Search Results (687)

The agro-industrial valorization of unripe plantain peels through flour production represents a sustainable strategy for waste reduction and nutrient recovery. This study investigated the process intensification of plantain peel drying by evaluating the combined effects of UV-C-assisted hot-air drying with ultrasound and oxalic acid pretreatments. A 2³ full factorial design was employed to evaluate the effects of UV-C lamp distance, ultrasound time and oxalic acid concentration on drying kinetics, effective moisture diffusivity, and the retention of bioactive compounds. The combination of the most intense levels of the pretreatments with a 9 cm distance between the radiation source and the sample achieved a 40.68% reduction in drying time compared to the control (without pretreatments). Among the mathematical models tested, the Logarithmic model provided the most accurate fit (R² > 0.99), effectively describing the falling-rate period and mass transfer phenomena. Scanning electron microscopy revealed structural modifications, including microchannels and surface pores, consistent with enhanced moisture transport and increased effective moisture diffusivity. The accelerated drying kinetics also led to higher contents of bioactive compounds, including total phenolics, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids, while maintaining adequate water activity and color stability. These findings demonstrate the combined potential of UV-C radiation, ultrasound, and oxalic acid to intensify drying efficiency while improving the functional quality of unripe plantain peel flour. Full article

Herbs and spices are traditionally added to food in cuisines around the world. Antioxidant activity and content of bioactive compounds were compared in oregano, sage, basil, rosemary, and herbal mixtures. After optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of the ethanol–water extracts, the content of reducing compounds of the herb extracts was tested using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant capacity was evaluated with ABTS (2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) assays. Oregano showed the highest antioxidant activity in all tests used (2.6 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per mL in the Folin–Ciocalteu test, 4.6 mg Trolox/mL in the ABTS assay, and 3.3 mg Trolox/mL in the DPPH assay) while rosemary had the lowest antioxidant activity (1.2 mg GAE/mL (Folin–Ciocalteu), 1.5 mg Trolox/mL (ABTS), and 1.3 mg Trolox/mL (DPPH)). Apart from antioxidant properties, the content of bioactive compounds was determined with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). It was found that in all tested Lamiaceae herbs and the herbal mixes, rosmarinic acid widely predominates as a major non-volatile phenolic constituent, and its content varies from 1121 µg/g in rosemary to 10,255 µg/g in herbes de Provence. High concentrations were also observed for quinic acid in both oregano and rosemary. Interestingly, the concentrations of rosmarinic acid in the group of herbs studied are positively correlated with the results obtained in the Folin–Ciocalteu, ABTS, and DPPH tests (Spearman’s correlation coefficient 0.7030, 0.6657, and 0.7188, respectively), whereas no such correlation is observed for quinic acid. Overall, the findings indicate that these herbs share a common hydroxycinnamate-based phytochemical framework but display clear species-specific differences reflecting their intrinsic metabolism. Furthermore, the concentration of 3-caffeoylquinic acid in the Sicilian herbs (1021 µg/g) was approximately 10 times higher compared to the samples of Dalmatian herbs, herbes de Provence, and pure herbs, which demonstrates the unique chemical composition of that mixture, including the presence of dried tomatoes and tarragon, which were not included in other tested herbal mixtures. Full article

