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Keywords = uniform transmission line

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19 pages, 4432 KiB  
Article
Radial Temperature Distribution Characteristics of Long-Span Transmission Lines Under Forced Convection Conditions
by Feng Wang, Chuanxing Song, Xinghua Chen and Zhangjun Liu
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2273; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072273 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 290
Abstract
This study proposes an iterative method based on thermal equilibrium equations to calculate the radial temperature distribution of long-span overhead transmission lines under forced convection. This paper takes the ACSR 500/280 conductor as the research object, establishes the three-dimensional finite element model considering [...] Read more.
This study proposes an iterative method based on thermal equilibrium equations to calculate the radial temperature distribution of long-span overhead transmission lines under forced convection. This paper takes the ACSR 500/280 conductor as the research object, establishes the three-dimensional finite element model considering the helix angle of the conductor, and carries out the experimental validation for the LGJ 300/40 conductor under the same conditions. The model captures internal temperature distribution through contour analysis and examines the effects of current, wind speed, and ambient temperature. Unlike traditional models assuming uniform conductor temperature, this method reveals internal thermal gradients and introduces a novel three-stage radial attenuation characterization. The iterative method converges and accurately reflects temperature variations. The results show a non-uniform radial distribution, with a maximum temperature difference of 8 °C and steeper gradients in aluminum than in steel. Increasing current raises temperature nonlinearly, enlarging the radial difference. Higher wind speeds reduce both temperature and radial difference, while rising ambient temperatures increase conductor temperature with a stable radial profile. This work provides valuable insights for the safe operation and optimal design of long-span transmission lines and supports future research on dynamic and environmental coupling effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
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21 pages, 5135 KiB  
Article
Development of a Gold Nanoparticle Dispersion for Plasma Jet Printing on Solid Substrates
by Lan Kresnik, Peter Majerič, Darja Feizpour and Rebeka Rudolf
Materials 2025, 18(12), 2713; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122713 - 9 Jun 2025
Viewed by 440
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesised using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) with the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilising agent and subsequently dried via lyophilisation. The resulting dried AuNPs were redispersed in ethanol and homogenised to ensure uniform dispersion. This AuNP dispersion was [...] Read more.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesised using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) with the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilising agent and subsequently dried via lyophilisation. The resulting dried AuNPs were redispersed in ethanol and homogenised to ensure uniform dispersion. This AuNP dispersion was then deposited onto a ceramic substrate—aluminum oxide (Al2O3)—using plasma jet printing. Comprehensive characterisation of the dispersion, AuNPs, and the resulting printed lines was performed using the following methods: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), measurements of dispersion viscosity and printed line roughness. ICP-OES confirmed consistent gold content in the AuNP dispersion, while the SEM and EDS analyses revealed predominantly spherical AuNPs with minimal aggregation and similar size distributions. TEM, SAED, and STEM/EDS confirmed that the crystalline structure and elemental composition of the AuNPs had diverse morphologies and strong gold signals. The UV-Vis, DLS, and zeta potential measurements indicated moderate colloidal stability, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) verified the AuNPs dispersion’s composition. The AuNP dispersion exhibited thixotropic behaviour favourable for printing applications, while confocal microscopy confirmed smooth, uniform printed traces, with an average surface line roughness of 1.65 µm. The successful use of plasma printing with the AuNP dispersion highlights its potential for functional material applications in electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology)
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19 pages, 3523 KiB  
Article
Reconfigurable Wideband Bandpass Filter Using Stepped Impedance Resonator Based on Liquid Crystals
by Jin-Young Choi, Jun-Seok Ma and Wook-Sung Kim
Electronics 2025, 14(12), 2325; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122325 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 324
Abstract
In this paper, a capacitively coupled-fed reconfigurable wideband bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed based on liquid crystal (LC) technology, which achieved three transmission poles across varying bias voltages (VB). An open-ended stepped impedance resonator configuration enables multi-mode resonance, offering significantly [...] Read more.
