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34 pages, 1583 KB  
Article
Innovation Dynamics and Ethical Considerations of Agentic Artificial Intelligence in the Transition to a Net-Zero Carbon Economy
by Subhra Mondal, Nguyen Cao Thục Uyen, Subhankar Das and Vasiliki G. Vrana
Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8806; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198806 - 30 Sep 2025
Viewed by 440
Abstract
As climate action becomes increasingly urgent, nations and institutions worldwide seek advanced technologies for practical mitigation efforts. This study examines how agentic artificial intelligence systems capable of decision-making and learning from experience drive innovation dynamics in climate change mitigation, with a particular focus [...] Read more.
As climate action becomes increasingly urgent, nations and institutions worldwide seek advanced technologies for practical mitigation efforts. This study examines how agentic artificial intelligence systems capable of decision-making and learning from experience drive innovation dynamics in climate change mitigation, with a particular focus on ethical considerations during the net-zero transition. The current urgency of climate action demands advanced technologies, yet organisations struggle to effectively deploy agentic AI for climate mitigation due to unclear implementation pathways and ethical consideration. This study examines the relationships among agentic AI capabilities, innovation dynamics, and net-zero transition performance, using survey data from 340 organisations across the manufacturing, energy, and technology sectors, and analysed using structural equation modelling. Based on dynamic capabilities theory, this research proposes a novel theoretical model that examines how agentic AI drives innovation dynamics in climate change mitigation within governance frameworks that encompass transparency, accountability, and environmental justice. Results reveal significant mediation effects of innovation dynamics, dynamic capabilities, and ethical considerations, while environmental context negatively moderates innovation and ethical pathways. Findings suggest that overly restrictive ethical considerations can lead to implementation delays that undermine the urgency of climate action. This study proposes three solutions: (1) adaptive ethical protocols adjusting governance intensity based on climate risk severity, (2) pre-approved ethical templates reducing approval delays by 60%, and (3) stakeholder co-design processes building consensus during development. The research advances dynamic capabilities theory for AI contexts by demonstrating how AI-enabled sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring capabilities create differentiated pathways to climate performance. This study provides empirical validation of the responsible innovation framework, identifies asymmetric environmental contingencies, and offers evidence-based guidance for organisations implementing agentic AI for climate action. Full article
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27 pages, 10042 KB  
Article
CFD Study of a Novel Wave Energy Converter in Survival Mode
by Cassandre Senocq, Daniel Clemente, Mailys Bertrand, Paulo Rosa-Santos and Gianmaria Giannini
Energies 2025, 18(19), 5189; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195189 - 30 Sep 2025
Viewed by 388
Abstract
Harnessing Europe’s strong wave energy could support net-zero emissions goals, but extreme ocean loads still make wave energy expensive and delay the rollout of commercial wave-energy converters (WECs). To address this, the twin-floater CECO WEC has been redesigned into a single-pivot device called [...] Read more.
Harnessing Europe’s strong wave energy could support net-zero emissions goals, but extreme ocean loads still make wave energy expensive and delay the rollout of commercial wave-energy converters (WECs). To address this, the twin-floater CECO WEC has been redesigned into a single-pivot device called the Pivoting WEC (PWEC), which includes a passive duck diving survival mode to reduce extreme wave impacts. Its performance is evaluated using detailed wave simulations based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) method in OpenFOAM-olaFlow, which is validated with data from small-scale (1:20) wave tank experiments. Extreme non-breaking and breaking waves are simulated based on 100-year hindcast data for the case study site of Matosinhos (Portugal) using a modified Miche criterion. These are validated using data of surface elevation and force sensors. Wave height errors averaged 5.13%, and period errors remain below 0.75%. The model captures well major wave loads with a root mean square error down to 47 kN compared to a peak load of 260 kN and an R2 up to 0.80. The most violent plunging waves increase peak forces by 5 to 30% compared to the highest non-breaking crests. The validated numerical approach provides accurate extreme load predictions and confirms the effectiveness of the PWEC’s passive duck diving survival mode. The results contribute to the development of structurally resilient WECs, supporting the progress of WECs toward higher readiness levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Marine Renewable Energy and Hybridization Prospects)
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33 pages, 7822 KB  
Article
High-Performance Two-Stroke Opposed-Piston Hydrogen Engine: Numerical Study on Injection Strategies, Spark Positioning and Water Injection to Mitigate Pre-Ignition
by Alessandro Marini, Sebastiano Breda, Roberto Tonelli, Michele Di Sacco and Alessandro d’Adamo
Energies 2025, 18(19), 5181; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195181 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 459
Abstract
In the pursuit of zero-emission mobility, hydrogen represents a promising fuel for internal combustion engines. However, its low volumetric energy density poses challenges, especially for high-performance applications where compactness and lightweight design are crucial. This study investigates the feasibility of an innovative hydrogen-fueled [...] Read more.