Replacing synthetic colorants with natural alternatives requires source-specific extraction strategies because pigment classes differ in polarity, pH response and thermal stability. This first-pass screening focused on six plant and agro-food matrices: red cabbage, Iris germanica petals, dragon fruit, orange peel, spent coffee grounds and pine bark. Each matrix was subjected to twelve extraction treatments combining water, ethanol, acetone 30%, acid/base modifiers, boiling water, freezing and ultrasound assistance. Extracts were evaluated by visible transmittance spectroscopy from 360 to 740 nm, operationally transformed to apparent optical attenuation according to Aapp (λ) = −log10 [%T (λ)/100] only where measured %T exceeded 0.01; this signal may include both absorption and light scattering, and converted to CIELAB coordinates under D65/10° conditions. The combined spectral and colorimetric approach separated the extracts into red-purple and yellow-brown groups. Red cabbage and Iris showed anthocyanin-like behaviour, dragon fruit showed a betalain-compatible magenta response, orange peel showed carotenoid-compatible short-wavelength attenuation, and coffee grounds and pine bark generated broad brown-yellow profiles. Pigment-family assignments remain putative because chromatographic identification was not performed. This study is explicitly intended as a proof-of-concept descriptive mapping step rather than as a statistically validated extraction optimisation. Because every matrix–treatment combination was prepared once, all comparisons in this article describe the observed screening preparations only; they do not estimate reproducible treatment effects, confidence intervals or statistical significance. The previous equal-weight low-L*/high-C*ab intensity score has been removed from the revised analysis. No extraction yield, recovery percentage, mass balance, purity, pigment concentration or application performance was measured; accordingly, this study describes the optical appearance of the obtained extracts and does not quantify colorant recovery. Visible transmittance, apparent optical attenuation and CIELAB coordinates support only literature-informed class-level hypotheses and cannot identify a pigment family or individual compound. Full article

Background/Objectives: Medicinal and aromatic plants are important sources of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of 19 commercially available medicinal herb and spice products of reported Mount Athos provenance and investigated the influence of extraction solvent on these properties. Methods: Extracts were prepared by ultrasound-assisted extraction using water, 50% aqueous methanol, or 50% aqueous acetone. TPC was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and a qualitative supercoiled plasmid DNA relaxation assay. Solvent effects were assessed using Friedman and post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and associations between TPC and antioxidant activity were examined using correlation and regression analyses. Results: TPC and antioxidant activity varied considerably among botanical products and extraction conditions, with Origanum spp. generally exhibiting among the highest TPC values and strong antioxidant responses. Aqueous acetone yielded significantly higher TPC than aqueous methanol and water. Both aqueous organic solvents produced greater DPPH inhibition than water, whereas aqueous methanol produced greater ABTS activity than water; no significant solvent effect was observed for FRAP. TPC was positively associated with antioxidant activity, particularly ABTS and FRAP, explaining up to 78% of its variability. Several extracts also preserved the supercoiled plasmid DNA form under hydroxyl radical-generating conditions, although this observation requires quantitative confirmation. Conclusions: Medicinal herbs and spices of Athonite provenance exhibit considerable phytochemical and antioxidant variability. Extraction solvent influences phenolic recovery and antioxidant activity in an assay-dependent manner, with no single solvent being uniformly superior. These findings provide baseline data supporting further phytochemical characterization and quantitative evaluation of the antioxidant and DNA-protective properties of these botanical materials. Full article

Buckwheat husk is the major by-product produced during buckwheat processing. However, despite its high nutritional and functional value, it remains underutilized as an ingredient in functional foods. This review summarizes current knowledge on the botanical origin, chemical composition, extraction approaches, and bioactive properties of buckwheat husk. Particular emphasis is placed on its high content of insoluble dietary fiber and phenolic compounds, especially rutin, which contribute to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Advances in conventional and green extraction techniques used to obtain buckwheat husk concentrates, including ultrasound- and microwave-assisted methods, are discussed. The techno-functional properties of buckwheat husk, such as water- and oil-holding capacity, emulsifying potential, and texture modification, are evaluated in relation to food applications. Reported uses in bakery products, pasta, dairy foods, beverages, and meat systems are critically reviewed. Safety aspects, allergenicity, and antinutritional factors are also considered. Overall, buckwheat husk is positioned as an underutilized resource with significant potential for sustainable functional food development. Full article

