Search Results (155)

Most animal welfare (AW) assessment protocols have been developed for intensive production systems and European cattle, raising concerns about their applicability in the tropics. To compare the results obtained by using the welfare quality (WQ) assessment for fattening cattle in the dry tropics, relevant modifications were implemented in 20 cattle production units (PUs) during the dry (DS) and rainy (RS) seasons. Regarding the principle of good feeding, only during the RS, between 20% and 25% of the farms maintained their animals in the acceptable and good categories, compared to the DS, where all PUs were classified as unacceptable (p < 0.04). Under the “Appropriate Behavior” principle, only 15% and 60% of the PUs maintained their animals at good and acceptable levels, respectively, in the RS, but not in the DS (p < 0.001). Conversely, during the DS, better scores were obtained for the measures and criteria in the Good housing group, with 45%, 50%, and 5% of PU classified as acceptable, good, and excellent, respectively, while for the RS, only 15%, 30%, and 5% reached these levels (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, under the “Good Health” principle, better animal health scores were observed during the RS, with 20%, 30%, and 50% of farms classified as acceptable, good, and excellent, compared to the DS, where only 70% and 10% of farms maintained their animals at good and excellent levels (p < 0.01). It is concluded that better animal welfare (AW) indicators were recorded during the RS, and the adjustments we applied to the conventional WQ protocol comprised a modification for the criterion that included the prolonged absence of thirst as well as adding six new indicators (measures) to the principles of housing, health, and behavior, which are considered essential for evaluating AW in cattle that are managed under extensive conditions by season. Full article

In the tropical climates of Southeast Asia, the growing reliance on air conditioning (AC) for space cooling not only increases household energy consumption but may also diminish the role of culturally rooted adaptive behaviors such as floor-sitting. This study aims to explore the interaction between climatic factors, including regional and indoor climates, and thermally adaptive behaviors in Indonesian apartments, with a focus on floor-sitting. First, a large-scale questionnaire was conducted to analyze these interactions among different regional climates. Second, in-depth indoor climate measurements and a point-in-time questionnaire were conducted among the residents in the hotter regions. In the hotter regions like Jabodetabek (Jakarta metropolitan area) and Surabaya, floor-sitting was primarily conducted without using AC, often alongside fans in low-rise housing. In the cooler region of Bandung, floor-sitting was a common adaptive behavior with window openings in both high-rise and low-rise buildings. The in-depth measurement showed that low-rise buildings using higher thermal mass materials maintained stable indoor conditions for both air and floor temperatures even in the hotter region. The respondents could obtain coolness and remain thermally comfortable through a floor-sitting posture without using AC, especially when air and floor temperatures were both less than 31 °C. These results demonstrated that floor-sitting is a vital behavior that adapts to regional and indoor climatic conditions in the tropics while achieving thermal comfort and relying less on AC devices. Full article

Global warming and increasing heat events necessitate long-term assessments of passive design strategies to ensure thermal resilience under future climatic conditions. Although machine-learning-based Surrogate Models (SMs) offer timely approximation of building performance compared to conventional simulation-based approaches, the lack of uncertainty quantification raises concerns about the reliability of their design optimization outcomes. This study aims to develop a robust surrogate-assisted optimization framework, based on a probabilistic Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) model and supported by an uncertainty-aware objective function. The framework is applied to an affordable housing case study in Surakarta, Indonesia, evaluating its generalizability under current and future climatic scenarios for 2050, 2070, and 2090. Thermal resilience is assessed through overheating hours exceeding acceptability limits in Southeast Asian context, using a parametric workflow implemented in Ladybug-tools and Grasshopper 3D. Compared to simulated test data, the BNN model demonstrates reliable predictive accuracy and probabilistic inference (R² = 0.99, MAE = 0.52%, CRPS = 0.38%). Furthermore, validation against re-evaluated optimal solutions shows low error ranges (RMSE = 0.43%, MAE = 0.33%), outperforming the deterministic SM optimization approach—using Artificial Neural Networks—by a factor of five. Overall, the uncertainty-aware framework provides a feasible, overconfidence-resistant, and reliable surrogate-assisted optimization method, identifying optimal solutions closely matching those from simulation-based optimization while reducing computational time by 96%. Full article

