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Search Results (1,305)

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38 pages, 1539 KiB  
Article
Research on the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Virtual Water Trade Networks in Chinese Provinces
by Guangyao Deng, Siqian Hou and Keyu Di
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6972; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156972 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Promoting the sustainable development of virtual water trade is of great significance to safeguarding China’s water resource security and balanced regional economic growth. This study analyzes the virtual water trade network among 31 Chinese provinces based on multi-regional input–output tables from 2012, 2015, [...] Read more.
Promoting the sustainable development of virtual water trade is of great significance to safeguarding China’s water resource security and balanced regional economic growth. This study analyzes the virtual water trade network among 31 Chinese provinces based on multi-regional input–output tables from 2012, 2015, and 2017, using total trade decomposition, social network analysis, and exponential random graph models. The key findings are as follows: (1) The total virtual water trade volume remains stable, with Xinjiang, Jiangsu, and Guangdong as the core regions, while remote areas such as Shaanxi and Gansu have lower trade volumes. The primary industry dominates, and it is driven by simple value chains. (2) Provinces such as Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, and Jiangsu form the network’s core. Network density and symmetry increased from 2012 to 2015 but declined slightly in 2017, with efficiency peaking and then dropping, and the clustering coefficient decreased annually. Four economic sectors exhibit distinct interactions: frequent two-way flows in Sector 1, significant inflows in Sector 2, prominent net spillovers in Sector 3, and key brokers in Sector 4. (3) The network evolved from a core-periphery structure with weak ties to a stable, heterogeneous, and resilient system. (4) Influencing factors, such asper capita water resources, economic development, and population, significantly impact trade. Similarities in economic levels, population, and water endowments promote trade, while spatial distance has a limited effect, with geographic proximity showing a significant negative impact on long-distance trade. Full article
19 pages, 1791 KiB  
Article
A Novel Approach to Solving Generalised Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Within the Caputo Operator
by Mashael M. AlBaidani and Rabab Alzahrani
Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(8), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9080503 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
In this study, we focus on solving the nonlinear time-fractional Hirota–Satsuma coupled Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) and modified Korteweg–de Vries (MKdV) equations, using the Yang transform iterative method (YTIM). This method combines the Yang transform with a new iterative scheme to construct reliable and [...] Read more.
In this study, we focus on solving the nonlinear time-fractional Hirota–Satsuma coupled Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) and modified Korteweg–de Vries (MKdV) equations, using the Yang transform iterative method (YTIM). This method combines the Yang transform with a new iterative scheme to construct reliable and efficient solutions. Readers can understand the procedures clearly, since the implementation of Yang transform directly transforms fractional derivative sections into algebraic terms in the given problems. The new iterative scheme is applied to generate series solutions for the provided problems. The fractional derivatives are considered in the Caputo sense. To validate the proposed approach, two numerical examples are analysed and compared with exact solutions, as well as with the results obtained from the fractional reduced differential transform method (FRDTM) and the q-homotopy analysis transform method (q-HATM). The comparisons, presented through both tables and graphical illustrations, confirm the enhanced accuracy and reliability of the proposed method. Moreover, the effect of varying the fractional order is explored, demonstrating convergence of the solution as the order approaches an integer value. Importantly, the time-fractional Hirota–Satsuma coupled KdV and modified Korteweg–de Vries (MKdV) equations investigated in this work are not only of theoretical and computational interest but also possess significant implications for achieving global sustainability goals. Specifically, these equations contribute to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) “Life Below Water” by offering advanced modelling capabilities for understanding wave propagation and ocean dynamics, thus supporting marine ecosystem research and management. It is also relevant to SDG “Climate Action” as it aids in the simulation of environmental phenomena crucial to climate change analysis and mitigation. Additionally, the development and application of innovative mathematical modelling techniques align with “Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure” promoting advanced computational tools for use in ocean engineering, environmental monitoring, and other infrastructure-related domains. Therefore, the proposed method not only advances mathematical and numerical analysis but also fosters interdisciplinary contributions toward sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Computational Physics with Fractional Applications)
23 pages, 6014 KiB  
Article
Modeling Water Table Response in Apulia (Southern Italy) with Global and Local LSTM-Based Groundwater Forecasting
by Lorenzo Di Taranto, Antonio Fiorentino, Angelo Doglioni and Vincenzo Simeone
Water 2025, 17(15), 2268; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152268 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 86
Abstract
For effective groundwater resource management, it is essential to model the dynamic behaviour of aquifers in response to rainfall. Here, a methodological approach using a recurrent neural network, specifically a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, is used to model groundwater levels of the [...] Read more.