Pomegranate peel is an agro-industrial byproduct rich in phenolic compounds with recognized functional properties. Its incorporation into stable food ingredients represents an attractive strategy for byproduct valorization. This study evaluated spray-dried vinegar powders enriched with pomegranate peel extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using vinegar and α-cyclodextrin (αCD). Non-buffered and buffered formulations were compared with two commercial buffered powders during 6 months of storage at 22 °C. Morphological (particle size distribution and scanning electron microscopy images), physicochemical (pH, titratable acidity, moisture content, water activity and color), antioxidant (total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity), antimicrobial and sensory properties were evaluated. The powders maintained stable physicochemical properties, with moisture content remaining ≤1.2%, whereas commercial powders reached 3.0–3.9% after storage. Pomegranate-enriched powders showed total phenolic contents of 5.3–27.9 mg GAE/g_powder and antioxidant activity of 37.1–279.3 µmol TE/g_powder, compared with 0.1–0.3 mg GAE/g_powder and 2.3–4.1 µmol TE/g_powder in the non-enriched formulations, while remaining stable throughout storage. Buffered enriched powders maintained in vitro antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, whereas only non-buffered formulations inhibited Salmonella enterica. The powders were incorporated into a béchamel croquette formulation and showed preliminary sensory acceptability. These results support spray drying with αCD as an effective strategy for obtaining stable powdered ingredients from pomegranate peel byproducts under the evaluated conditions. Full article

Myrtle berries are rich in bioactive phenolics and volatile terpenes and have potential for use in functional food products. However, the combined application of grape molasses and ultrasound as a pretreatment before drying has received limited attention. This study characterized fresh ‘Yakup’ myrtle berries as baseline material and explored the drying behavior and measured quality attributes of berries subjected to twelve pretreatments combining grape molasses or water, ultrasound-assisted or static immersion, and treatment durations of 30, 45, or 60 min. Pretreated and untreated fruits were dried by forced-air convection at 60, 75, and 90 °C. Dried samples were evaluated for antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), sugar composition, and drying behavior. The shortest observed drying times at 60 and 75 °C occurred after ultrasound treatment in grape molasses for 30 and 45 min, respectively, whereas static immersion in grape molasses for 60 min and the untreated control showed the shortest drying times at 90 °C. Static immersion in grape molasses for 45 min showed the highest measured TPC at 60 °C (1353.47 mg GAE/100 g dw), while the untreated control showed the highest TPC at 75 and 90 °C and the highest TAC at all three temperatures. The treatment showing the highest total sugar concentration also differed with drying temperature. Thus, no single pretreatment consistently maximized all measured attributes. The findings identify condition-specific candidate strategies rather than a universally superior pretreatment. Because each treatment–temperature combination was represented by one drying tray and the triplicate compositional determinations were analytical rather than independent process replicates, the comparisons are descriptive and require confirmation in independently replicated processing trials. Complete pretreatment mass balances are also required before water loss, solid gain, solute uptake, or true compound retention can be quantified. Looking ahead, studies can be conducted that include sensory and economic evaluations by creating customized pretreatment protocols for industrial applications. Full article

Total flavonoids (TF) from Artemisia argyi, a traditional edible-medicinal Asteraceae herb, were extracted via a food-grade ternary deep eutectic solvent (TDES, Glycerol/Levulinic Acid/Xylitol = 1:1:1 molar ratio, 30% w/w water) under ultrasound assistance. A hybrid response surface methodology–genetic algorithm–artificial neural network (RSM-GA-ANN) model optimized parameters to deliver a maximum TF yield of 107.7 mg/g—1.5–1.8-fold higher than conventional hydroalcoholic extraction. Greenness was quantified by AGREEprep (score = 0.70) and MoGAPI (score = 80/100), confirming the method’s sustainability, with TDES retaining >84% extraction efficiency over three reuse cycles. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed TDES forms a more stable hydrogen bond network with plant cell walls (average H-bond lifetime: 101.279 ps vs. 46.698 ps for 50% ethanol), a finding validated by density functional theory calculations showing TDES establishes 7–9 hydrogen bonds with cellobiose (the cellulose repeating unit), far exceeding ethanol’s 1–2 hydrogen bonds. Purified TF exhibited potent radical-scavenging activity (DPPH IC₅₀: 0.176 mg/mL; ABTS IC₅₀: 0.159 mg/mL) and multipotent enzyme inhibition (α-glucosidase IC₅₀: 55.31 μg/mL; acetylcholinesterase IC₅₀: 0.618 mg/mL; pancreatic lipase IC₅₀: 0.125 mg/mL). TF also suppressed HCT116, A549, and HepG2 proliferation (IC₅₀ ≈ 50 μg/mL) and protected HepG2 cells against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage. As an in silico probe, the predominant quantified flavonoid eupatilin (3.64 mg/g) docked to xanthine oxidase (−7.78 kcal/mol vs. allopurinol −6.86), offering a structural hypothesis for XO interaction without attributing mixture bioactivity to a single compound. This TDES-based platform offers a scalable, green route to valorize A. argyi for functional food and nutraceutical applications. Full article

