Search Results (141)

Shrimp farming is practiced worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, where shrimp often experience suboptimal temperatures during part of the production cycle, resulting in slower growth. A concentrated functional palatability enhancer (FPE) containing a mixture of chemoattractants was tested. A 12-week experiment at a suboptimal temperature (22 °C) was conducted with Penaeus vannamei (3.25 ± 0.02 g) in a clear water system (400 L with 40 shrimp per tank) with flow-through seawater. A standard diet was supplemented with 0, 1, and 2 g kg⁻¹ of FPE (STD, STD+1, and STD+2) with four replicates for each one. The inclusion of 1 g kg⁻¹ of FPE (STD+1) significantly increased the average final weight by 11.24% and weekly weight gain by 14,00% when compared to STD. The highest tested dose (2 g kg⁻¹) did not result in further improvement in growth performance compared to the control. In addition, the total hemocyte count (THC) remained at an optimal level for the species in the STD+1 treatment under suboptimal temperature conditions compared to the other treatments. We also observed a decrease in Vibrio spp. bacterial counts in STD+1 compared to STD+2. Therefore, the lowest tested dose was shown to positively influence the rearing of P. vannamei at suboptimal temperatures. Full article

Neuromuscular gait deficits in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often overlooked. High-intensity training protocols may improve running performance, but their efficacy in pediatric populations is underexplored. This study evaluates the impact of a high-intensity running protocol on locomotor performance in neurotypical and neurodivergent children (children with ASD). Spatiotemporal gait characteristics (speed, stride frequency, stride length, and duty factor), gait symmetry (symmetry ratio), and kinematics were assessed for ten neurodivergent children (10–15 years old) during a 15 m sprint. Locomotor costs (cost of locomotion, transport, and locomotion per stride) were analyzed in six neurodivergent participants (11–14 years old) via open-flow respirometry during treadmill running. Participants completed a 5–12 week, twice-weekly program; neurotypical participants served as a control group. Neurodivergent and neurotypical children exhibited baseline differences in spatiotemporal variables. Following training, neurodivergent participants demonstrated statistically significant improvements in spatiotemporal metrics and locomotor costs. Differences in symmetry between the two groups were not present pre- or post-program. These findings highlight the efficacy of high-intensity running programs in improving sensorimotor function and coordination in children with ASD. This program provides valuable insights into gross motor rehabilitation for neurodivergent children, supporting its potential as an effective intervention. Full article

Background: With an aging population, dementia prevalence is increasing in Korea. Vascular dementia (VaD), often caused by cerebrovascular disease (CVD), is more common in Korea compared to Western countries. Hwanhon decoction, a traditional medicine containing Ephedrae Herba, Armeniacae Semen, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, is traditionally used for CVD-related loss of consciousness. This study aimed to assess the cognitive improvement and anti-inflammatory effects of Hwanhon decoction extract (HHex) in a mouse model of VaD caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Methods: Key pharmacologically active ingredients of Hwanhon decoction were identified using network pharmacology analysis. VaD was induced in C57Bl/6 male mice through bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). Mice were divided into sham surgery, BCAS control, low-dose HHex (L-HHex), and high-dose HHex (H-HHex) groups (n = 5/group). After CCH induction, L-HHex or H-HHex was administered thrice weekly for six weeks. Cognitive function, inflammatory markers, and RNA sequencing data were analyzed. Results: HHex administration reduced cognitive impairment and mitigated CCH-induced astrocyte activation. Inflammatory responses mediated by reactive astrocytes were suppressed, and network pharmacology predicted central proteins influencing HHex’s activity. Conclusions: HHex alleviated cognitive dysfunction and reduced inflammation in a VaD mouse model, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for vascular dementia associated with impaired cerebral blood flow. Full article

