamic balance by adjusting adsorption site saturability, with more pronounced desorption reversibility at 500 ng/g concentrations. Overall, this study systematically reveals the effects of soil properties, microorganisms, and sterilization methods on Bt toxin persistence. The findings underscore the importance of selecting and justifying sterilization methods in related environmental behavior studies, while providing essential guidance for the scientific assessment of environmental risks posed by transgenic crops. Full article
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