In this paper, a capacitively coupled-fed reconfigurable wideband bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed based on liquid crystal (LC) technology, which achieved three transmission poles across varying bias voltages (VB). An open-ended stepped impedance resonator configuration enables multi-mode resonance, offering significantly wider bandwidth compared to uniform-impedance resonators. The fractional bandwidth (FBW) and transmission pole positions are determined by the impedance ratio of the two resonators, allowing the filter to meet specific design requirements. An analytical methodology employing multilayer transmission line formulations and resonant frequency ratios was used to predict the modal stability of transmission poles under dielectric constant variation, which was subsequently validated through simulation. Experimental results show that the center frequency can be adjusted from 10.76 to 9.47 GHz with a maximum VB of 30 V, achieving a tuning range of 12.71%. The normalized 3 dB FBW exceeds 64.66%, and the return loss remains above 10 dB from 0 to 30 V, offering the widest FBW among the reported LC BPFs without pole merging or mode collapse. The frequency response of the fabricated filter shows good agreement with the simulation results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Materials, Devices and Applications)
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28 pages, 15114 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation and Calibration of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Area Monitors Using a Multi-Wire Transverse Electromagnetic (MWTEM) Transmission Line
by Renzo Azaro, Roberto Franchelli and Alessandro Gandolfo
Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2920; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092920 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 452
Abstract
The exposure levels generated by environmental electromagnetic field (EMF) sources can be measured and monitored by employing EMF area monitors. The operating spectrum of environmental EMF sources is not limited to high frequencies (f > 30 MHz) but also extends to low [...] Read more.
The exposure levels generated by environmental electromagnetic field (EMF) sources can be measured and monitored by employing EMF area monitors. The operating spectrum of environmental EMF sources is not limited to high frequencies (f > 30 MHz) but also extends to low frequencies (f < 30 MHz), where sources associated, for example, with radio transmitters typically generate non-negligible field contributions. For this reason, professional EMF area monitors can be equipped with different field sensors, properly calibrated according to standardized procedures. Because low-frequency electric fields are very sensitive to environmental boundary conditions, equipping an EMF area monitor with electric field sensors, previously calibrated as stand-alone devices, can lead to measurement errors due to field perturbations introduced by the physical structure of the area monitor itself. This paper describes the activities carried out to assess the performance of an EMF area monitor in simulated realistic conditions and calibrate it in the 300 kHz–20 MHz frequency band. The activities were conducted using a multi-wire transverse electromagnetic (MWTEM) transmission line as a controlled electric field source, with dimensions suitable for exposure of the entire structure of the EMF area monitor. In view of using this approach to calibrate the area monitors as a whole instead of the individual sensors, the uniformity of the electric field generated by the available MWTEM transmission line was analyzed in detail both numerically and experimentally. Finally, the results of the evaluation and calibration of an area monitor are reported and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Sensing and Its Applications)
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13 pages, 3537 KiB  
Article
Compact SPICE Model for TeraFET Resonant Detectors
by Xueqing Liu, Yuhui Zhang, Trond Ytterdal and Michael Shur
Micromachines 2025, 16(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16020152 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 704
Abstract
This paper presents an improved compact model for TeraFETs employing a nonlinear transmission line approach to describe the non-uniform carrier density oscillations and electron inertia effects in the TeraFET channels. By calculating the equivalent components for each segment of the channel—conductance, capacitance, and [...] Read more.
This paper presents an improved compact model for TeraFETs employing a nonlinear transmission line approach to describe the non-uniform carrier density oscillations and electron inertia effects in the TeraFET channels. By calculating the equivalent components for each segment of the channel—conductance, capacitance, and inductance—based on the voltages at the segment’s nodes, our model accommodates non-uniform variations along the channel. We validate the efficacy of this approach by comparing terahertz (THz) response simulations with experimental data and MOSA1 and EKV TeraFET SPICE models, analytical theories, and Multiphysics simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue RF and Power Electronic Devices and Applications)
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17 pages, 15611 KiB  
Article
A Reading Range- and Frequency-Reconfigurable Antenna for Near-Field and Far-Field UHF RFID Applications
by Chenyang Song and Zhipeng Wu
Sensors 2025, 25(2), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020408 - 11 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1329
Abstract
In radio frequency identification (RFID), differences in spectrum policies and tag misreading in different countries are the two main issues that limit its application. To solve these problems, this article proposes a composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL)-based reconfigurable antenna for ultra-high frequency near-field [...] Read more.