Background/Objectives: Long-distance runners with exercise-induced hypertension (EIH) are at increased risk for cardiovascular complications. Although blood flow restriction (BFR) training has shown promise in improving vascular function, hemodynamic response, and cardiorespiratory fitness, its effects in EIH runners remain understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of BFR training on cardiovascular responses and exercise performance in this population as a potential non-pharmacological therapy. Methods: Middle-aged male long-distance runners aged 40–65 with peak systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 210 mmHg during graded exercise testing were randomly assigned to either a BFR group (n = 18) or a non-BFR control group (n = 15) using a computer-generated random sequence. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the groups. Both groups performed aerobic training at 40–60% HRR for 20 min twice weekly for 8 weeks. SBP, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), rate pressure product (RPP), ventilatory threshold (VT), VO_₂max, and perceived exertion were assessed before and after the intervention at rest, during exercise, and during recovery. Results: Compared to the non-BFR group, the BFR group showed statistically significant reductions in resting and maximal SBP and DBP (p < 0.05), along with significant increases in VO_₂max and VT (p < 0.05). During submaximal exercise and post-exercise recovery, SBP and RPP were significantly lower in the BFR group (p < 0.05). The reductions in maximal SBP and DBP were significantly greater in the BFR group than in the control group. Conclusions: BFR training led to reduced myocardial workload and enhanced cardiovascular efficiency in male runners with EIH. These findings suggest that BFR training may be a viable non-pharmacological therapy for mitigating cardiovascular risks associated with EIH. Future studies should explore the long-term effects of BFR in broader populations and assess its applicability in clinical settings. Full article

The abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) is one of the most valuable exercises for explicitly targeting and strengthening the transversus abdominis (TrA), a key muscle in the deep core. However, using the ADIM for the selective training of the transverse abdominis can be challenging for certain individuals. This study investigated the effects of combining ADIM with blood flow restriction (BFR) training on TrA strengthening in sedentary university students. Forty university students with sedentary lifestyles (mean age: 23.28 ± 2.468 years; range 20–25 years) were randomly assigned to an ADIM+BFR group and a control group (ADIM only). Both groups underwent 25 min ADIM training sessions twice weekly for four weeks. Ultrasound measurements assessed TrA thickness, contraction ratio, and preferential activation. Core stability, strength, and endurance were evaluated using the double leg lowering, abdominal strength, and abdominal static endurance tests. The ADIM+BFR group showed significant improvements in TrA thickness, contraction ratio, and preferential activation compared to the control group following the four-week training intervention (p < 0.05). The ADIM+BFR group demonstrated improved core stability and enhanced abdominal strength and endurance compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The results support the effectiveness of ADIM+BFR training in enhancing TrA contraction and activation in sedentary university students. This approach also improves core stability, strength, and endurance. BFR provides a novel and readily applicable method for promoting TrA activation during ADIM training. Full article

Background/Objectives: As aging leads to a decline in muscle mass, strength, and functional capacity, identifying effective, low-risk interventions for older adults is essential. Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) has gained recognition as a potential substitute for traditional high-load resistance training, offering comparable benefits with reduced mechanical stress. This scoping review explores current BFRT protocols—specifically cuff pressure, training frequency, and duration—and their impact on muscular strength, hypertrophy, and functional capabilities among healthy elderly individuals. Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR and Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, six databases were searched (2010–2024), yielding 13 eligible studies. Data were charted for BFRT parameters, training regimens, and outcomes related to strength, muscle size, and functionality. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane guidelines. Results: Low-load BFRT (20–40% 1RM), applied 2–4 times weekly for 6–12 weeks, significantly improved muscle strength, hypertrophy (e.g., quadriceps CSA), and functional performance (e.g., TUG, 6MWT). Cuff pressures ranged from 50 to 80% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) for the lower limbs and 30–50% above systolic pressure for the upper limbs. Wider cuffs enhanced safety and comfort. BFRT demonstrated comparable or superior outcomes to conventional training in most studies, with minimal adverse effects reported. Conclusions: The existing evidence suggests that BFRT may be a promising intervention for improving muscle health and functionality in older adults; however, future research should focus on standardizing protocols, long-term outcomes, and tailored guidelines to optimize safety and efficacy. Full article