Macadamia husk, a major by-product of the macadamia industry, represents an underutilised source of phenolic compounds with significant potential for value-added applications. This study aimed to investigate the effects of extraction methods (conventional solvent extraction, accelerated solvent extraction and ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction) and solvent compositions (water, aqueous ethanol, and methanol) on the phenolic recovery and antioxidant activity of New Zealand-grown macadamia husk. Extraction performance was assessed by determining total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Extraction efficiency varied significantly (p < 0.05) depending on both the solvent and extraction technique. Among the solvents evaluated, aqueous ethanol demonstrated superior performance, with 50% ethanol yielding higher total phenolic content (45.19 mg GAE/g dry sample) and the highest total flavonoid content (149.85 mg QE/g dry sample). Ethanol-rich extracts also exhibited the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction generally achieved higher phenolic recovery than conventional solvent extraction and accelerated solvent extraction under the conditions evaluated. Although UPAE using 90% methanol yielded the highest total phenolic content, 50% aqueous ethanol provided the most practical food-grade extraction system, achieving comparably high phenolic recovery together with strong antioxidant activity. Overall, the findings demonstrate that phenolic extraction efficiency and antioxidant capacity are strongly influenced by both solvent composition and extraction technique. The results support further investigation of New Zealand-grown macadamia husk as a potential source of natural antioxidant ingredients, particularly using food-grade aqueous ethanol extraction. Full article

Although plant-derived bioactive compounds are promising sustainable alternatives to synthetic herbicides, their environmental fate and transformation behavior remain poorly understood. This study evaluates the physicochemical stability and solar-driven transformation of phenolic and other complex phytochemical constituents in Larrea tridentata hydroalcoholic extracts (AELT) in aqueous media. Spectroscopic and thermal characterization (TGA/DTG, FTIR, ¹H/¹³C NMR, and GC–MS) revealed a chemically complex phytochemical matrix containing aromatic, phenolic, terpenoid, fatty-acid-derived and other oxygenated constituents, which exhibit a characteristic absorption maximum at 280 nm. Solar-driven oxidation experiments were conducted using TiO₂, ZnO, and H₂O₂. Among the evaluated systems, Solar/ZnO emerged as the most efficient standalone treatment, achieving 89.43% chromophore removal and 88.56% reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) after 60 min. The findings demonstrate a clear relationship between the phenolic and other complex phytochemical constituents’ nature of the extract and its high susceptibility to ZnO-assisted solar photocatalysis, which effectively transforms UV-absorbing constituents and reduces the oxidizable organic load. This work establishes a robust framework for assessing the solar treatment of complex phytochemical matrices, supporting the potential application of ZnO-assisted processes for mitigating the organic load of plant-derived formulations in water bodies. Full article