Social housing plays a key role in the Colombian residential market, showing a growing commitment to sustainability: currently, a high percentage of EDGE-certified homes belong to this segment. However, in hot and humid areas such as Montería, most VIS homes have deficiencies in their thermal envelopes and poor roof insulation, which leads to a heavy reliance on air conditioning. This study addresses the lack of practical and replicable methodologies for improving energy efficiency in social housing located in hot–humid climates. The research aims to develop and apply a methodological framework that integrates architectural rehabilitation strategies with quantitative evaluation using the EDGE App tool. The proposed approach was implemented in Montería, Colombia, through a case study that combines diagnostic analysis of existing housing conditions, simulation of energy-saving measures, and assessment of environmental and economic performance. A real home in Montería was used as a reference, and more than 600 simulations were carried out considering different orientations and passive strategies. Through a Pareto analysis, the three most efficient measures were identified: natural ventilation, high-solar-reflectance roofing, and moderate reduction in the U-value. Together, these measures reduced energy consumption by up to 50%, with minimal increases in construction costs (≤1.2% of the commercial value). It was also found that excessive insulation can induce unwanted nighttime heating demands, highlighting the need for adjustments to the climatic context. The results confirm the technical and economic feasibility of mass rehabilitation of VIS in hot and humid climates using standard passive measure packages, consolidating the role of the EDGE App as a key tool for guiding sustainable design, investment, and environmental certification decisions. Full article

This systematic review assesses indoor air quality (IAQ) in tropical residences (Köppen Af/Am/Aw), explicitly linking IAQ to ventilation from in situ monitoring and, when relevant, occupant surveys (surveys synthesized qualitatively). This focus is warranted by the scarcity of tropical, housing-specific evidence. Searches were performed exclusively in Google Scholar (25 August 2024–5 August 2025; English/Spanish) under PRISMA, with documented queries/filters; eligible studies reported residential settings, tropical climate, and IAQ–ventilation linkage. Results show a regulatory mosaic with few binding residential limits and heterogeneous protocols that hinder comparison. Robust patterns include cooking-related particle peaks, penetration of traffic dust, humidity-driven VOC/formaldehyde emissions, and mold growth under deficient hygrothermal control. CO₂ is a useful operational indicator of ventilation yet insufficient for risk assessment without PM and VOC monitoring. Evidence supports source control, cross-ventilation and/or on-demand extraction/outdoor-air supply, humidity management, and filtration/purification to avoid particle ingress during ventilation. Reporting of sensor performance (calibration, drift, RH/T effects) is inconsistent, and targeted evaluations of TVOC/formaldehyde and window screens (mesh) are scarce. We conclude that tropical residential IAQ management requires multi-parameter, continuous monitoring, standardized reporting, and trials integrating ventilation, dehumidification, and filtration under real occupancy, alongside adaptive regulation and passive tropical design augmented by light mechanical support and informed occupant behavior. Full article

Air quality in zoo premises is insufficiently investigated, yet scientific interest is growing. In these places, air pollutants such as microorganisms may represent health risk for both animals and exposed people. Thus, maintaining good air quality is crucial for ensuring long-term sustainability of zoo operations. The present study aimed to assess bacterial air contamination level and microclimate conditions in Zagreb Zoo. Measurements were performed in the area for visitors and employees inside four premises, i.e., Monkey House, Tropical House, Rainy Africa, and Bird House, as well as outside the premises in the summer–autumn period. Total number of bacteria in the premises ranged from 4.50 × 10² to 3.70 × 10⁴ CFU/m³, and number of Gram-negative bacteria ranged from 0 to 5.50 × 10² CFU/m³. Total number of bacteria in outdoor air ranged from 50 to 8.50 × 10² CFU/m³, and number of Gram-negative bacteria ranged from 0 to 50 CFU/m³. Total number of bacteria was significantly higher in the Rainy Africa and Bird House as compared to the Monkey House and Tropical House, yielding a significant positive correlation with the number of Gram-negative bacteria in the premises. Total number of bacteria in outdoor air was significantly lower as compared to all investigated premises, except for the Monkey House, yielding a significant positive correlation with the number of Gram-negative bacteria outdoors. Air temperature showed a significant negative correlation with both total number of bacteria and number of Gram-negative bacteria, and airflow rate showed a significant negative correlation with total number of bacteria in the premises. Air temperature showed a significant positive correlation and relative humidity significant negative correlation with total number of bacteria outdoors. Study results can serve in the development of air quality standards in zoos, contributing to finding effective strategies to mitigate health risk from bioaerosols, with implications for occupational and public health, and overall zoo sustainability. Full article