Urban traffic congestion poses significant challenges to sustainable development in rapidly growing cities. This study examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of traffic congestion in Enugu, Nigeria, a representative mid-sized sub-Saharan city, through a comprehensive analysis of volumetric traffic flows along three major distributors: Abakpa, Nike, and Trans-Ekulu Road. The research employed direct observation and vehicle counts, conducting a week-long traffic census during peak morning (7:30–9:30 AM) and evening (4:00–8:00 PM) periods. Data was analyzed using peak hour factor (PHF), mean plots, and chi-square tests. The results reveal a daily mean of 2334 vehicles/h. Abakpa/Nike Road demonstrated the highest traffic volumes (mean = 809.2 vehicles/h) and most concentrated peak flows (PHF = 0.79), while Trans-Ekulu Road exhibited lower, more uniformly distributed volumes (mean = 719.4 vehicles/h, PHF = 0.93). Evening peaks (6:00–8:00 PM) consistently surpassed morning volumes, with Abakpa/Nike Road reaching 974 vehicles/hour during the evening rush compared to 620 vehicles/hour in the mornings. Chi-square analysis (χ² = 55.5, df = 8) confirmed statistically significant differences in flow distribution among the routes. The complete absence of Monday traffic due to regional “sit-at-home” orders created a distinctive weekly pattern, with Tuesdays experiencing disproportionate congestion as the de facto first workday. Non-linear relationships between volume increases and congestion severity were observed, where modest volume changes produced amplified system-wide effects. Spatial analysis revealed that evening congestion disparities between distributors (14.9%) significantly exceeded morning differences (8.9%), indicating uneven network utilization. These findings illuminate how socio-political factors, activity patterns, and complex network dynamics shape urban mobility in rapidly developing contexts. This study offers empirical evidence supporting targeted interventions, including Tuesday-specific traffic management, evening-focused congestion mitigation strategies, and corridor-specific infrastructure improvements to enhance mobility in this representative mid-sized sub-Saharan city. Full article

Tall fescue toxicosis negatively impacts blood flow, elevates body temperature, and reduces beef cattle’s average daily gain (ADG). In previous studies, isoflavones have diminished the symptoms of tall fescue toxicosis in ruminants. Therefore, this dataset determined the impact of low concentrations of isoflavone doses on animal vasculature, body temperature, ADG, and rumen microbial communities in beef cattle. A 21-day experiment with Angus cattle consisted of four isoflavone doses: 0 g, 2 g, 4 g, and 6 g, along with a control group. Isoflavones were mixed with 0.5 kg of dried distiller’s grains (DDGs). Daily individual rectal temperatures were recorded. Weekly blood serum was collected via coccygeal venipuncture, blood vasculature data were measured via color Doppler ultrasound, and body weight (BW) was recorded. Approximately 100 mL of rumen content was collected at the end of the trial. The pulsatility index (PI) decreased in the control group compared to the 2 g and 4 g groups (p = 0.01). Animals in the isoflavone treatment groups recorded a higher rectal temperature (p < 0.05). ADG was reduced in animals undergoing isoflavone treatments (p < 0.001). Finally, there was no impact on the rumen microbial communities (p > 0.05). Isoflavone supplementation may mitigate tall fescue toxicosis and improve animal performance at greater doses. Full article

Reservoir construction has profoundly altered natural runoff evolution in river basins. Dynamic conflicts among multi-objective operational strategies—such as flood control, water supply, and ecological compensation—across varying temporal scales exacerbate uncertainties in runoff prediction, primarily due to the complex interplay between hydrological rhythm variations and anthropogenic regulation. To address these challenges, this study proposes a hierarchical multi-scale coupling framework. Long short-term memory (LSTM) networks are employed to extract implicit operational patterns from long-term reservoir records at monthly and weekly scales, while short-term decision dynamics are captured through deviations from these established long-term rules. The proposed framework is validated in the Dongjiang River Basin, a key water source for the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. Compared to single-scale models, the hierarchical approach improves prediction accuracy with an average Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) increase of 9.4% and reductions in the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 13.2% and 9.6%, respectively. When coupled with a hydrological model, the framework enhances simulation accuracy in reservoir-regulated basins by up to 37.8%. By integrating multi-source decision variables, the framework captures the feedback mechanisms between natural flow variability and human interventions across temporal scales, providing a transferable strategy to reconcile operational conflicts with ecological flow requirements. Its flexibility supports optimized water allocation in regulated river basins, contributing to enhanced water security for downstream urban agglomerations. Full article

Due to the inherent complexity of urban road networks and the irregular periodic fluctuations of traffic flow, traffic forecasting remains a challenging spatiotemporal modeling task.Existing studies predominantly focus on capturing spatial dependencies among nodes, while often overlooking the long-term evolutionary patterns and internally stable, recurring flow behaviors at individual nodes. This limitation compromises both the generalization capacity and long-term forecasting performance of current models.To address these issues, we propose a novel Dynamic Pattern Matching Network (DPMNet) that incorporates a memory-augmented architecture to dynamically learn and retrieve historical traffic patterns at each node, thereby enabling efficient modeling of localized flow dynamics. Building upon this foundation, we further develop a comprehensive framework named DPMformer, which integrates daily and weekly temporal embeddings to enhance the modeling of long-term trends and leverages a pattern matching mechanism to improve the representation of complex spatiotemporal structures.Extensive experiments conducted on four real-world traffic datasets demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms mainstream baseline models across multiple forecasting horizons and evaluation metrics. Full article