This study systematically optimized the extraction processes of two bioactive constituents, total flavonoids and crude polysaccharides, from the dried underground tubers of Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl, and further comprehensively characterized their in vitro antioxidant activities. For total flavonoid extraction, an ethanol–ammonium sulfate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was integrated with ultrasonic-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (UATPE), and the process parameters were optimized via Box–Behnken design-based response surface methodology (RSM) using total flavonoid content (TFC) as the primary response indicator. The validated optimal conditions were determined as follows: extraction time of 40.67 min, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30.71 (g/mL), ammonium sulfate mass fraction of 24.03%, and ethanol concentration of 35% (v/v). Under these optimized conditions, the TFC reached (54.83 $\pm 1.58)$ mg rutin equivalents per gram dry weight (mg RE/g DW), which was significantly higher than the values obtained from conventional ATPS [(49.05 $\pm 0.41)$ (mg RE/g DW)] and traditional ethanol extraction [(28.68 $\pm 1.54)$ (mg RE/g DW)] (p < 0.05). For crude polysaccharide production, an ultrasonic-assisted water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation protocol was adopted, and parameters were screened through an L₉ (3³) orthogonal experimental design. The obtained optimal extraction parameters were an extraction time of 10 min, three extraction cycles, and solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:15 (g/mL). A maximum crude polysaccharide yield of (14.89 $\pm 0.18)$ % was achieved under these conditions, with a relative standard deviation of 1.21% (n = 3) across parallel validation tests. Subsequent antioxidant assays demonstrated that the total flavonoid fraction from Nephrolepis cordifolia exhibited potent scavenging capacities against both 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) and 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical cation (ABTS•⁺) radicals. Within the tested concentration range of 0.1–0.5 m g/mL, the crude polysaccharide presented a significant positive concentration-dependent enhancement of activity in four classical in vitro antioxidant systems, including DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS cation radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and total reducing power. Collectively, these findings confirm that the introduced ultrasonic-assisted extraction strategy remarkably improves the recovery efficiency of target bioactive components from Nephrolepis cordifolia. Both total flavonoids and crude polysaccharides display excellent in vitro free radical scavenging potential. This work provides a solid methodological basis for the efficient preparation of the two bioactive compounds, and highlights that Nephrolepis cordifolia is a promising candidate for further exploration as a natural antioxidant source. Full article

Concrete is fundamentally susceptible to cracking, which creates pathways for aggressive agents, accelerating reinforcement corrosion and reducing service life. Traditional repair methods are ineffective for micro-cracks and generate volatile compounds. Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) offers a sustainable bio-based alternative that catalyses in situ calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) precipitation within cracks, sealing pathways. This study compares two MICP repair systems consisting of Sporosarcina pasteurii (SP, ureolytic) and Bacillus mucilaginosus (BM, non-ureolytic), utilising a dual-viscosity-modifying-agent (VMA) system comprising Welan Gum and Attagel 50 (WA). The repair treatments were applied externally on cracked concrete specimens across crack widths of 0.10–0.80 mm for 16 days. Crack repair effectiveness was evaluated through splitting tensile strength, capillary water absorption, rapid chloride migration (RCM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). SP + WA exhibited high performance trends compared with BM + WA, achieving tensile strength retention of 59.57–68.95% vs. 56.68–67.15%, capillary water absorption recovery ranges of 58.36–64.81% vs. 51.71–58.02%, chloride resistance recoveries of 63.7–82.1% vs. 50.5–60.0%, and D_RCM recoveries of 57.35–77.68% vs. 46.04–61.00% relative to intact controls. Durability recovery efficiency decreased with increasing crack width. XRD confirmed calcite as the sole CaCO₃ polymorph in both systems, with sharper peaks in SP + WA indicating differences in calcite crystal characteristics, while BM + WA produced broader peaks similar to a nanocrystalline CaCO₃ structure. These findings demonstrate that the dual-VMA-assisted MICP approach potentially improves mechanical and durability properties in cracked concrete, with ureolytic SP demonstrating better repair performance trends. Full article

