Search Results (365)

Avocado (Persea americana), originally from Mesoamerica, has emerged as a focus of intense scientific and industrial interest due to its unique combination of nutritional richness, bioactive potential, and technological versatility. Its pulp, widely consumed across the globe, is notably abundant in monounsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, which can comprise over two-thirds of its lipid content. In addition, it provides significant levels of dietary fiber, fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E and K, carotenoids, tocopherols, and phytosterols like β-sitosterol. These constituents are consistently associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, glycemic regulatory, and cardioprotective effects, supported by a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence. This review offers a comprehensive and critical synthesis of the chemical composition and functional properties of avocado, with particular emphasis on its lipid profile, phenolic compounds, and phytosterols. It also explores recent advances in environmentally sustainable extraction techniques, including ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted processes, as well as the application of natural deep eutectic solvents. These technologies have demonstrated improved efficiency in recovering bioactives while aligning with the principles of green chemistry. The use of avocado-derived ingredients in nanostructured delivery systems and their incorporation into functional foods, cosmetics, and health-promoting formulations is discussed in detail. Additionally, the potential of native cultivars and the application of precision nutrition strategies are identified as promising avenues for future innovation. Taken together, the findings underscore the avocado’s relevance as a high-value matrix for sustainable development. Future research should focus on optimizing extraction protocols, clarifying pharmacokinetic behavior, and ensuring long-term safety in diverse applications. Full article

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are aggressive malignancies characterized by a poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies. Mounting evidence suggests the pivotal role of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance in these cancers. Protein induced by vitamin K absence II (PIVKA-II)—a valuable HCC detector—has ultimately emerged as a potentially relevant biomarker in PDAC, serving as both a serum biomarker and a prognostic indicator. This study investigates the putative link between PIVKA-II expression and the EMT process in HCC and PDAC. Using a Western blot analysis and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA), we quantified PIVKA-II serum levels alongside two canonical EMT markers—Vimentin and E-cadherin—in selected cohorts. Emerging data suggest a dual, context-dependent role for PIVKA-II. Beyond its diagnostic value in both malignancies, its co-expression with EMT markers points to a potential mechanistic involvement in tumor invasiveness and phenotypic plasticity. Notably, the selective detection of E-cadherin in HCC implies limited EMT activation and a preservation of the epithelial phenotype, whereas the higher expression of Vimentin in PDAC reflects a more substantial shift toward EMT. We provide a comprehensive analysis of key molecular markers, their involvement in EMT-driven pathophysiological mechanisms, and their potential as novel diagnostic tools. Full article

Due to the feeding system (high-concentrate diet) during the early lactation stage, ruminal pH in dairy cows follows a diurnal pattern and can remain below the critical level of 5.5 for extended periods of the day. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low ruminal pH on blood concentrations of certain macrominerals, trace minerals, and fat-soluble vitamins and on the oxidative status of dairy cows during the first half of lactation. Fifty-three randomly selected lactating Holstein cows were used; blood and ruminal fluid samples were collected from all cows on days 30, 90 and 150 of lactation. Blood samples were obtained via coccygeal venipuncture, while the ruminal fluid was obtained by rumenocentesis and the pH was measured immediately after collection. Using a threshold pH of 5.5, samples were classified as normal (pH > 5.5) or low pH (pH ≤ 5.5). Serum concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Cr, Mn, Zn, Se, and vitamins A, D3, E, and K were not significantly affected by ruminal pH, either by days in milk or by their interaction (p > 0.05). Plasma malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione followed the same trend (p > 0.05). Copper concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.05), and Fe concentration tended to be higher in cows with low pH compared to those with normal pH (p = 0.052). On day 150 of lactation, Cu, Fe, and Co concentrations were significantly higher in low-pH cows compared to normal-pH cows (p < 0.05). Low ruminal pH is associated with significant changes in serum concentrations of copper, iron, and cobalt but has no significant effect on the oxidative status of the animals or on the serum concentrations of the macro elements and fat-soluble vitamins studied. Full article