For effective groundwater resource management, it is essential to model the dynamic behaviour of aquifers in response to rainfall. Here, a methodological approach using a recurrent neural network, specifically a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, is used to model groundwater levels of the shallow porous aquifer in Southern Italy. This aquifer is recharged by local rainfall, which exhibits minimal variation across the catchment in terms of volume and temporal distribution. To gain a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between precipitation and groundwater levels within the aquifer, we used water level data from six wells. Although these wells were not directly correlated in terms of individual measurements, they were geographically located within the same shallow aquifer and exhibited a similar hydrogeological response. The trained model uses two variables, rainfall and groundwater levels, which are usually easily available. This approach allowed the model, during the training phase, to capture the general relationships and common dynamics present across the different time series of wells. This methodology was employed despite the geographical distinctions between the wells within the aquifer and the variable duration of their observed time series (ranging from 27 to 45 years). The results obtained were significant: the global model, trained with the simultaneous integration of data from all six wells, not only led to superior performance metrics but also highlighted its remarkable generalization capability in representing the hydrogeological system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)
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31 pages, 1247 KiB  
Review
A Review of Water Quality Forecasting and Classification Using Machine Learning Models and Statistical Analysis
by Amar Lokman, Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail and Nor Azlina Ab Aziz
Water 2025, 17(15), 2243; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152243 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 278
Abstract
The prediction and management of water quality are critical to ensure sustainable water resources, particularly in regions like Malaysia, where rivers face increasing pollution from industrialisation, agriculture, and urban expansion. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of machine learning (ML) models [...] Read more.
The prediction and management of water quality are critical to ensure sustainable water resources, particularly in regions like Malaysia, where rivers face increasing pollution from industrialisation, agriculture, and urban expansion. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of machine learning (ML) models and statistical methods applied in forecasting and classification of water quality. A particular focus is given to hybrid models that integrate multiple approaches to improve predictive accuracy and robustness. This study also reviews water quality standards and highlights the environmental context that necessitates advanced predictive tools. Statistical techniques such as residual analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and feature importance assessment are also explored to enhance model interpretability and reliability. Comparative tables of model performance, strengths, and limitations are presented alongside real-world applications. Despite recent advancements, challenges remain in data quality, model interpretability, and integration of spatio-temporal and fuzzy logic techniques. This review identifies key research gaps and proposes future directions for developing transparent, adaptive, and accurate models. The findings can also guide researchers and policymakers towards the development of smart water quality management systems that enhance decision-making and ecological sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hydrology)
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19 pages, 1098 KiB  
Article
The Pyramid of Mineral Waters: A New Paradigm for Hydrogastronomy and the Combination of Food and Water
by Sergio Marini Grassetti and Betty Carlini
Gastronomy 2025, 3(3), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastronomy3030012 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 169
Abstract
The art of food–drink pairing has always fascinated gourmets and cooking enthusiasts. While wine has long held pride of place on the table, natural mineral water plays a central role in this new concept. Through the Pyramid of Natural Mineral Waters, we aim [...] Read more.