The rapid advancement of digital technology has transformed how investors gather financial information, with platforms like Google Trends providing valuable insights into investor behavior through the Google Search Volume Index (GSVI). While the relationship between the GSVI and market behavior has been explored in developed markets, its application in emerging markets like Pakistan remains underexplored. This study investigates how investor attention, measured by the GSVI, influences market volatility, liquidity, and stock price movements in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX), using weekly data from the KSE-100 Index between 2019 and 2024. The findings reveal that the GSVI significantly impacts market volatility and liquidity, particularly in retail-driven markets with high information asymmetry. Additionally, this research shows that the GSVI is a reliable predictor for stock price fluctuations, with heightened investor attention correlating with increased market activity. Despite the limitations of the GSVI in fully capturing investor sentiment, this study contributes to behavioral finance literature by demonstrating the role of digital information flows in shaping market behavior in emerging markets. It offers actionable insights for investors, financial institutions, and policymakers in Pakistan while suggesting areas for future research in applying the GSVI to global contexts and exploring alternative proxies for investor sentiment in emerging economies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, necessitating the development of effective preventive strategies. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) possesses well-documented pharmacological properties; however, its chemopreventive potential in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unexplored. This study evaluates the efficacy of methanolic fenugreek seed extract (FSE) in an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced murine colorectal cancer (CRC) model, focusing on the modulation of oxidative stress, regulation of biomarkers, induction of apoptosis, and maintenance of epithelial integrity. Methods: FSE was extracted using cold maceration (yield: 24%) and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), identifying 13 bioactive compounds, including benzene, 1,3-dimethyl-; 1,3-cyclopentadiene, 5-(1-methylethylidene)-; o-Xylene; benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-; and benzene, 1,2,3-trimethyl-. All 13 compounds identified were matched with the NIST library with high confidence. Molecular docking was used to assess the interactions of FSE bioactives with E-cadherin–β-catenin complexes. Swiss albino mice received an FSE pre-treatment before AOM induction and continued this treatment three times weekly for 21 weeks. Key assessments included survival analysis, body weight changes, serum biomarker levels (GGT, 5′-NT, LDH), antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx1, MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) quantification, apoptosis detection via flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence-based evaluation of E-cadherin dynamics. Results: FSE improved survival rates, mitigated AOM-induced weight loss, and dose-dependently reduced serum biomarker levels. Antioxidant enzyme activity was restored, while MDA levels declined. A dose-dependent increase in ROS facilitated apoptosis, as confirmed by flow cytometry (16.7% in the low-dose FSE group and 34.5% in the high-dose FSE group). Immunofluorescence studies revealed that FSE-mediated restoration of E-cadherin localization counteracted AOM-induced epithelial disruptions. Conclusions: FSE exhibits potent chemopreventive potential against CRC by modulating oxidative stress, regulating key biomarkers, inducing apoptosis, and restoring epithelial integrity. These findings support further investigations into its clinical relevance for CRC prevention. Full article

Alligator weed (AW; Alternanthera philoxeroides) can have severe ecological and economic consequences by impacting water quality, flow and the growth of native flora and fauna. Plants, both edible and inedible, contain phenolics, compounds that can serve as antioxidants. Using this background information, the study aimed to explore the possible antioxidative nature of AW by incorporating it as a supplement on production performance, gene expression, and antioxidant levels during the summer and winter seasons in improved-variety rural chicks. A total of 400 improved-variety Vanaraja chicks (35 days old), were used in each of the two seasons (summer and winter), making a combined total of 800 birds (n = 400 for each summer and winter season). The chicks were subjected to four experimental dietary treatments over a 35-day period during both seasons. The experimental diet consisted of the following: a control diet without any supplements (C); basal diet + 1% AW (T₁); basal diet + 2% AW(T₂); and basal diet + 4% AW(T₃). The production performance, cytokine gene expression (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and iNOS) and serum antioxidants, viz. catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were evaluated. The results indicated that body weight, average body weight gain and weekly feed intake in the T₁ group was significantly (p < 0.05) higher as compared to the other groups. The FCR in group T₁ was significantly (p < 0.05) lower during winter than in summer. A significant (p < 0.001) upregulation in the expression of IL-6, IL-1β and IL-12 in T₁ as compared to the other groups was reported. IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS were significantly (p < 0.001) upregulated in winter. SOD and CAT activity was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in T₁ compared to C, and both were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during winter than in summer. The results suggested that AW has the potential to mitigate the consequences of cold stress on growth, immune response, and antioxidant function during winter. We propose adding 1% AW, which can possibly function as an antioxidant, to the diet of chicks to enhance their production performance and immunity levels. Full article