Background: Addressing undernutrition and malnutrition requires a multi-pronged approach targeting different populations with appropriate interventions. Knowledge and perception (K&P) of Individuals and communities about nutrition to human health relationship/continuum is a prerequisite for addressing malnutrition in rural and mountain communities. Assessing K&P is essential for developing strategic interventions to up-scaling K&P of communities and achieving nutrition security. Homestead gardens are a proven intervention for achieving nutrition security for all family members of gardeners. Methods: This paper includes homestead gardeners from the Himalayan Mountain Region (HMR) as respondents. We developed a scale to assess the K&P of respondents, based on ratings from 20 judges. A total of 134 issues/items have been retained in the scale from macronutrients, micronutrients, minerals, and vitamins. A framework has also been developed and adopted for the study. A knowledge and perception index (KPI) has been developed based on the respondents’ responses. We have reviewed and analysed the national policy interventions for augmenting the K&P of the study community to achieve nutrition security. Results: The nutrition K&P of respondents are inadequate and far from the desirable level. Policy review and analysis indicate that the creation of K&P in the community to contribute to self and family nutrition security was previously highly neglected. Conclusions: The policy process of national, state, and county/district-level development sectors in developing countries under the HMR may take the initiative to ensure self-nutrition security by creating K&P of the community on nutrition issues. The designed scale is prudent requires testing and validation for measuring farmers’ K&P on nutrition, which may be adopted in future studies and policymaking not only nationally but also from an international perspective. Full article

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common heart rhythm disorders encountered in clinical practice. Emerging evidence suggests a significant role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AF, but certain questions still remain unanswered, in particular whether AF-related inflammation is a cause or a consequence of the arrhythmia, and whether inflammation reflects underlying disease or AF itself. At the current state of the art, scientific evidence on the role of oral anticoagulants (OAC) in modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of AF remains scarce. The aim of our study was to evaluate, in a population of AF patients undergoing OAC, the different roles of anticoagulant therapy [Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and direct oral anti-coagulants (DOACs)] in modulating the levels of inflammatory biomarkers in AF. Methods: The Strat-AF study is an observational, prospective, single center, hospital-based study enrolling elderly patients with AF. Results refer to 170 subjects with complete clinical and biohumoral assessment. Results: At multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for several covariates, VKA treatment was an independent protective predictor for having a high grade of inflammation not balanced by anti-inflammatory cytokine levels [OR = 0.26 (0.10–0.69), p = 0.007]. Conclusions: These results from the Strat-AF study are “generators of hypotheses” and provide preliminary evidence for the differential effects of VKAs and DOACs on inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α) in AF patients. These findings suggest that inflammatory biomarkers could enhance stroke risk prediction models, potentially improving a tailored AF management. Full article

Introduction: The sodium-to-potassium (Na:K) ratio in the diet is a critical biomarker for cardiovascular and metabolic health, yet global adherence to recommended levels remains poor. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify dietary determinants of the dietary Na:K ratio and its associations with micronutrient intake and diet quality. Methods: An observational cross-sectional survey was conducted in a representative sample of manufacturing workers through a combined stratified proportional and two-stage probability sampling plan, with strata defined by company size and industrial sector from the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Dietary intake was assessed using 24 h recalls via the Multiple Pass Method, with Na:K ratios calculated from quantified food composition data. Diet quality was assessed with the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). Multiple linear regression was used to analyze associations of Na:K ratio with the study variables. Results: The survey was conducted in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, in 921 randomly selected manufacturing workers. The sample mean age was 38.2 ± 10.7 years, 55.9% males, mean BMI 27.2 ± 4.80 kg/m². The mean Na:K ratio was 1.97 ± 0.86, with only 0.54% of participants meeting the WHO recommended target (<0.57). Fast food (+3.29 mg/mg per serving, p < 0.001), rice, bread, and red meat significantly increased the ratio, while fruits (−0.16 mg/mg), dairy, white meat, and coffee were protective. Higher Na:K ratios were associated with lower intake of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamins C, D, and E, as well as poorer diet quality (DQI-I score: −0.026 per 1 mg/mg increase, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings highlight the critical role of processed foods in elevating Na:K ratios and the potential for dietary modifications to improve both electrolyte balance and micronutrient adequacy in industrial workers. The study underscores the need for workplace interventions that simultaneously address sodium reduction, potassium enhancement, and overall diet quality improvement tailored to socioeconomic and cultural contexts, a triple approach not previously tested in intervention studies. Future studies should further investigate nutritional consequences of imbalanced Na:K intake. Full article