In the pursuit of zero-emission mobility, hydrogen represents a promising fuel for internal combustion engines. However, its low volumetric energy density poses challenges, especially for high-performance applications where compactness and lightweight design are crucial. This study investigates the feasibility of an innovative hydrogen-fueled two-stroke opposed-piston (2S-OP) engine, targeting a specific power of 130 kW/L and an indicated thermal efficiency above 40%. A detailed 3D-CFD analysis is conducted to evaluate mixture formation, combustion behavior, abnormal combustion and water injection as a mitigation strategy. Innovative ring-shaped multi-point injection systems with several designs are tested, demonstrating the impact of injector channels’ orientation on the final mixture distribution. The combustion analysis shows that a dual-spark configuration ensures faster combustion compared to a single-spark system, with a 27.5% reduction in 10% to 90% combustion duration. Pre-ignition is identified as the main limiting factor, strongly linked to mixture stratification and high temperatures. To suppress it, water injection is proposed. A 55% evaporation efficiency of the water mass injected lowers the in-cylinder temperature and delays pre-ignition onset. Overall, the study provides key design guidelines for future high-performance hydrogen-fueled 2S-OP engines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Combustion Engines: Research and Applications—3rd Edition)
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13 pages, 1644 KB  
Article
Research on High-Precision PGC Demodulation Method for Fabry-Perot Sensors Based on Shifted Sampling Pre-Calibration
by Qun Li, Jian Shao, Peng Wu, Jiabi Liang, Yuncai Lu, Meng Zhang and Zongjia Qiu
Sensors 2025, 25(19), 5990; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25195990 - 28 Sep 2025
Viewed by 429
Abstract
To address the issues of quadrature component attenuation and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation caused by carrier phase delay in Phase-Generated Carrier (PGC) demodulation, this paper proposes a phase delay compensation method based on sampling-point shift pre-calibration. By establishing a discrete phase offset model, [...] Read more.
To address the issues of quadrature component attenuation and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation caused by carrier phase delay in Phase-Generated Carrier (PGC) demodulation, this paper proposes a phase delay compensation method based on sampling-point shift pre-calibration. By establishing a discrete phase offset model, we derive the mathematical relationship between sampling point shift and carrier cycle duration, and introduce a compensation mechanism that adjusts the starting point of the sampling sequence to achieve carrier phase pre-alignment. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that this method restricts the residual phase error to within Δθmax = πf0/fs, thereby fundamentally avoiding the denominator-zero problem inherent in traditional compensation algorithms when θ approaches 45°. Experimental validation using an Extrinsic Fabry–Perot Interferometric (EFPI) ultrasonic sensor shows that, at a sampling rate of 10 MS/s, the proposed pre-alignment algorithm improves the minimum demodulation SNR by 35 dB and reduces phase fluctuation error to 2% of that of conventional methods. Notably, in 1100 consecutive measurements, the proposed method eliminates demodulation failures at critical phase points (e.g., π/4, π/2), which are commonly problematic in traditional techniques. By performing phase pre-compensation at the signal acquisition level, this method significantly enhances the long-term measurement stability of interferometric fiber-optic sensors in complex environments while maintaining the existing PGC demodulation architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Micro- and Nanofiber-Optic Sensors)
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24 pages, 782 KB  
Article
Multilevel Analysis of Zero-Dose Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Three Delays Model Study
by Charles S. Wiysonge, Muhammed M. B. Uthman, Duduzile Ndwandwe and Olalekan A. Uthman
Vaccines 2025, 13(9), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13090987 - 21 Sep 2025
Viewed by 691
Abstract
Background: Zero-dose children represent a critical challenge for achieving universal immunization coverage in sub-Saharan Africa. This study applies the Three Delays Model to examine multilevel factors associated with zero-dose children. Methods: We analyzed data from 30,500 children aged 12–23 months across 28 sub-Saharan [...] Read more.