The art of food–drink pairing has always fascinated gourmets and cooking enthusiasts. While wine has long held pride of place on the table, natural mineral water plays a central role in this new concept. Through the Pyramid of Natural Mineral Waters, we aim to explore the relationships between the structure of water and food, flavors and aromas, revealing a world of previously unexplored nuances and tastes. This new approach is based on the analysis of the fixed residue of water, i.e., the amount of mineral salts dissolved in it. The fixed residue gives the water unique organoleptic characteristics, influencing the perception of flavors and sensations in the mouth. By analyzing the technical data sheet of mineral waters designed by us, it is possible to identify their main characteristics and combine them in a consistent way with various dishes, as proposed in the pyramid scheme. There are many possible combinations between natural mineral waters and foods, depending on numerous factors, including the type of water and the salts dissolved in it, the type of food, the cooking method, and the types of sauces and condiments present in the dish. To guide consumers in this fascinating universe, the figure of the water sommelier, or so-called hydro-sommelier, was born. As expert connoisseurs of natural mineral waters, they are able to recommend the ideal water for every occasion, maximizing the taste characteristics of the food served at the table. This study is completed with the construction of the Pyramid of Natural Mineral Waters, which relates the composition of water, specifically the salient characteristics related to dissolved minerals, with the respective food combinations recommended by us, in relation to the structure of both water and food. Full article
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8 pages, 961 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Analyzing Small-Particle Contamination in Disposable Food Service Ware, Drinking Water, and Commercial Table Salt in Doha, Qatar
by Marwa Al-Ani, Ala Al-Ardah, Mennatalla Kuna, Zainab Smati, Asma Mohamed, Mostafa Sliem and Noora Al-Qahtani
Mater. Proc. 2025, 22(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025022005 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 108
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as pervasive environmental contaminants due to their widespread presence across various ecosystems, including their use in single-use plastic food ware and table salt dispensers. This issue coincides with the presence of heavy metals in water sources in Doha, Qatar. [...] Read more.
Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as pervasive environmental contaminants due to their widespread presence across various ecosystems, including their use in single-use plastic food ware and table salt dispensers. This issue coincides with the presence of heavy metals in water sources in Doha, Qatar. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed that the plastic plate and spoon were composed of polyolefin, with the spoon exhibiting additional peaks that indicated oxidation or the presence of additives. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) revealed that the spoon exhibited higher thermal stability, retaining approximately 10% of its mass at 700 °C, than the plate, which retained 2%, indicating the presence of complex additives or contamination. MPs in food-grade salt samples were verified through filtration and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, identifying polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). These MPs likely stem from exposure to packaging or environmental contaminants. FTIR spectra confirmed the integrity of the polymers after treatment. Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis revealed varying levels of heavy metals in bottled and tap water, with notable findings including detectable arsenic and lead in both, higher calcium and magnesium in bottled water, and the presence of copper present in tap water only, highlighting potential health and infrastructure-related concerns. These results highlight the possible risks associated with exposure to MPs and heavy metals from everyday products and water sources, underscoring the need for enhanced regulatory oversight and safer material choices to ensure protection. Full article
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20 pages, 4185 KiB  
Article
The Reactivated Residual Strength: Laboratory Tests and Practical Considerations
by Paolo Carrubba
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7976; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147976 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 173
Abstract
As is already known, some currently stable landslides may have been activated in the past along a pre-existing sliding surface and reached the residual strength there, as a consequence of high-cumulative displacements. After a fairly long period of quiescence, these landslides can reactivate [...] Read more.
As is already known, some currently stable landslides may have been activated in the past along a pre-existing sliding surface and reached the residual strength there, as a consequence of high-cumulative displacements. After a fairly long period of quiescence, these landslides can reactivate due to a temporary increase in destabilising forces capable of mobilising the residual strength along the same sliding surface again. Some recent studies have suggested that, under certain conditions, the strength mobilised upon reactivation may slightly exceed the residual value and then decay towards the latter as the displacement progresses. Regarding this matter, many previous studies have hypothesised that some geotechnical variables could affect the recovered strength more significantly: the length of the ageing time, the vertical stress, the stress history, and the speed with which the reactivation occurs. The aim of this research is to confirm whether such recovery of strength upon reactivation is possible and which geotechnical parameters have the greatest influence on the process. To this end, laboratory tests were carried out with the Bromhead ring shear apparatus on normally consolidated saturated samples of both natural soils and clays provided by industry (bentonite and kaolin). The coupling effect of the ageing time, the vertical stress, and the reactivation speed on the mobilised strength upon reactivation were investigated, starting from a pre-existing residual state of these samples. Within the limits of this research, the results seem to confirm that all three geotechnical variables are influential, with a greater impact on the reactivation speed and, subordinately, on the ageing time for long quiescence periods. Therefore, it is concluded that a quiescent landslide could show a reactivated strength slightly higher than the residual value if the destabilising action could arise with a certain rapidity. Conversely, if the destabilising action occurs very slowly, the mobilised strength could correspond to the residual value. The experimental results of this research may find some application in the design of strengthening works for a stable quiescent landslide that could experience a fairly rapid increase in destabilising actions, such as in the case of seismic stress, morphological modification of the slope, or a rising water table. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Geotechnics for Hazard Mitigation, 2nd Edition)
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20 pages, 2707 KiB  
Article
Quantifying Multifactorial Drivers of Groundwater–Climate Interactions in an Arid Basin Based on Remote Sensing Data
by Zheng Lu, Chunying Shen, Cun Zhan, Honglei Tang, Chenhao Luo, Shasha Meng, Yongkai An, Heng Wang and Xiaokang Kou
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(14), 2472; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142472 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 456
Abstract
Groundwater systems are intrinsically linked to climate, with changing conditions significantly altering recharge, storage, and discharge processes, thereby impacting water availability and ecosystem integrity. Critical knowledge gaps persist regarding groundwater equilibrium timescales, water table dynamics, and their governing factors. This study develops a [...] Read more.