Pollen, the male gametophyte of flowering plants, is collected by honeybees as a primary source of protein and converted into bee pollen through the enzymatic activity of digestive secretions. The nutrients in bee pollen are available in amounts well beyond those of proteins, comprising macronutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids and dietary fiber, as well as micronutrients such as minerals, vitamins, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. This study aimed to determine the macro and trace mineral content of bee pollen from different botanical and geographical origins, and to assess their bioaccessibility through simulated in vitro digestion, their dietary contribution, and potential health risks. Seven bee pollen samples were investigated, three with a monofloral origin of above 80%, from Nigella spp., Helianthus annuus and Castanea sativa, and four with a multifloral origin. Mineral composition revealed potassium as the most abundant element, while iron, manganese, and copper were found at trace levels. Castanea sativa pollen had the highest overall mineral content, whereas Nigella spp. showed the lowest values for calcium, magnesium, and copper. The bioaccessibility of bee pollen was highest during the gastric phase for most minerals except copper, where most of the samples peaked in the intestinal phase. Overall, mineral bioaccessibility after simulated digestion followed the order K > Mg > Cu > Ca > Mn > Fe > Zn. While for manganese, the consumption of bee pollen showed the highest contribution to recommended dietary intake (16% for women and 12% for men), calcium had the lowest, with less than 1% of the RDA at a consumption level of 40 g/day. Health risk assessment confirmed that consuming 40 g/day of bee pollen poses no risk because the target hazard quotient and hazard index are below the risk threshold of 1.0. Full article

This study investigates the impact of dynamically adjusting the potassium-to-calcium ratio (molar ratio) in nutrient solutions used on cherry tomatoes at different growth stages (seedling, flowering and fruit setting, and maturity) to enhance fruit appearance, nutritional quality, and mineral content. By focusing on the ‘Saopolo’ variety, 17 treatments were implemented, each involving a specific potassium-to-calcium ratio in the nutrient solutions applied during the seedling, flowering and fruit setting, and fruiting stages. The aim was to optimize the nutrient solution formula and enhance fruit quality. Fruit quality parameters were assessed at the initial maturity stage across various treatments, encompassing commodity quality (fruit stalk length, fruit shape index, and fruit hardness), taste quality (total soluble sugar, titratable acid content, and sugar-acid ratio), nutritional quality (vitamin C (Vc), soluble protein, and lycopene content), antioxidant quality (total phenol and flavonoid content), as well as comprehensive quality (soluble solids content). Principal component analysis was conducted on these parameters. Additionally, mineral element levels in fruits were analyzed at different developmental stages (white ripe, color transition, and mature stages). When tomato plants were treated with nutrient solutions containing varying potassium-to-calcium ratios at different growth stages, observations revealed distinct outcomes in the first fruit cluster. T15 (seedling stage (A): 0.5 times standard nutrient solution; flowering and fruit-setting stage (B): potassium-to-calcium = 1.6:1; fruiting stage (C): potassium-to-calcium = 2.1:1) exhibited the highest fruit firmness (1.54 kg·cm⁻²), while T14 (A; B (K:Ca = 1.6:1); C (K:Ca = 2.0:1)) elevated levels of total soluble sugars (6.59%), titratable acidity (0.74%), soluble proteins (2.79 mg·g⁻¹), and total phenolics (2.56 mg·g⁻¹). T13 (A; B (K:Ca = 1.6:1); C (K:Ca = 1.9:1)) demonstrated superior soluble solids (5.9%), lycopene (32.09 µg·g⁻¹), and flavonoid contents (0.77 mg·g⁻¹), whereas T12 (A; B (K:Ca = 1.6:1); C (K:Ca = 1.8:1)) showcased the highest sugar–acid ratio (12.63) and soluble solids content (5.9%). Notably, T8 (A; B (K:Ca = 1.5: 1); C (K:Ca = 1.9:1)) exhibited the highest Vc content (10.03 mg·100 g⁻¹). Mineral element analysis indicated that an increased potassium-to-calcium ratio in the nutrient solution during various growth stages enhanced phosphorus and potassium uptake by the fruits but hindered the absorption of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and iron. In summary, employing half the standard nutrient solution dosage during the seedling stage, utilizing a potassium-to-calcium ratio of 1.6:1 in the nutrient solution at the flowering and fruit setting stage, and applying nutrient solution T13 with a potassium-to-calcium ratio of 1.9:1 during the fruit-bearing phase, optimally coordinates fruit nutrient accrual and enhances flavor quality. These findings support the use of stage-specific nutrient modulation to improve cherry tomato quality in controlled-environment agriculture. Full article