Background: Zero-dose children represent a critical challenge for achieving universal immunization coverage in sub-Saharan Africa. This study applies the Three Delays Model to examine multilevel factors associated with zero-dose children. Methods: We analyzed data from 30,500 children aged 12–23 months across 28 sub-Saharan African countries using demographic and health surveys (2015–2024). Zero-dose status was defined as not receiving the first dose of diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine. Multilevel logistic regression models examined individual-, community-, and country-level determinants. Results: Overall, zero-dose prevalence was 12.19% (95% confidence interval: 11.82–12.56), ranging from 0.51% in Rwanda to 40.00% in Chad. Poor maternal health-seeking behavior showed the strongest association (odds ratio (OR) 12.00, 95% credible interval: 9.78–14.55). Paternal education demonstrated clear gradients, with no formal education increasing odds 1.52-fold. Maternal empowerment factors were significant: lack of decision-making power (OR = 1.23), financial barriers (OR = 1.98), and no media access (OR = 1.32). Low community literacy and low country-level health expenditure were associated with increased zero-dose prevalence. Substantial clustering persisted at community (19.5%) and country (18.7%) levels. Conclusions: Zero-dose children concentrate among the most disadvantaged populations, with maternal health-seeking behavior as the strongest predictor. Immediate policy actions should integrate antenatal care with vaccination services, target high-parity mothers, eliminate financial barriers, and increase health expenditure to 15% of national budgets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vaccines and Public Health)
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18 pages, 13021 KB  
Article
EMPhone: Electromagnetic Covert Channel via Silent Audio Playback on Smartphones
by Yongjae Kim, Hyeonjun An and Dong-Guk Han
Sensors 2025, 25(18), 5900; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185900 - 21 Sep 2025
Viewed by 510
Abstract
Covert channels enable hidden communication that poses significant security risks, particularly when smartphones are used as transmitters. This paper presents the first end-to-end implementation and evaluation of an electromagnetic (EM) covert channel on modern Samsung Galaxy S21, S22, and S23 smartphones (Samsung Electronics [...] Read more.
Covert channels enable hidden communication that poses significant security risks, particularly when smartphones are used as transmitters. This paper presents the first end-to-end implementation and evaluation of an electromagnetic (EM) covert channel on modern Samsung Galaxy S21, S22, and S23 smartphones (Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea). We first demonstrate that a previously proposed method relying on zero-volume playback is no longer effective on these devices. Through a detailed analysis of EM emissions in the 0.1–2.5 MHz range, we discovered that consistent, volume-independent signals can be generated by exploiting the hardware’s recovery delay after silent audio playback. Based on these findings, we developed a complete system comprising a stealthy Android application for transmission, a time-based modulation scheme, and a demodulation technique designed around the characteristics of the generated signals to ensure reliable reception. The channel’s reliability and robustness were validated through evaluations of modulation time, probe distance, and message length. Experimental results show that the maximum error-free bit rate (bits per second, bps) reached 0.558 bps on Galaxy S21 and 0.772 bps on Galaxy S22 and Galaxy S23. Reliable communication was feasible up to 0.5 cm with a near-field probe, and a low alignment-aware bit error rate (BER) was maintained even for 100-byte messages. This work establishes a practical threat, and we conclude by proposing countermeasures to mitigate this vulnerability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)
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19 pages, 2358 KB  
Article
Synergy of Arsenic and Graphene Oxide in Utero and Lactation Exacerbates Reproductive Disorders in Female Rat Offspring Undergoing Puberty and Maturity
by Reda H. ElMazoudy, Azza A. Attia and Tawfik A. Saleh
Toxics 2025, 13(9), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13090787 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 590
Abstract
Notably, the widespread ubiquity of arsenic and graphene oxide in the environment validates the occurrence of their co-exposure, posing significant threats to target organisms, including humans. Herein, prepuberty, puberty, and maturity were investigated using anogenital distance, vaginal opening, first estrus, reproductive hormone profiles, [...] Read more.