Groundwater systems are intrinsically linked to climate, with changing conditions significantly altering recharge, storage, and discharge processes, thereby impacting water availability and ecosystem integrity. Critical knowledge gaps persist regarding groundwater equilibrium timescales, water table dynamics, and their governing factors. This study develops a novel remote sensing framework to quantify factor controls on groundwater–climate interaction characteristics in the Heihe River Basin (HRB). High-resolution (0.005° × 0.005°) maps of groundwater response time (GRT) and water table ratio (WTR) were generated using multi-source geospatial data. Employing Geographical Convergent Cross Mapping (GCCM), we established causal relationships between GRT/WTR and their drivers, identifying key influences on groundwater dynamics. Generalized Additive Models (GAM) further quantified the relative contributions of climatic (precipitation, temperature), topographic (DEM, TWI), geologic (hydraulic conductivity, porosity, vadose zone thickness), and vegetative (NDVI, root depth, soil water) factors to GRT/WTR variability. Results indicate an average GRT of ~6.5 × 108 years, with 7.36% of HRB exhibiting sub-century response times and 85.23% exceeding 1000 years. Recharge control dominates shrublands, wetlands, and croplands (WTR < 1), while topography control prevails in forests and barelands (WTR > 1). Key factors collectively explain 86.7% (GRT) and 75.9% (WTR) of observed variance, with spatial GRT variability driven primarily by hydraulic conductivity (34.3%), vadose zone thickness (13.5%), and precipitation (10.8%), while WTR variation is controlled by vadose zone thickness (19.2%), topographic wetness index (16.0%), and temperature (9.6%). These findings provide a scientifically rigorous basis for prioritizing groundwater conservation zones and designing climate-resilient water management policies in arid endorheic basins, with our high-resolution causal attribution framework offering transferable methodologies for global groundwater vulnerability assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Groundwater Hydrology)
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18 pages, 7358 KiB  
Article
On the Hybrid Algorithm for Retrieving Day and Night Cloud Base Height from Geostationary Satellite Observations
by Tingting Ye, Zhonghui Tan, Weihua Ai, Shuo Ma, Xianbin Zhao, Shensen Hu, Chao Liu and Jianping Guo
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(14), 2469; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142469 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
Most existing cloud base height (CBH) retrieval algorithms are only applicable for daytime satellite observations due to their dependence on visible observations. This study presents a novel algorithm to retrieve day and night CBH using infrared observations of the geostationary Advanced Himawari Imager [...] Read more.