In radio frequency identification (RFID), differences in spectrum policies and tag misreading in different countries are the two main issues that limit its application. To solve these problems, this article proposes a composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL)-based reconfigurable antenna for ultra-high frequency near-field and far-field RFID reader applications. The CRLH-TL is achieved using a periodically capacitive gap-loaded parallel plate line. By deploying the CRLH-TL operating at zeroth-order resonance, a loop antenna with in-phase radiating current is obtained, which contributes to a strong and uniform H-field and a horizontally polarized omnidirectional radiation pattern. By introducing additional tunable components, frequency and reading range reconfigurabilities are enabled. The frequency tuning range is from 833 MHz to 979 MHz, which covers the worldwide UHF RFID band. Moreover, each operation mode has a narrow frequency band, which means it can operate without violating different countries’ radio frequency policy and reduce the design difficulty of designing multiple versions of a reader. Both the near-field interrogation zone and maximum far-field reading distance of the antenna are adjustable. The near-field interrogation zone is 400 mm × 400 mm × 50 mm and can be further confined. The tuning range for far-field reading distance is from 2.71 m to 0.35 m. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue RFID and Zero-Power Backscatter Sensors)
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10 pages, 2191 KiB  
Article
Constructing a Microstrip Phase Shifter with Low Phase Error Using a Y-Resonator
by Xiangsuo Fan, Yanfang Ma, Linping Feng, Tianfeng Li, Wenhao Xu and Huajin Chen
Electronics 2024, 13(24), 5006; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13245006 - 19 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1121
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a Y-type dual-mode microstrip phase shifter that utilizes input–output cross-coupling. The structure comprises a main line and a reference line, with the main line designed in a cross-coupled parallel-feeding configuration to create a band-pass filter. The single-mode resonance [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose a Y-type dual-mode microstrip phase shifter that utilizes input–output cross-coupling. The structure comprises a main line and a reference line, with the main line designed in a cross-coupled parallel-feeding configuration to create a band-pass filter. The single-mode resonance frequency is fine-tuned to meet the bandwidth requirements of the band-pass filter. Additionally, by introducing new symmetric transmission zeros in the upper and lower cutoff bands through the cross-coupling of the input and output feed lines, we achieve a quasi-elliptic response. This design significantly enhances both the passband and out-of-band performance of the filter. The reference line functions as a uniform transmission line, and the phase shift value of the phase shifter is achieved by adjusting its electrical length. Compared to conventional phase shifters, this design offers several advantages, including a simpler structure, reduced phase error, and a wider phase shift range. Ultimately, a 90° to 225° phase shifter was designed and simulated, while a 90° phase shifter was fabricated and tested. Measurement results indicate that the designed phase shifter successfully achieves a phase shift of 90° ± 1.2°, with S11 less than 16.5 dB and a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 60.8%. Full article
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19 pages, 4391 KiB  
Article
Research on Bearing Capacity of a Novel Prestressed Concrete Prefabricated Foundation with High Uplift Resistance Characteristic
by Wei Zhang, Zhengzhong Ding, Hewen Kang, Pengzhong Lin, Guolu Wen, Deng Yong, Chouxiao Lu, Jiawei Wang, Xiangrui Meng, Kunjie Rong and Li Tian
Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3743; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123743 - 24 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1157
Abstract
Unlike traditional building structures, transmission tower foundations endure significant vertical and horizontal loads, with particularly high uplift resistance requirements in complex terrains. Moreover, challenges such as difficult material transport and low construction efficiency arise in these regions. This study, based on practical projects, [...] Read more.
Unlike traditional building structures, transmission tower foundations endure significant vertical and horizontal loads, with particularly high uplift resistance requirements in complex terrains. Moreover, challenges such as difficult material transport and low construction efficiency arise in these regions. This study, based on practical projects, proposes a novel high uplift resistance prestressed concrete prefabricated foundation (HURPCPF) tailored for transmission line systems in complex terrains. A refined finite element model is developed using ABAQUS to analyze its performance under uplift, compressive, and horizontal loads. Comparative studies with cast-in-situ concrete foundations evaluate the HURPCPF’s bearing capacity, while parametric analysis explores the impacts of foundation depth and dimensions. The results show that the proposed HURPCPF exhibits a linear load–displacement relationship, with uniform deformation and good integrity under compressive and uplift conditions. During overturning, the tilt angle is less than 1/500, meeting safety standards. The design of prestressed steel strands and internal reinforcement effectively distributes tensile stress, with a maximum stress of 290 MPa, well below the yield stress of 400 MPa. Compared to cast-in-situ concrete foundations, the displacement at the top of the HURPCPF’s column differs by less than 7%, indicating comparable bearing performance. As foundation depth and size increase, vertical displacement of the HURPCPF decreases, enhancing its uplift resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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16 pages, 6867 KiB  
Article
Reconstructing Signals in Millimeter Wave Channels Using Bayesian-Based Fading Models
by Claudio Bastos Silva, Pedro E. Pompilio, Theoma S. Otobo and Horacio Tertuliano Filho
Electronics 2024, 13(22), 4406; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224406 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1119
Abstract
Fading in communication channels presents eminently stochastic characteristics and is a significant challenge, especially at millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, where the need for lines of sight and the high attenuation of obstacles complicate transmission. This article presents a model based on Bayesian fundamentals [...] Read more.