Notably, the widespread ubiquity of arsenic and graphene oxide in the environment validates the occurrence of their co-exposure, posing significant threats to target organisms, including humans. Herein, prepuberty, puberty, and maturity were investigated using anogenital distance, vaginal opening, first estrus, reproductive hormone profiles, cyclicity, sexual behaviour and pregnancy outcomes to assess the impact of exposure to arsenic and/or graphene oxide on the puberty of offspring female rats after maternal exposure during gestation and lactation periods. Zero-day pregnant Sprague Dawley females were randomly divided into four groups, each receiving a different treatment via drinking water from gestation day 0 to postnatal day 21: control group (CON, drinking water); arsenic group (ARS, 10 mg/L sodium arsenite); graphene oxide group (GOX, 0.5 mg/mL); and co-exposure group (ARS + GOX; 10 mg/L of arsenic combined with 0.5 mg/mL of graphene oxide). Individually or combined, arsenic and graphene oxide exposure increase the sexual retardation and female masculinization, as evidenced by a significant increase in anogenital distance, delay in the first estrus cycle, and prolongation in the timing of the vaginal opening. At maturity, the offspring exhibited a significant elevation of testosterone and a significant decrease in estradiol. Offspring females showed inhibited receptivity to their male mates, indicated by lower lordosis quotient and intensity. Additionally, there was an increase in the number of estrous cycles but a decrease in their duration. Moreover, an increase in implantation loss and the number of resorbed embryos, along with a reduction in viable fetuses. In conclusion, reproductive deterioration was more significant in the offspring exposed to combined arsenic and graphene oxide compared to those exposed to ARS or GOX alone, indicating that arsenic exposure is exacerbated when combined with graphene oxide during the experimental episode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity)
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21 pages, 6380 KB  
Article
Real-Time PI Gain Auto-Tuning for SPMSM Drives Based on Time-Domain Response Characteristics
by Yunchan Bae and Jang-Mok Kim
Energies 2025, 18(18), 4899; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18184899 - 15 Sep 2025
Viewed by 391
Abstract
This paper proposes an iterative auto-tuning algorithm for PI controllers in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems. The controller gains are initially set using motor-parameter-based formulas derived from pole–zero cancelation, providing a theoretical first-order approximation. To address discrepancies caused by practical non-idealities [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an iterative auto-tuning algorithm for PI controllers in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems. The controller gains are initially set using motor-parameter-based formulas derived from pole–zero cancelation, providing a theoretical first-order approximation. To address discrepancies caused by practical non-idealities such as delays, nonlinearities, and unmodeled dynamics, the proposed method iteratively refines the gains based on real-time measurements of time-domain performance indices. In each iteration, rise time, peak time, and percent overshoot are evaluated against predefined target values, and gain compensation terms are calculated accordingly. These compensations are applied to update the controller gains until all performance indices fall within the desired range, at which point the tuning process terminates automatically. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through both MATLAB/Simulink simulations and real-time hardware experiments, demonstrating significant improvements in transient response, overshoot suppression, and closed-loop stability compared to conventional tuning approaches. Full article
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22 pages, 7235 KB  
Article
Data-Driven Tracing and Directional Control Strategy for a Simulated Continuum Robot Within Anguilliform Locomotion
by Mostafa Sayahkarajy and Hartmut Witte
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10045; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810045 - 14 Sep 2025
Viewed by 452
Abstract
Biorobotics leverages the principles of natural locomotion to enhance the mobility of bioinspired aquatic robots. Among various swimming modes, anguilliform locomotion is particularly recognized as an energy-efficient mode incorporating complex multiphysics. Due to whole-body undulation, the determination of the anguilliform swimmer’s direction is [...] Read more.