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with hepatic vein invasion (HVI) is classified as advanced stage and palliative management is the primary treatment option. This study compared the long-term outcomes of curative and non-curative treatments in patients of HCC with HVI. Methods: Data were obtained from a retrospective multicenter cohort of the Korean Primary Liver Cancer Registry. We reviewed 18,315 patients newly diagnosed with HCC between 2008 and 2019. After propensity score matching based on the albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score; tumor number, and tumor size, clinical outcomes were compared between the curative group (n = 42, 29.0%) undergoing surgical resection or local ablation and the non-curative group (n = 103, 71.0%) receiving other treatments. Results: Tumor burdens such as tumor number, maximum tumor size, levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and protein induced by absence of vitamin K or antagonist-II did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.672, p = 0.143, p = 0.153 and p = 0.651, respectively). In long-term outcomes, the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were significantly better in the curative group compared to the non-curative group (p < 0.001, both). Multivariate analysis indicated that non-curative treatment, ALBI grade ≥ 2, and AFP ≥ 400 ng/mL were common risk factors for OS and CSS. Conclusions: Curative-intent treatment has the potential to significantly enhance long-term outcomes in selected patients of HCC with HVI who preserved liver function and performance status. Full article

Background: The efflux system is one of the resistance mechanisms that bacteria use to reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics, leading to the development of multidrug resistance. To evaluate other treatment choices, esomeprazole (ESO), omeprazole (OME), pantoprazole (PAN), vitamin D (VD), and vitamin K (VK) were tested for potential efflux pump (EP)-inhibiting activity. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the tested drugs were determined against K. pneumoniae ATCC 51503 and P. aeruginosa PAO1. Quantitative estimation of the EP-inhibiting activity of the tested medications was phenotypically investigated with a semi-automated fluorometric system and genotypically confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Data were confirmed through docking study. Results: K. pneumoniae ATCC 51503 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 were positive efflux standard strains. VD and VK revealed an MIC_VD of 625–1250 µg/mL and MIC_VK of 2500–5000 µg/mL, lower than what was detected for PPIs (MIC_PPIs = 16,000–32,000 µg/mL). Vitamins showed powerful anti-efflux activity with remarkable ethidium bromide accumulation in K. pneumoniae ATCC 51503 and P. aeruginosa PAO1. Also, VD and VK significantly lowered the MIC of ciprofloxacin by 64-fold. On the molecular level, OME showed a notable decrease in the relative expression of the efflux-encoding genes acrB and mexA by 91.5% and 99.7% in ATCC 51503 and PAO1, respectively. Conclusion: This study highlights the anti-efflux activity of ESO, OME, PAN, VD, and VK against the tested Gram-negative strains. Hence, these PPIs and vitamins could be valuable adjuvant treatments to enhance the effectiveness of curing infections caused by MDR strains. Full article

Introduction: Protein substitutes (PSs) free of phenylalanine (Phe) represent the primary source of proteins and micronutrients in dietary management of classical Phenylketonuria (PKU). Over the last few years, the composition of PSs has undergone rapid and significant improvements, including the development of slow-release amino acid technologies, the introduction of glycomacropeptide-based products, as well as enhancements in taste and the variety of available formulations. However, their micronutrient content has received limited attention. This work aims to analyse the micronutrient composition of all PS formulations available in Italy for paediatric PKU patients and compare their micronutrient contribution to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and assess variability among products and age groups. Materials and Methods: The content of 28 micronutrients was analysed in 63 PSs, grouped according to the age ranges defined by the RDA guidelines: 0–6 months, 6–12 months, 1–3 years, 3–8 years, 8–14 years. The micronutrient content was standardised for 10 g of protein equivalent (PE). Results: Compared to the RDA, many micronutrients were found to be over-supplemented across all age groups, particularly in the 0–6 month group, where peak levels were observed for vitamin K, chromium, and manganese. The 1–3 age group showed the lowest levels of supplementation, with most micronutrients falling within the sub-supplementation range. The variability in supplementation among PSs was broad and showed the highest values in the latter age ranges, reaching maximum levels for biotin and copper. Among different ages, the variability was higher in the first two age ranges, particularly for vitamin A. Choline is not supplemented in many PSs across different age ranges. Conclusions: Many micronutrients supplemented in the PSs exceed the RDA for all age groups, with high variability among different PSs and age groups. When prescribing a PS, the daily amount of synthetic proteins of the diet should be considered in order to evaluate the real daily intake of micronutrients in a PKU diet. Full article

In vertebrates, vitamin K is a cofactor for the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) involved in the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues. During the vitamin K cycle, vitamin K is oxidised by GGCX, and then reduced by vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR), which is inhibited by the synthetic coumarin warfarin. GGCX and VKOR are present in Drosophila melanogaster, but the existence of a vitamin K cycle remains unproven. Semi-lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of K₃, menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB), and warfarin to neutralise the negative effect of MSB were selected for the Drosophila cultivation medium. LC-MS analysis was used for vitamin K measurement in flies’ extracts. The EPR method and RT-PCR were used for ROS level measurement and gene transcription assessment, respectively. The LC₅₀ of MSB in the medium resulted in a more than 20-fold increase in endogenous K₂ in flies, demonstrating the mechanism of K₃-to-K₂ conversion. Administration of 1 mM warfarin in the medium with MSB completely neutralised its negative effect on viability. Developed flies had decreased K₂ level, confirming the existence of a vitamin K cycle, and both reduced ROS level and hsp22 gene transcription. The biochemical pathways affected by elevated K₂ concentrations involves both elements of the vitamin K cycle and the adaptive mitochondrial antioxidant system. Full article