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a rapidly growing field in industry. AM technologies include sintering, melting, and stereolithography. With steadily rising utilization, evaluating the environmental impact of AM materials has become essential, as these materials may act as emerging pollutants. Photopolymerizing resins (PRs) used in stereolithography can enter terrestrial ecosystems in polymerized and unpolymerized forms due to improper disposal. Insects are likely to be among the first organisms exposed to these contaminants in land ecosystems. This study evaluates the physiological effects of photopolymerizing resin particles (PRPs) produced via sanding on tropical house crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) that were fed PRPs-contaminated agarose gels for 10 days. Effects were evaluated through mortality observations and enzymatic activity assays of cell transport mediating enzymes, digestive enzymes, and antioxidative stress enzymes. PRPs exposure caused sex-dependent differences in survival; an increase in amylase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and trypsin; and a decrease in alkaline phosphatase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity, indicating molecular and cellular damage. PRPs’ toxicity might be enhanced due to a sex-dependent pulverization capability exhibited by G. sigillatus. These findings underscore the potential ecological risks associated with PRPs in terrestrial environments and the need for further research on their environmental impact. Full article

Background/Objectives: The timely diagnosis of schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis is important because of their potentially severe, even lethal, consequences. European diagnostic laboratories must comply with the European In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Regulation, which requires justifying the use of in-house assays when CE-IVD-marked kits are available. We aimed to compare the performance of the Biosynex Helminths AMPLIQUICK^® RT-PCR and the multiplex in-house RT-PCR for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and Strongyloides stercoralis currently used in our department, an Italian reference centre for tropical diseases. Methods: We conducted a performance comparison study on biobanked frozen stool samples classified as cases or controls according to PCR and/or copromicroscopy at diagnosis. Both RT-PCRs were performed on DNA re-extracted from the same stool aliquot. Sensitivity and specificity were compared using McNemar’s Chi-squared test, while agreement was assessed using Gwet’s AC1 and Cohen’s K coefficients, and Bland–Altman analysis. Results: A total of 45 S. mansoni cases with 52 controls and 29 S. stercoralis cases with 54 controls were analyzed. For both S. mansoni and S. stercoralis, sensitivity and specificity were not significantly different between RT-PCRs (p = 1). Concordance was perfect for controls (AC1 = 1) in both cohorts, but was poor for S. mansoni cases (AC1 = 0.38) and good for S. stercoralis cases (AC1 = 0.78). Conclusions: Performance was not significantly different between in-house and Biosynex RT-PCRs. Nevertheless, careful assessment of the specific molecular targets included in the panels and prospective evaluation of any newly introduced tests should be implemented to minimize the impact of clinically significant discrepancies. Full article