Biorobotics leverages the principles of natural locomotion to enhance the mobility of bioinspired aquatic robots. Among various swimming modes, anguilliform locomotion is particularly recognized as an energy-efficient mode incorporating complex multiphysics. Due to whole-body undulation, the determination of the anguilliform swimmer’s direction is not trivial. Furthermore, the neuromuscular mechanism that controls straight swimming is not fully understood. This study investigates the challenge of predicting and controling the gross motion trajectory of a soft robot that utilizes anguilliform swimming. The robot consists of a six-segment continuous body, where each segment is actuated with pneumatic artificial muscles. A mode extraction technique based on dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is proposed to identify the robot’s future state. Using the complex-variable delay embedding (CDE) technique, the CDE DMD algorithm is developed to predict the robot trajectory trend. To vary the robot direction, a hypothesis that asymmetric sidewise actuation results in slightly different fluid velocities between the left and right sides of the robot was investigated using COMSOL Multiphysics® 6.2. The simulation results demonstrate the CDE DMD’s ability to predict gross motion across various scenarios. Furthermore, integrating the prediction model with the asymmetric actuation rule provides a control strategy for directional stability of the robot. Simulations of the closed-loop system with non-zero initial pose (step response) indicate the performance in maintaining straight-line swimming with approximately a 60s settling time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computer Science in Mobile Robots II)
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28 pages, 16152 KB  
Article
A Smooth-Delayed Phase-Type Mixture Model for Human-Driven Process Duration Modeling
by Dongwei Wang, Sally McClean, Lingkai Yang, Ian McChesney and Zeeshan Tariq
Algorithms 2025, 18(9), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18090575 - 11 Sep 2025
Viewed by 318
Abstract
Activities in business processes primarily depend on human behavior for completion. Due to human agency, the behavior underlying individual activities may occur in multiple phases and can vary in execution. As a result, the execution duration and nature of such activities may exhibit [...] Read more.
Activities in business processes primarily depend on human behavior for completion. Due to human agency, the behavior underlying individual activities may occur in multiple phases and can vary in execution. As a result, the execution duration and nature of such activities may exhibit complex multimodal characteristics. Phase-type distributions are useful for analyzing the underlying behavioral structure, which may consist of multiple sub-activities. The phenomenon of delayed start is also common in such activities, possibly due to the minimum task completion time or prerequisite tasks. As a result, the distribution of durations or certain components does not start at zero but has a minimum value, and the probability below this value is zero. When using phase-type models to fit such distributions, a large number of phases are often required, which exceed the actual number of sub-activities. This reduces the interpretability of the parameters and may also lead to optimization difficulties due to overparameterization. In this paper, we propose a smooth-delayed phase-type mixture model that introduces delay parameters to address the difficulty of fitting this kind of distribution. Since durations shorter than the delay should have zero probability, such hard truncation renders the parameter not estimable under the Expectation–Maximization (EM) framework. To overcome this, we design a soft-truncation mechanism to improve model convergence. We further develop an inference framework that combines the EM algorithm, Bayesian inference, and Sequential Least Squares Programming for comprehensive and efficient parameter estimation. The method is validated on a synthetic dataset and two real-world datasets. Results demonstrate that the proposed approach maintains a suitable performance comparable to purely data-driven methods while providing good interpretability to reveal the potential underlying structure behind human-driven activities. Full article
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26 pages, 2695 KB  
Article
TSN-Interworked Deterministic Transmission over WLAN
by Woojin Ahn
Sensors 2025, 25(18), 5660; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185660 - 11 Sep 2025
Viewed by 511
Abstract
Many Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) workloads require deterministic service across heterogeneous links, yet commodity WLANs are contention-based. Although IEEE 802.11be introduced Restricted Target Wake Time (r-TWT) for prioritized access, its ability to robustly guarantee determinism in mixed deployments with legacy devices remains unverified. We [...] Read more.