Most existing cloud base height (CBH) retrieval algorithms are only applicable for daytime satellite observations due to their dependence on visible observations. This study presents a novel algorithm to retrieve day and night CBH using infrared observations of the geostationary Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI). The algorithm is featured by integrating deep learning techniques with a physical model. The algorithm first utilizes a convolutional neural network-based model to extract cloud top height (CTH) and cloud water path (CWP) from the AHI infrared observations. Then, a physical model is introduced to relate cloud geometric thickness (CGT) to CWP by constructing a look-up table of effective cloud water content (ECWC). Thus, the CBH can be obtained by subtracting CGT from CTH. The results demonstrate good agreement between our AHI CBH retrievals and the spaceborne active remote sensing measurements, with a mean bias of −0.14 ± 1.26 km for CloudSat-CALIPSO observations at daytime and −0.35 ± 1.84 km for EarthCARE measurements at nighttime. Additional validation against ground-based millimeter wave cloud radar (MMCR) measurements further confirms the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed algorithm across varying atmospheric conditions and temporal scales. Full article
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17 pages, 2951 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Rainfall–Runoff Relationships During Fallow Seasons in a Humid Region
by Rui Peng, Gary Feng, Ying Ouyang, Guihong Bi and John Brooks
Climate 2025, 13(7), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13070149 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 555
Abstract
The hydrological processes of agricultural fields during the fallow season in east-central Mississippi remain poorly understood, due to the region’s unique rainfall patterns. This study utilized long-term rainfall records from 1924 to 2023 to evaluate runoff characteristics and the runoff response to various [...] Read more.
The hydrological processes of agricultural fields during the fallow season in east-central Mississippi remain poorly understood, due to the region’s unique rainfall patterns. This study utilized long-term rainfall records from 1924 to 2023 to evaluate runoff characteristics and the runoff response to various rainfall events during fallow seasons in Mississippi by applying the DRAINMOD model. The analysis revealed that the average rainfall during the fallow season was 760 mm over the past 100 years, accounting for 65% of the annual total. In dry, normal, and wet fallow seasons, the average rainfall was 528, 751, and 1010 mm, respectively, corresponding to runoff of 227, 388, and 602 mm. Runoff frequency increased with wetter weather conditions, rising from 16 events in dry seasons to 23 in normal seasons and 30 in wet seasons. Over the past century, runoff dynamics were predominantly regulated by high-intensity rainfall events during the fallow season. Very heavy rainfall events (mean frequency = 11 events) generated 215 mm of runoff and accounted for 53% of the total runoff, while extreme rainfall events (mean frequency = 2 events) contributed 135 mm of runoff, making up 34% of the total runoff. Water table depth played a critical role in shaping spring runoff dynamics. As the water table decreased from 46 mm in March to 80 mm in May, the soil pore space increased from 5 mm in March to 14 mm in May. This increased soil infiltration and water storage capacity, leading to a steady decline in runoff. The study found that the mean daily runoff frequency dropped from 13.5% in March to 7.6% in May, while monthly runoff decreased from 74 to 38 mm. Increased extreme rainfall (R95p) in April contributed over 45% of the total runoff and resulted in the highest daily mean runoff of 20 mm, compared to 18 mm in March and 16 mm in May. The results from this century-long historical weather data could be used to enhance field-scale water resource management, predict potential runoff risks, and optimize planting windows in the humid east-central Mississippi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Weather, Events and Impacts)
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20 pages, 4028 KiB  
Article
Exploring the 3D Printability of Engineered Cementitious Composites with Internal Curing for Resilient Construction in Arid Regions
by Tayyab Zafar, Muhammad Saeed Zafar and Maryam Hojati
Materials 2025, 18(14), 3327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143327 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 341
Abstract
This study investigates the feasibility of pumice-based internal curing based on the 3D printability of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) for water-scarce environments and arid regions. Natural river sand was partially replaced with the presoaked pumice lightweight aggregates (LWAs) at two different levels, 30% [...] Read more.