Fading in communication channels presents eminently stochastic characteristics and is a significant challenge, especially at millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, where the need for lines of sight and the high attenuation of obstacles complicate transmission. This article presents a model based on Bayesian fundamentals intended to improve the description and simulation of stochastic fading effects in these channels. It also includes the use of signal processing techniques to simulate and reconstruct the received signal, simulating the communication channel with an FIR filter. The results obtained by simulating the model show its ability to efficiently capture rapid and profound variations in the signal, typical of those that occur in urban and suburban environments and transmissions in the mmW spectrum. It also provides greater uniformity in signal reconstruction compared to the traditional models that are in use. Using Bayesian fundamentals, which allow dynamic adaptation to change in channel behavior, can improve the efficiency and reliability of networks, especially modern smart networks. Compared to traditional models, the proposed model offers improved signal reconstruction and fading mitigation accuracy, with prospects for future integration in smart communication systems. The better capacity in signal reconstruction presents itself as a differentiator of the model, suggesting greater precision in data transmission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Signal Processing for Wireless Communications)
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12 pages, 2426 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Contact Pad Design for Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Heater to Improve Heating Characteristics
by Seo Bum Chu, Yoohan Ma, Jinwook Jung, Sungjin Jo, Dong Choon Hyun, Jae-Seung Roh, Jongbok Kim and Dongwook Ko
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(21), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14211735 - 29 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1466
Abstract
Transparent heaters are gaining significant attention for applications such as antifog glass, smart windows, and smart farm greenhouses. A transparent heater basically consists of transparent conducting materials that serve as a heating area and contact pad electrode to apply power. To fabricate a [...] Read more.
Transparent heaters are gaining significant attention for applications such as antifog glass, smart windows, and smart farm greenhouses. A transparent heater basically consists of transparent conducting materials that serve as a heating area and contact pad electrode to apply power. To fabricate a transparent heater, materials with excellent light transmittance and low sheet resistance are required. Among various transparent conducting materials, such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene, and silver nanowires (AgNWs), AgNWs are particularly favored due to their good electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. However, in order to improve the heating characteristics of transparent heaters, research is essential not only on improving the properties of transparent conducting materials but also on the design of contact pad electrodes that can uniformly improve current distribution. Here, we explore various shapes of contact pad electrodes for AgNW-based transparent heaters to improve current distribution. Shapes such as line, spot, twisted, and parallel-type contact pad electrodes are designed and investigated to optimize overall heating characteristics. We analyze the heating properties of these transparent heaters with various contact pad electrodes, demonstrating how their specific shape and size affect heating characteristics and uniformity. We also investigate the optimal shape of the contact pad electrode to minimize transmission loss through UV-VIS spectroscopy. As a result, we confirm that the shape of the contact pad electrode was important for simultaneously achieving high heating characteristics of 120 °C, good heating uniformity, and over 80% transparency in an AgNW-based transparent heater. Full article
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11 pages, 6643 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Cooling Conditions of Thermoplastic Insulation and Uniformity of Breakdown Strength for Medium-Voltage Direct Current Extruded Cable Insulation
by Keon-Hee Park, Seung-Won Lee, Hae-Jong Kim and Jang-Seob Lim
Energies 2024, 17(20), 5167; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205167 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 979
Abstract
Research has been conducted on medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) to address the limited transmission capacity of existing AC power transmission lines and to achieve efficient integration of renewable energy sources. Another method to increase the transmission capacity is to raise the maximum allowable [...] Read more.