Many Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) workloads require deterministic service across heterogeneous links, yet commodity WLANs are contention-based. Although IEEE 802.11be introduced Restricted Target Wake Time (r-TWT) for prioritized access, its ability to robustly guarantee determinism in mixed deployments with legacy devices remains unverified. We propose a standards-aligned scheme that composes r-TWT, Quiet Time Period (QTP), and an optional Randomized Enqueue (RE) policy. These three mechanisms act in concert to protect the Scheduled Traffic (ST) service period (SP) while minimizing the impact on Non-Scheduled Traffic (NST). To analyze how the proposed scheme impacts existing WLANs, we focus the analysis on how the scheme reshapes the contention period (CP)—where opportunistic capacity is realized—by modeling SP/CP timing with renewal theory and embedding it into an EDCA Markov chain. Simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme protects ST determinism: ST throughput remains pinned to the ceiling with zero observed outage and bounded delay across a wide range of station counts. The proposed scheme minimizes NST throughput degradation in the system-peak throughput range (8–12 stations). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)
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18 pages, 3579 KB  
Article
A Novel Real-Time Data Stream Transfer System in Edge Computing of Smart Logistics
by Yue Wang, Zhihao Yu, Xiaoling Yao and Haifeng Wang
Electronics 2025, 14(18), 3599; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14183599 - 10 Sep 2025
Viewed by 447
Abstract
Smart logistics systems generate massive amounts of data, such as images and videos, requiring real-time processing in edge clusters. However, the edge cluster systems face performance bottlenecks in reception and forwarding high-concurrency data streams from numerous smart terminals, resulting in degraded processing efficiency. [...] Read more.
Smart logistics systems generate massive amounts of data, such as images and videos, requiring real-time processing in edge clusters. However, the edge cluster systems face performance bottlenecks in reception and forwarding high-concurrency data streams from numerous smart terminals, resulting in degraded processing efficiency. To address this issue, a novel high-performance data stream model called CBPS-DPDK is proposed. CBPS-DPDK integrates the DPDK framework from Intel corporations with a content-based publish/subscribe model enhanced by semantic filtering. This model adopts a three-tier optimization architecture. First, the user-space data plane is restructured using DPDK to avoid kernel context switch overhead via zero-copy and polling. Second, semantic enhancement is introduced into the publish/subscribe model to reduce the coupling between data producers and consumers through subscription matching and priority queuing. Finally, a hierarchical load balancing strategy ensures reliable data transmission under high concurrency. Experimental results show that CBPS-DPDK significantly outperforms two baselines—OSKT (kernel-based data forwarding) and DPDK-only (DPDK). Relative to the OSKT baseline, DPDK-only achieves improvements of 37.5% in latency, 11.1% in throughput, and 9.1% in VMAF; CBPS-DPDK further increases these to 51.8%, 18.3%, and 11.2%, respectively. In addition, compared with the traditional publish–subscribe system NATS, CBPS-DPDK maintains lower delay, higher throughput, and more balanced CPU and memory utilization under saturated workloads, demonstrating its effectiveness for real-time, high-concurrency edge scenarios. Full article
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24 pages, 4575 KB  
Article
High-Impedance Grounding Fault Protection in Distribution Networks Based on Single-Phase Isolation Transformer and Phase-Edge Additional Capacitance
by Hua Zhang, Xueneng Su, Zongmin Yu, Jing Wang and Cheng Long
Energies 2025, 18(18), 4797; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18184797 - 9 Sep 2025
Viewed by 522
Abstract
High impedance grounding faults (HIGFs) are a common yet difficult-to-detect issue in distribution networks. Characterized by low fault currents and prolonged durations, they pose a significant risk of triggering secondary hazards such as wildfires. Existing HIGF prevention and control technologies face challenges in [...] Read more.
High impedance grounding faults (HIGFs) are a common yet difficult-to-detect issue in distribution networks. Characterized by low fault currents and prolonged durations, they pose a significant risk of triggering secondary hazards such as wildfires. Existing HIGF prevention and control technologies face challenges in effectively addressing arc ignition, fault current limitation, and wildfire mitigation. To tackle these limitations, this paper proposes a novel asymmetric operational structure incorporating a single-phase isolation transformer and supplementary edge-phase capacitance. Through theoretical modeling and simulation analysis, the interrelations among fault current, phase voltage, zero-sequence voltage, and HIGF characteristics are systematically explored. A coordinated control strategy is developed to optimize three-phase voltage distribution within the distribution network. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed configuration significantly reduces edge-phase voltages, suppresses fault current levels, prevents arc initiation, extends arc ignition delay times, and consequently mitigates wildfire risk. This study presents a new technical pathway for HIGF prevention and control, offering both practical engineering value and theoretical insight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)
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14 pages, 3345 KB  
Article
Equivalent Self-Noise Suppression of DAS System Integrated with Multi-Core Fiber Based on Phase Matching Scheme
by Jiabei Wang, Hongcan Gu, Peng Wang, Wen Liu, Gaofei Yao, Yandong Pang, Jing Wu, Dan Xu, Su Wu, Junbin Huang and Canran Xu
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9806; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179806 - 7 Sep 2025
Viewed by 698
Abstract
Multi-core fiber (MCF) has drawn increasing attention for its potential application in distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) due to the compact optical structure of integrating several fiber cores in the same cladding, which indicates an intrinsic space-division-multiplexed (SDM) capability in a single piece of [...] Read more.