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying irrigation salinity levels on the physiological and biochemical responses of Chilean white quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in two greenhouse cultivation seasons (2015 and 2016) in Cherfech, Tunisia. The experiment involved three treatments: T0 (control, using tap water with EC = 1.4 dS/m), T1 (EC = 9.0 dS/m), and T2 (EC = 18 dS/m). The results showed significant differences with multiple parameters. Quinoa irrigated with T2 exhibited superior growth and seed yield compared to the other treatments in both seasons. Additionally, soluble protein content increased significantly in the second season, especially in T2, while nitrogen content also rose notably from T0 to T2 in 2016. Bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C, phenols, flavonoids, DPPH, and ABTS, were highest in T2. Mineral content (K, P, Na, Mg, Zn, Ca, and Fe) showed considerable variation, with T2 generally presenting the highest levels. Amino acids exhibited notable changes, with an increase from T1 to T2, though lysine content decreased under T2 conditions. These findings indicate that quinoa can effectively adapt to saline irrigation, positioning it as a promising crop for cultivation in saline-affected regions. Full article

The scarcity of high-quality water in arid regions like Saudi Arabia necessitates saline water use in irrigation. Sustainable techniques, such as grafting and soilless cultivation, enhance crop resilience and optimize resource use, ensuring long-term agricultural and water sustainability to meet rising food demand. So, this study evaluated grafting’s effectiveness in enhancing the salt tolerance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under soilless culture. The experiment tested two salinity levels, two growing media (volcanic rock and sand), and six grafting treatments: the scion ‘Tone Guitar F1’ was cultivated through non-grafting (G1), self-grafted onto itself (G2), and grafted onto the commercial rootstock ‘Maxifort F1’ (G3), which was grafted onto three newly developed rootstocks, namely X-218 (G4), X-238 (G5), and Alawamiya365 (G6). The results indicated that plants performed better at 2 dS m⁻¹, while higher salinity (4 dS m⁻¹) negatively impacted growth. However, grafting under saline stress improved most of the measured traits, excluding fruit quality (vitamin C, titratable acidity, and total soluble sugars). Grafted plants (G2–G6), particularly those grown in volcanic rock at 2 dS m⁻¹, exhibited superior fruit characteristics, yield, water productivity, and leaf calcium (Ca²⁺) and potassium (K⁺) content compared to the non-grafted controls (G1). The sand medium generally produced lower values for all the traits, regardless of salinity or grafting. Moreover, grafting under 2 and 4 dS m⁻¹ reduced leaf sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻). The best overall performance was provided by the rootstocks X-218 and X-238. Grafting onto salt-tolerant rootstocks is a promising strategy for improving tomato yield and water productivity under saline irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions. Full article

Background and Objectives: Depression is a multifactorial mental health disorder involving inflammation, oxidative stress, neuroplasticity deficits, and metabolic dysfunction. Emerging research suggests that vitamin K, beyond its classical roles in coagulation and bone metabolism, may influence neurobiological processes relevant to mood regulation. This systematic review evaluates the association between vitamin K and depressive symptoms and explores potential underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies included human or animal research examining associations between vitamin K status (dietary intake or serum levels) and depression-related outcomes. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria: eleven observational studies, one randomized controlled trial (RCT), and two preclinical animal studies. Results: Most observational studies reported an inverse association between vitamin K intake or serum levels and depressive symptoms across diverse populations. One small RCT demonstrated modest improvements in depression scores following vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Two preclinical studies using non-depression models reported behavioral improvements and reduced oxidative stress following vitamin K2 administration. Conclusions: While preliminary findings suggest a potential role for vitamin K in pathways relevant to depression, the current evidence is limited by cross-sectional designs, lack of isoform-specific analyses, and the absence of depression-focused preclinical models. Mechanisms including inflammation reduction, oxidative stress modulation, sphingolipid regulation, and vitamin K-dependent protein signaling (e.g., GAS6 and osteocalcin) were discussed based on indirect evidence and require further investigation in depression-specific contexts. Full article