This study investigates the feasibility of pumice-based internal curing based on the 3D printability of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) for water-scarce environments and arid regions. Natural river sand was partially replaced with the presoaked pumice lightweight aggregates (LWAs) at two different levels, 30% and 60% by volume, and 50% of the cement was replaced with slag to enhance sustainability. Furthermore, 2% polyethylene (PE) fibers were used to improve the mechanical characteristics and 1% methylcellulose (MC) was used to increase the rheological stability. Pumice aggregates, presoaked for 24 h, were used as an internal curing agent to assess their effect on the printability. Three ECC mixes, CT-PE2-6-10 (control), P30-PE2-6-10 (30% pumice), and P60-PE2-6-10 (60% pumice), were printed using a 3D gantry printing system. A flow table and rheometer were used to evaluate the flowability and rheological properties. Extrudability was measured in terms of dimensional consistency and the coefficient of variation (CV%) to evaluate printability, whereas buildability was determined in terms of the maximum number of layers stacked before failure. All of the mixes met the extrudability criterion (CV < 5%), with P30-PE2-6-10 demonstrating superior printing quality and buildability, having 16 layers, which was comparable with the control mix that had 18 layers. Full article
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14 pages, 1323 KiB  
Article
Impact of Temperature and Soil Moisture on the Life Cycle of the Strawberry Pest Priophorus fulvostigmatus and Its Control
by Juan Cui, Jingxu Yin, Lihuan Dong, Yu Gao, Shusen Shi, Jingzhu Zou, Wenbo Li and Yu Wang
Insects 2025, 16(7), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070717 - 12 Jul 2025
Viewed by 431
Abstract
Priophorus fulvostigmatus, a species of leaf-cutter wasp, is an important leaf-feeding pest on strawberries. We investigated the effects of temperature and soil moisture content on key life cycle parameters of P. fulvostigmatus. The development time, survival, fecundity, and life table parameters [...] Read more.
Priophorus fulvostigmatus, a species of leaf-cutter wasp, is an important leaf-feeding pest on strawberries. We investigated the effects of temperature and soil moisture content on key life cycle parameters of P. fulvostigmatus. The development time, survival, fecundity, and life table parameters of P. fulvostigmatus were observed at five temperatures. Pupal development and survival under five moisture contents (8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, and 24%) and four durations of water immersion (0, 1, 3, and 5 d) were recorded. P. fulvostigmatus could complete its life cycle at a constant temperature range of 16–28 °C. The duration of the immature stage first decreased and then increased with rising temperature, being longest at 16 °C and shortest at 25 °C. Female longevity and female fecundity did not differ between the temperature range of 16–25 °C. However, survival rates at all developmental stages decreased with increasing temperature. At 28 °C, both fecundity and survival rates of P. fulvostigmatus were significantly reduced compared to other temperatures. Compared with that at the constant temperature of 22 °C, the developmental duration of each stage was similar at a fluctuating temperature of 22 °C. The number of eggs laid per female, the longevity of male adults, and the eclosion rate were all significantly reduced. The net reproductive rate (R0) under constant temperature conditions was significantly higher than under fluctuating temperature conditions, and the mean generation period (T), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) differed significantly. The soil moisture content significantly impacted the pupation and eclosion of P. fulvostigmatus. Differences in soil moisture content had no significant effect on the duration of development; a moisture content of 8–16% was more suitable for their pupation and eclosion. Pupal development differed significantly between different periods of water immersion after the mature larvae were immersed in the soil. The longer the larvae remained in the soil, the lower their emergence rate after immersion. Thus, environmental temperature affected the growth, reproduction, and survival of P. fulvostigmatus. The optimal soil moisture for pupation of mature larvae was 12% to 16%. After the larvae were immersed in soil, the emergence rate was significantly reduced. These findings expand our understanding of the biological characteristics of P. fulvostigmatus and can facilitate the development of prevention and control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Horticultural Crops)
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18 pages, 3967 KiB  
Article
Development of Joint Rural Water Services in Finland, 1872–2022
by Tapio S. Katko, Vesa P. Arvonen, Petri S. Juuti, Riikka P. Juuti and Eric J. Nealer
Earth 2025, 6(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6030076 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 642
Abstract
Community-based systems present a key option for water services, especially in rural areas. Our goal is to achieve a state-of-the-art understanding of joint rural water supply development in Finland over 150 years. A mixed-methods approach was used: a literature survey and a questionnaire [...] Read more.