Precise quantitative monitoring of 17β-estradiol (E2) is important for reproductive management in precision livestock farming. However, E2 determination in complex biological matrices remains challenging because of matrix-derived background and signal variability. Here, we developed a nanoconfinement-assisted solid-state ratiometric fluorescent aptasensor integrating target-induced strand displacement (TISD), magnetic separation, and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanochannel confinement. The sensing probe consisted of streptavidin-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) carrying a FAM-labeled cDNA internal reference and a Texas Red-labeled E2 aptamer reporter. E2 binding promoted dissociation of the Texas Red-labeled aptamer from the magnetic probe. Magnetic separation and washing reduced soluble matrix-derived interference, while subsequent deposition of the sensing complexes onto an AAO membrane mitigated coffee-ring-associated nonuniformity and produced a more spatially uniform dual-color fluorescence distribution for ratiometric analysis. Under matrix-matched calibration conditions, linear ranges of 5.0–50.0 pM were obtained in tap water and sow saliva, 5.0–40.0 pM in whole milk, and 5.0–15.0 pM in post-estrus sow urine. The LOD determined in tap water was 3.62 pM. The different calibration slopes obtained among the four matrices indicated that residual matrix-dependent effects remained and that matrix-specific calibration was required for quantitative analysis. Matrix-matched spike recoveries ranged from 86.92% to 119.54% across the investigated matrices. The aptasensor exhibited the strongest response toward 17β-E2 among the tested compounds; however, cross-reactivities of 77.3% for E3 and 47.3% for 17α-E2 indicated preferential rather than exclusive recognition. Molecular docking suggested a putative binding pose but did not experimentally establish the molecular recognition mechanism. Overall, the platform demonstrated laboratory-scale analytical feasibility in pretreated tap water, sow saliva, whole milk, and post-estrus sow urine. Further development of sample preparation, magnetic handling, membrane loading, probe selectivity, and portable fluorescence readout will be required before in situ or on-site application. Full article

Iron oxychloride (FeOCl) has recently attracted considerable attention as a high-performance heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst. Its layered Fe-O-Cl coordination environment enables rapid FeIII/FeII redox cycling and efficient activation of H₂O₂, thereby promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for pollutant degradation. This review summarizes recent progress in FeOCl-based materials, including their crystal structure, optical, electrochemical, magnetic and other physicochemical properties, synthesis strategies, catalytic mechanisms, and environmental applications, with particular emphasis on experimental evidence and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Special attention is given to pH-insensitive H₂O₂ activation, visible-light-assisted Fenton-like reactions, heterojunction construction, elemental doping, intercalation engineering, membrane-supported catalysts, morphology engineering, and flow-through electro-Fenton configurations. FeOCl-based catalysts have demonstrated outstanding performance in degrading dyes, antibiotics, phenolic compounds, endocrine-disrupting compounds, and other recalcitrant pollutants, while also showing potential in heavy-metal adsorption, selective oxidation, and energy-related applications. Finally, remaining challenges concerning catalyst stability, iron leaching, scalable synthesis, realistic water matrices, byproduct toxicity, and reactor integration are discussed to guide the rational design of practical FeOCl-based catalytic systems. Full article

Phenolic compounds are recognized for their antioxidant properties and potential application in sustainable functional materials. In this study, the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of four agro-industrial residues—rice husk, spent hops, and oregano and thyme stems—were evaluated to examine the influence of the extraction method and plant matrix on bioactive compound recovery. Extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional water bath (WB) extraction were characterized using spectrophotometric assays for total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), as well as HPLC analysis for phenolic profiling. Oregano and thyme stem extracts exhibited the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity, whereas rice husk extracts showed the lowest concentrations of detectable phenolics. Hydroxycinnamic acids, particularly p-coumaric and ferulic acids, predominated across the studied matrices. Multivariate analysis indicated that matrix composition had a greater influence on phenolic profile and antioxidant behaviour than extraction method, with UAE providing comparable results to those obtained by WB extraction while requiring a substantially shorter extraction time. Pearson correlation analysis further suggested that antioxidant activity results from the combined interaction of multiple phenolic compounds rather than isolated constituents. Overall, these residues show potential as sustainable sources of phenolic-rich extracts for functional material applications. Full article