This study presents an adaptive conservation framework for the Fujia Residence, a vernacular house located in the tropical region of Hainan, China. The primary aim of this study is to develop a symbiotic design approach that integrates GIS spatial analysis, modular design, and community participation to ensure the long-term sustainability, cultural preservation, and resilience of vernacular housing in tropical regions. The framework leverages GIS data, including elevation, temperature distribution, ecological features, and water systems, to inform the design, ensuring it is both disaster-resilient and environmentally adaptive. The modular design components, such as prefabricated structures and flexible spaces, offer a sustainable and adaptable solution to meet residents’ needs while preserving cultural heritage. The community participation model, incorporating a revenue-sharing mechanism and government subsidies, encourages the long-term involvement of local residents in the maintenance and protection of the residence. The outcome of this study demonstrates that the proposed framework provides a replicable model for cultural heritage preservation in tropical and economically underdeveloped regions, offering a scalable and adaptable solution to address the challenges of vernacular housing conservation in similar contexts. Full article

This study investigates the adoption and utilisation of hidden roof construction as an innovative alternative to traditional roofing systems in Ghana’s urban housing. Although hidden roofs offer advantages in climate adaptability, aesthetics, and cost efficiency, their adoption remains limited. Using a survey-based partial least squares structural equation modelling approach, this study identifies the factors influencing their acceptance and use. Quantitative data were collected through field surveys from residents and construction professionals within the Kumasi Metropolitan Area. A structured questionnaire was administered using purposive and convenience sampling, yielding 175 valid responses from a total of 220 distributed questionnaires (79.5% response rate). Findings indicate that hidden roof systems are valued for their climatic suitability, particularly their resistance to water leakage and reduced heat absorption, alongside their efficient drainage design. Aesthetic appeal, cultural relevance, and ease of maintenance also emerged as key determinants of positive perception and adoption. Structural analysis confirmed significant positive relationships between design concept, aesthetic and social values, sustainability, functionality, and overall acceptance. The study provides practical guidance for architects, engineers, developers, and policymakers seeking to promote sustainable, user-centred roof design in tropical urban contexts. Findings are, however, limited to Kumasi and may not fully generalise to other Ghanaian cities. Full article

The associations of pet ownership and well-being have been widely discussed, but previous studies have shown inconsistent results, often due to their limited sample size and diversity. We analyzed data from a nationally representative survey conducted by the Cabinet Office of Japan in 2019 (n = 10,293; age range = 15–89 years; 50.4% female). Ownership of co-walkable pets (e.g., dogs), indoor-only pets (e.g., cats), and ornamental pets (e.g., tropical fish) was examined as a predictor. Well-being was measured using eleven domains based on the OECD Better Life Index. Demographic covariates were included. Of the participants, 13.3% owned a co-walkable pet, 13.0% an indoor-only pet, and 6.8% an ornamental pet. The pet owners were more likely to live in a house they owned and have a larger floor area, higher income, and greater debt. The non-pet owners were more likely to live alone. In the unadjusted models, the ownership of co-walkable pets was associated with higher well-being in terms of housing and community. However, in the adjusted models, the ownership of co-walkable pets was associated with lower well-being in terms of income, jobs, environment, and, marginally, safety. No significant associations were found for indoor-only and ornamental pet ownership. In Japan, pet ownership requires both financial resources and adequate living space. It is also important to note that pet owners who go outside for walking their animals may also find that their environmental and economic circumstances are less satisfying. Full article

Social housing in tropical regions faces critical thermal comfort challenges that will intensify under future climate change, yet current design practices lack systematic frameworks for evaluating long-term performance across multiple climate scenarios. This study assesses the thermal performance of social housing in southeastern Mexico using energy simulation, supervised machine learning, and global sensitivity analysis. Two housing typologies (single-story and two-story) were modeled across four cities (Mérida, Campeche, Cancún, and Tuxtla Gutiérrez) under climate change scenarios (RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) for 2050 and 2100. Various machine learning models were trained to predict comfort temperature and cooling degree days. Regression Trees demonstrated superior performance, with R² values exceeding 0.98 for both thermal comfort indicators, achieving RMSE values of 0.0095 °C for comfort temperature and 0.2613 °C for cooling degree days. Global sensitivity analysis using the PAWN method revealed that ambient temperature was the most influential variable, accounting for 45–49% of the total sensitivity, followed by solar radiation (17–22%) and relative humidity (10–12%), while building-specific parameters had modest impacts (0.6–3.8%). Geographic variations were significant, with Mérida and Campeche showing higher cooling demands than Cancún and Tuxtla Gutiérrez. Future climate projections indicate substantial increases in cooling requirements by 2100, with CDD values expected to increase by approximately 40–50% under the RCP 8.5 scenario compared to current conditions. This research presents a computational framework for assessing thermal comfort in social housing, providing evidence-based insights for climate-adaptive building strategies in tropical regions. Full article

Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. is a species primarily distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of the world, while in Europe it remains very rare, with confirmed records only from two Italian sites, i.e., Tor Caldara Natural Regional Reserve (on the southern Lazio coast, central Italy) and Ischia Island (Campania region, southern Italy), where it grows in an open habitat on sulphur-rich soils and in Hungary, along the Danube River (an historical occurrence based on a herbarium collection dated October 1891). Following a detailed examination of specimens preserved in several European herbaria, we identified a previously overlooked historical collection from Sicily, a region where the species had long been considered absent but where this specimen provides the first confirmed evidence of its historical presence. Morphologically, C. polystachyos is highly polymorphic, leading to the description of many taxa over the centuries. Of these, only two varieties are currently accepted, i.e., var. polystachyos and var. holosericeus (Link) C.B.Clarke. To clarify the application of these varietal names, we conducted a nomenclatural study of Rottbøll’s C. polystachyos and Link’s C. holosericeus Link (the basionym of C. polystachyos var. holosericeus). We designate a specimen housed at C (barcode C10010299), collected by König in India, as the lectotype of C. polystachyos and a specimen deposited at K (barcode K002543977), collected by Drummond in the United States, as the neotype of C. holosericeus (no original material appears to survive for Link’s name). For nomenclatural purposes, we also examined the names C. fascicularis Poir. and C. scopellatus Rich., two of the earliest names associated with C. polystachyos. These are lectotypified here on specimens P00644234 (Poiret’s collection) and P00254684 (Richard’s collection), respectively. Full article

Rapid urbanization and global climate change are leading to intensified Urban Heat Island (UHI) in tropical regions. This study examined and analyzed urban ventilation corridors to mitigate UHI, paying particular attention to the building arrangement and wind environment. The comprehensive review emphasizes the importance of macro-scale urban planning, including the orientation of street grids and the design of breezeways and air paths. After analyzing these strategies, CFD simulations were applied to the design of high-rise buildings in Semarang and residential areas in Jakarta. These studies revealed that in high-rise building areas in Semarang, the proposed design configuration resulted in a 62% increase in ground-level wind speeds. A further analysis of residential areas in Jakarta revealed that the most comfortable location within a house was in the second row, facing the wind, where the distance between houses was 8.5 m, and the average velocity was 2.78 m/s. Research conducted in this area may contribute to the development of more sustainable and resilient urban areas in tropical climates, as well as assist local governments in planning for these areas. Full article

The tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus Gill, 1863) is a prehistoric fish of high nutritional value in southern Mexico and Central America. However, some aspects related to the effects caused by alternative protein sources, such as insect meal, as a substitute for fish meal on the growth and expression of digestive enzyme genes, are still unknown. A total of 225 juveniles of A. tropicus were used and fed five experimental diets, each in triplicate, with different levels of substitution of fishmeal (FM) protein with house cricket meal (HCM) protein. A control diet that contained no HCM (T1-0% HCM) was used, and substitutions ranged from 25 to 100% of FM protein by HCM (T2-25% HCM, T3-50% HCM, T4-75% HCM, and T5-100% HCM) for 45 days. The results of this study indicate that T4-75% HCM showed the best growth indices, such as feed efficiency (EF), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), as well as higher gene expression of pepsin and trypsin, while chymotrypsin showed higher expression in T3. The higher performance achieved in T4-75% HCM may be due to the fact that, in the early stages, insects are part of the natural diet of A. tropicus. The inclusion of cricket meal as a partial substitute for fish meal is not recommended in quantities greater than T4-75%. Full article