Research has been conducted on medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) to address the limited transmission capacity of existing AC power transmission lines and to achieve efficient integration of renewable energy sources. Another method to increase the transmission capacity is to raise the maximum allowable temperature of the power cable. The maximum allowable temperature for cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) in commercial power cables is 90 °C. Polypropylene (PP) is considered as an alternative material. PP has a maximum allowable temperature of 110 °C and possesses thermoplastic properties, making it environmentally friendly. However, PP may not ensure uniformity of the insulation layer depending on the extrusion process, including cooling conditions. This study aimed to determine the applicability of MVDC cables by assessing the uniformity of the insulation layer of extruded cables, considering the cooling conditions of PP in specimens. For the cooling conditions, ambient air, cooling press, and water cooling were evaluated for DC breakdown strength. Furthermore, the uniformity of the breakdown strength of the insulation layer, which was divided into sections such as conductor and sheath, was evaluated for commercial PP, XLPE, and the developed PP cables. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the DC BD strength of PP under various cooling conditions and emphasize the importance of uniformity in extruded cable sections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F6: High Voltage)
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11 pages, 5805 KiB  
Communication
Design of a Feed Array Antenna to Obtain a Uniform Near-Field Distribution on a Virtual Surface Placed within a Specified Wavelength
by Minsu Hwang, Doyoung Jang and Hosung Choo
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8632; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198632 - 25 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1295
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel feed array antenna to achieve a uniform electric field distribution in the near-field region for feeding a large-aperture antenna. The feed antenna has a 4 × 4 rectangular array configuration to obtain uniform near-field distribution on a virtual [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a novel feed array antenna to achieve a uniform electric field distribution in the near-field region for feeding a large-aperture antenna. The feed antenna has a 4 × 4 rectangular array configuration to obtain uniform near-field distribution on a virtual target surface. Each element of the array consists of a Vivaldi radiator and parasitic rings, and these two components have different radiating modes. In particular, the near-field pattern of the parasitic rings can be varied by adjusting their radii. Thus, the required near-field distribution on the virtual target surface can be achieved by optimizing the radii of the parasitic rings. To further enhance the uniformity of the electric field, the input phase of each Vivaldi radiator is adjusted by applying different transmission line lengths to the Vivaldi radiators depending on their positions in the array. To verify the feasibility of the proposed antenna, the electric field distributions are measured in an electromagnetic anechoic chamber. The results demonstrate that the proposed feed array antenna can achieve uniform near-field distribution with an average of 1.7 dB and a deviation of 6.8 dB on the virtual target surface placed within half a wavelength from the antenna aperture. Full article
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18 pages, 5800 KiB  
Article
Bilinear Distance Feature Network for Semantic Segmentation in PowerLine Corridor Point Clouds
by Yunyi Zhou, Ziyi Feng, Chunling Chen and Fenghua Yu
Sensors 2024, 24(15), 5021; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24155021 - 2 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1297
Abstract
Semantic segmentation of target objects in power transmission line corridor point cloud scenes is a crucial step in powerline tree barrier detection. The massive quantity, disordered distribution, and non-uniformity of point clouds in power transmission line corridor scenes pose significant challenges for feature [...] Read more.