Background: In situ cancer vaccination is a therapeutic approach that involves stimulating the immune system in order to generate a polyclonal, anti-tumor response against an array of tumor neoantigens. Traditionally, in situ vaccination approaches have utilized adenoviral vectors to deliver immune-stimulating genes directly to the tumor microenvironment. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mediated delivery methods offer several advantages over adenoviral delivery approaches, including increased safety, repeated administration potential, and enhanced tumor microenvironment activation. Methods: To explore in situ vaccination using LNPs, we evaluated LNP-mediated delivery of a reporter gene, mCherry, and an immune-stimulating gene, IFNβ, in several in vitro and in vivo models of lung cancer. Results: In vitro experiments demonstrated successful transfection of murine cancer cell lines with LNPs carrying both mCherry and IFN-β mRNA, resulting in high expression levels and IFNβ production. In vivo studies using LLC.ova flank tumors showed that intratumoral injection of IFNβ-mRNA LNPs led to significant IFNβ production within the tumor microenvironment, with minimal systemic exposure. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by injecting established LLC.ova flank tumors with IFNβ-mRNA LNPs bi-weekly for two weeks. Treated tumors showed significant growth inhibition compared to controls. Flow cytometric analysis of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes revealed that tumors injected with IFNβ-mRNA LNPs were associated with an increased CD8:CD4 T-cell ratio among lymphocytes, more CD69-expressing CD8 T-cells, and an increased presence of M1 macrophages. Efficacy and an abscopal effect were confirmed in a squamous cell carcinoma model, MOC1. No toxicity was observed. Conclusions: These findings show that intratumoral LNP delivery of immune-stimulating mRNA transcripts, such as IFNβ, can effectively stimulate local anti-tumor immune responses and warrants further investigation as a potential immunotherapeutic approach for cancer. Full article

Background: Patients with no-option chronic limb-threatening ischemia (NoCLTI), lacking suitable distal arteries for conventional revascularization, face major limb amputation. The 1-year mortality rate after major amputation is 48.3%, increasing to 70.9% in 3 years. Open deep venous arterialization (DVA) offers a promising alternative for limb salvage, achievable through open, endovascular, or hybrid approaches. We aim to provide a comprehensive, step-by-step guide to performing open DVA in NoCLTI patients, addressing preoperative and postoperative considerations as well as the technical details of the procedure. Methods: Patient selection for open DVA focuses on individuals with NoCLTI at high risk for amputation. Preoperative assessments include evaluating risk factors, determining limb threat severity using the Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) score, and mapping anatomical patterns via the Global Limb Anatomic Staging System (GLASS). The procedure involves identifying the target artery using Doppler ultrasound, performing microdissection to expose the artery and vein, ligating proximal vein branches, and creating a side-to-side anastomosis. Venous valves are disrupted with a valvulotome to allow antegrade flow. A proximal bypass graft may be applied if necessary. Results: Postoperatively, patients are monitored for 2–4 days with frequent Doppler assessments. Anticoagulation therapy begins with a heparin drip, transitioning to oral agents and/or dual antiplatelet therapy. Wound care includes deferred debridement for 2–4 weeks and may involve negative-pressure therapy. Follow-up involves weekly visits for the first month, and then at 3 months, and every 6 months thereafter, with surveillance using transcutaneous oxygen measurement, the toe–brachial index, and arterial duplex ultrasound. Conclusions: Open DVA represents a viable limb salvage option for patients with NoCLTI, potentially avoiding major amputations and improving quality of life. Success depends on careful patient selection, a meticulous surgical technique, and comprehensive postoperative care. Full article