Community-based systems present a key option for water services, especially in rural areas. Our goal is to achieve a state-of-the-art understanding of joint rural water supply development in Finland over 150 years. A mixed-methods approach was used: a literature survey and a questionnaire to selected experts. Based on the literature, a table including 23 decisions considered the most influential strategic events from 1872 to 2022 was produced. The table was sent to 10 selected experts known to be deeply familiar with the theme, all of whom replied. Joint rural water services in Finland have evolved based on demand through co-operative principles. The first documented scheme was constructed in 1872, while governmental financial support to rural water services started in 1951. It expanded in various forms until it dramatically declined in recent years. Multi-locality may increase the need for these services in the future. The expert survey revealed the following most influential long-term decisions: the first official water co-operative established in 1907, the land reform for immigrants and war veterans introduced in 1945, the Committee for Rationalisation of Households established in 1950, the start of domestic manufacturing of plastic pipes in 1954, and the Water Act enacted in 1962 to start water pollution control. This paper reminds us that urban and rural services are not contradictory but can supplement each other. Full article
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27 pages, 5832 KiB  
Article
Incorporation of Horizontal Aquifer Flow into a Vertical Vadose Zone Model to Simulate Natural Groundwater Table Fluctuations
by Vipin Kumar Oad, Adam Szymkiewicz, Tomasz Berezowski, Anna Gumuła-Kawęcka, Jirka Šimůnek, Beata Jaworska-Szulc and René Therrien
Water 2025, 17(14), 2046; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17142046 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1072
Abstract
The main goal of our work was to evaluate approaches for modeling lateral outflow from shallow unconfined aquifers in a one-dimensional model of vertical variably-saturated flow. The HYDRUS-1D model was modified by implementing formulas representing lateral flow in an aquifer, with linear or [...] Read more.
The main goal of our work was to evaluate approaches for modeling lateral outflow from shallow unconfined aquifers in a one-dimensional model of vertical variably-saturated flow. The HYDRUS-1D model was modified by implementing formulas representing lateral flow in an aquifer, with linear or quadratic drainage functions describing the relationship between groundwater head and flux. The results obtained by the modified HYDRUS-1D model were compared to the reference simulations with HydroGeoSphere (HGS), with explicit representation of 2D flow in unsaturated and saturated zones in a vertical cross-section of a strip aquifer, including evapotranspiration and plant water uptake. Four series of simulations were conducted for sand and loamy sand soil profiles with deep (6 m) and shallow (2 m) water tables. The results indicate that both linear and quadratic drainage functions can effectively capture groundwater table fluctuations and soil water dynamics. HYDRUS-1D demonstrates notable accuracy in simulating transient fluctuations but shows higher variability near the surface. The study concludes that both quadratic and linear drainage boundary conditions can effectively represent horizontal aquifer flow in 1D models, enhancing the ability of such models to simulate groundwater table fluctuations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hydrology)
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23 pages, 3761 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Changes in Groundwater Levels in the Białowieża Forest, Poland, Under Climate Change
by Andrzej Boczoń, Michał Wróbel and Anna Kowalska
Water 2025, 17(13), 2027; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17132027 - 5 Jul 2025
Viewed by 555
Abstract
Groundwater is the primary water source for ecosystems, and so changes in groundwater levels, if directional and constant, can cause changes in vegetation and habitat characters. In Białowieża National Park, a significant decline in the water table was observed at the beginning of [...] Read more.
Groundwater is the primary water source for ecosystems, and so changes in groundwater levels, if directional and constant, can cause changes in vegetation and habitat characters. In Białowieża National Park, a significant decline in the water table was observed at the beginning of the 20th century. The question therefore arose as to whether the changes that occurred at that time were permanent. A second question was whether the negative trend would continue so clearly in the following years. The study is based on measurements from 1985 to 2005 and 2022 to 2023 taken in the same monitoring wells. Complete data were collected from 21 monitoring wells. An analysis of groundwater levels between 1985 and 2005 showed an average decline of 0.08 m/10 years in swamp habitats, 0.11 m/10 years in moist habitats, and 0.21 m/10 years in fresh habitats. The measurements in 2022 and 2023 showed that the trend of falling water levels had slowed down in almost the entire study area, with water levels in recent years being similar to those at the beginning of the century. This was also confirmed by comparing years with similar precipitation: 2022 with 1986, and 2002, 2004, and 2023 with 1999. This was due to the higher precipitation after 2005. In the period of 2006–2023, precipitation in the hydrological years was on average 60 mm higher than in the period of 1985–2005. Despite the clear trend toward rising air temperatures, the higher precipitation compensated for the higher evapotranspiration. However, one area showed a systematic decrease in water levels. This occurred at the watershed of the two largest rivers in the Białowieża Forest. The findings indicate that watershed areas are most vulnerable to lowering the groundwater level due to climatic warming. Full article
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