Semantic segmentation of target objects in power transmission line corridor point cloud scenes is a crucial step in powerline tree barrier detection. The massive quantity, disordered distribution, and non-uniformity of point clouds in power transmission line corridor scenes pose significant challenges for feature extraction. Previous studies have often overlooked the core utilization of spatial information, limiting the network’s ability to understand complex geometric shapes. To overcome this limitation, this paper focuses on enhancing the deep expression of spatial geometric information in segmentation networks and proposes a method called BDF-Net to improve RandLA-Net. For each input 3D point cloud data, BDF-Net first encodes the relative coordinates and relative distance information into spatial geometric feature representations through the Spatial Information Encoding block to capture the local spatial structure of the point cloud data. Subsequently, the Bilinear Pooling block effectively combines the feature information of the point cloud with the spatial geometric representation by leveraging its bilinear interaction capability thus learning more discriminative local feature descriptors. The Global Feature Extraction block captures the global structure information in the point cloud data by using the ratio between the point position and the relative position, so as to enhance the semantic understanding ability of the network. In order to verify the performance of BDF-Net, this paper constructs a dataset, PPCD, for the point cloud scenario of transmission line corridors and conducts detailed experiments on it. The experimental results show that BDF-Net achieves significant performance improvements in various evaluation metrics, specifically achieving an OA of 97.16%, a mIoU of 77.48%, and a mAcc of 87.6%, which are 3.03%, 16.23%, and 18.44% higher than RandLA-Net, respectively. Moreover, comparisons with other state-of-the-art methods also verify the superiority of BDF-Net in point cloud semantic segmentation tasks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensing and Imaging)
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13 pages, 7339 KiB  
Article
Improving the Two-Color Temperature Sensing Using Machine Learning Approach: GdVO4:Sm3+ Prepared by Solution Combustion Synthesis (SCS)
by Jovana Z. Jelic, Aleksa Dencevski, Mihailo D. Rabasovic, Janez Krizan, Svetlana Savic-Sevic, Marko G. Nikolic, Myriam H. Aguirre, Dragutin Sevic and Maja S. Rabasovic
Photonics 2024, 11(7), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070642 - 6 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1305
Abstract
The gadolinium vanadate doped with samarium (GdVO4:Sm3+) nanopowder was prepared by the solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method. After synthesis, in order to achieve full crystallinity, the material was annealed in air atmosphere at 900 °C. Phase identification in the [...] Read more.
The gadolinium vanadate doped with samarium (GdVO4:Sm3+) nanopowder was prepared by the solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method. After synthesis, in order to achieve full crystallinity, the material was annealed in air atmosphere at 900 °C. Phase identification in the post-annealed powder samples was performed by X-ray diffraction, and morphology was investigated by high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Photoluminescence characterization of emission spectrum and time resolved analysis was performed using tunable laser optical parametric oscillator excitation and streak camera. In addition to samarium emission bands, a weak broad luminescence emission band of host VO43− was also observed by the detection system. In our earlier work, we analyzed the possibility of using the host luminescence for two-color temperature sensing, improving the method by introducing the temporal dependence in line intensity ratio measurements. Here, we showed that further improvements are possible by using the machine learning approach. To facilitate the initial data assessment, we incorporated Principal Component Analysis (PCA), t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) clustering of GdVO4:Sm3+ spectra at various temperatures. Good predictions of temperature were obtained using deep neural networks. Performance of the deep learning network was enhanced by data augmentation technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Photonics Sensors)
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19 pages, 10299 KiB  
Article
Pharmacological Potential of Three Berberine-Containing Plant Extracts Obtained from Berberis vulgaris L., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., and Phellodendron amurense Rupr
by Alexandra Ciorîță, Sabina-Emanuela Erhan, Maria Loredana Soran, Ildiko Lung, Augustin Catalin Mot, Sergiu Gabriel Macavei and Marcel Pârvu
Biomedicines 2024, 12(6), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12061339 - 17 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2894
Abstract
Three berberine-containing plant extracts were investigated for their pharmacological properties. The stems and leaves of Berberis vulgaris, Mahonia aquifolium, and Phellodendron amurense were characterized through scanning electron microscopy. The plant extracts obtained from fresh stem barks were further analyzed through high-performance [...] Read more.
Three berberine-containing plant extracts were investigated for their pharmacological properties. The stems and leaves of Berberis vulgaris, Mahonia aquifolium, and Phellodendron amurense were characterized through scanning electron microscopy. The plant extracts obtained from fresh stem barks were further analyzed through high-performance liquid chromatography, revealing berberine concentrations, among berbamine and palmatine. The plant extracts were further tested for their anticancer potential against 2D and 3D human skin melanoma (A375) and lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines. The concentrations at which 50% of the cells are affected was determined by the viability assay and it was shown that B. vulgaris, the plant extract with the highest berberine concentration, is the most efficient inhibitor (0.4% extract concentration for the 2D model and 3.8% for the 3D model). The membrane integrity and nitrate/nitrite concentration assays were consistent with the viability results and showed effective anticancer potential. For further investigations, the B. vulgaris extract was used to obtain silver nanoparticles, which were characterized through transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The formed nanoparticles have a uniform size distribution and are suited for future investigations in the field of biomedical applications, together with the B. vulgaris plant extract. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals: Current Status and Future Prospects)
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