Multi-core fiber (MCF) has drawn increasing attention for its potential application in distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) due to the compact optical structure of integrating several fiber cores in the same cladding, which indicates an intrinsic space-division-multiplexed (SDM) capability in a single piece of fiber. In this paper, a dual-channel DAS integrated with MCF is presented, of which the equivalent self-noise characteristic is analyzed. The equivalent self-noise of the system can be effectively suppressed by signal superposition with the phase matching method. Considering that the noise correlation among the cores is not zero, the signal-to-noise (SNR) gain after signal superposition is less than the theoretical value. The dual-channel DAS system is set up by a piece of 2 km long seven-core MCF, in which the dual-sensing channels are constructed by a four-core series and three-core series, respectively. The total noise correlation coefficient of the seven cores is 11.28, while the equivalent self-noise of the system can be suppressed by 6.32 dB with signal superposition. An equivalent self-noise suppression method based on a linear delay phase matching scheme is proposed for noise decorrelation in the DAS MCF system. After noise decorrelation, the suppression of the equivalent self-noise of the system can reach the theoretical value of 8.45 dB with a time delay of 1 ms, indicating a noise correlation among the seven cores of almost zero. The feasibility of the equivalent self-noise suppression method for the DAS system is verified for both single-frequency and broadband signals, which is of great significance for the detection of weak vibration signals based on a DAS system. Full article
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17 pages, 4752 KB  
Article
Characterizing Population Pharmacokinetics of Vatiquinone in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Friedreich’s Ataxia
by Yongjun Hu, Lan Gao, Lucy Lee, Jonathan J. Cherry and Ronald Kong
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(9), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18091339 - 6 Sep 2025
Viewed by 668
Abstract
Introduction: Vatiquinone is a first-in-class, small molecule designed to maintain mitochondrial function in the disorders like Friedreich’s ataxia (FA). Vatiquinone inhibits 15-lipoxygenase, consequently decreasing oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory response pathways. Methods: Population pharmacokinetic modeling analysis was conducted to characterize vatiquinone pharmacokinetic profiles [...] Read more.
Introduction: Vatiquinone is a first-in-class, small molecule designed to maintain mitochondrial function in the disorders like Friedreich’s ataxia (FA). Vatiquinone inhibits 15-lipoxygenase, consequently decreasing oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory response pathways. Methods: Population pharmacokinetic modeling analysis was conducted to characterize vatiquinone pharmacokinetic profiles in healthy volunteers and patients and explore the effects of covariates on vatiquinone exposures. Results: A two-compartment model with parallel zero- and first-order absorption was developed and verified. The values of essential parameters were: absorption fraction through the first-order process, 74.4%; absorption rate constant, 0.20 h−1; delay time, 2.79 h; zero-order absorption duration, 6.03 h; apparent volume of distribution, 180.75 L for the central and 4852.69 L for the peripheral compartment; and apparent clearance, 162.72 L/h. Strong CYP3A4 inducers could reduce exposure by 50%; strong CYP3A4 inhibitors could increase it by 252%. Vatiquinone exposure was 19% lower in patients with Friedreich’s ataxia versus healthy volunteers. A medium-fat meal increased exposure up to 25-fold versus a fasted status. Body weight and body mass index had significant clinical relevance to exposures. Conclusions: A two-compartment model effectively described the pharmacokinetic profiles of vatiquinone after oral administration. Covariates significantly impacted exposures, including body weight, meals, disease status, comedications and body mass index. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
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