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28 pages, 5779 KiB  
Article
Regional Wave Spectra Prediction Method Based on Deep Learning
by Yuning Liu, Rui Li, Wei Hu, Peng Ren and Chao Xu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(8), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081461 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 216
Abstract
The wave spectrum, as a key statistical feature describing wave energy distribution, is crucial for understanding wave propagation mechanisms and supporting ocean engineering applications. This study, based on ERA5 reanalysis spectrum data, proposes a model combining CNN and xLSTM for rapid gridded wave [...] Read more.
The wave spectrum, as a key statistical feature describing wave energy distribution, is crucial for understanding wave propagation mechanisms and supporting ocean engineering applications. This study, based on ERA5 reanalysis spectrum data, proposes a model combining CNN and xLSTM for rapid gridded wave spectrum prediction over the Bohai and Yellow Seas domain. It uses 2D gridded spectrum data rather than a spectrum at specific points as input and analyzes the impact of various input factors at different time lags on wave development. The results show that incorporating water depth and mean sea level pressure significantly reduces errors. The model performs well across seasons with the seasonal spatial average root mean square error (SARMSE) of spectral energy remaining below 0.040 m2·s and RMSEs for significant wave height (SWH) and mean wave period (MWP) of 0.138 m and 1.331 s, respectively. At individual points, the spectral density bias is near zero, correlation coefficients range from 0.95 to 0.98, and the peak frequency RMSE is between 0.03 and 0.04 Hz. During a typical cold wave event, the model accurately reproduces the energy evolution and peak frequency shift. Buoy observations confirm that the model effectively tracks significant wave height trends under varying conditions. Moreover, applying a frequency-weighted loss function enhances the model’s ability to capture high-frequency spectral components, further improving prediction accuracy. Overall, the proposed method shows strong performance in spectrum prediction and provides a valuable approach for regional wave spectrum modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)
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22 pages, 4093 KiB  
Article
Community Structure and Influencing Factors of Macro-Benthos in Bottom-Seeded Marine Pastures: A Case Study of Caofeidian, China
by Xiangping Xue, Long Yun, Zhaohui Sun, Jiangwei Zan, Xinjing Xu, Xia Liu, Song Gao, Guangyu Wang, Mingshuai Liu and Fei Si
Biology 2025, 14(7), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14070901 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 185
Abstract
To accurately assess the water quality, ecosystem status, distribution of large benthic organisms, and ecological restoration under human intervention, an analysis of benthic organisms on Caofeidian in September and November 2023 and January and May of the following year was conducted in this [...] Read more.
To accurately assess the water quality, ecosystem status, distribution of large benthic organisms, and ecological restoration under human intervention, an analysis of benthic organisms on Caofeidian in September and November 2023 and January and May of the following year was conducted in this work. By performing CCA (canonical correspondence analysis) and cluster and correlation coefficient (Pearson) analyses, the temporal variation characteristics of benthic abundance, dominant species, community structure and biodiversity were analyzed. A total of 79 species of macro-benthic animals were found in four months, including 32 species of polychaetes, cnidarians, 1 species of Nemertean, 19 species of crustaceans, and 24 species of molluscs. The use of conventional grab-type mud collectors revealed that the Musculus senhousei dominated the survey (Y > 0.02). While only a small number of Ruditapes philippinarum were collected from bottom-dwelling species, a certain number of bottom-dwelling species (Ruditapes philippinarum and Scapharca subcrenata) were also collected during the trawl survey. Additionally, a significant population of Rapana venosa was found in the area. It is speculated that the dual effects of predation and competition are likely the primary reasons for the relatively low abundance of bottom-dwelling species. The density and biomass of macro-benthos were consistent over time, which was the highest in May, the second highest in January, and the lowest in September and November. The main environmental factors affecting the large benthic communities in the surveyed sea areas were pH, DO, NO2-N, T, SAL and PO43−-P. Combined with historical data, it was found that although the environmental condition in the Caofeidian sea area has improved, the Musculus senhousei has been dominant. In addition, the abundance of other species is much less than that of the Musculus senhousei, and the diversity of the benthic community is still reduced. Our work provides valuable data support for the management and improvement of bottom Marine pasture and promotes the transformation of Marine resources from resource plunder to a sustainable resource. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Fisheries Resources, Fisheries, and Carbon-Sink Fisheries)
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18 pages, 9131 KiB  
Article
The Primary Cultivation of Oogonial Stem Cells from Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii): Morphology and Transcriptome Landscape
by Jingjing Zhang, Lei Lin, Shengyu Zhu, Yanming Zhang, Caichao Dong, Yu Yang, Yuyan Liu, Xuwen Cao, Yangbin He, Honglong Ji, Bo Meng, Qian Wang and Changwei Shao
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6772; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146772 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 277
Abstract
Black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) is a marine ovoviviparous teleost that exhibits significant sexual dimorphism, with females growing faster and reaching larger sizes than males. Establishing stable oogonial stem cells (OSCs) is critical for understanding germline stem cell dynamics and facilitating all-female [...] Read more.
Black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) is a marine ovoviviparous teleost that exhibits significant sexual dimorphism, with females growing faster and reaching larger sizes than males. Establishing stable oogonial stem cells (OSCs) is critical for understanding germline stem cell dynamics and facilitating all-female breeding. In this study, we successfully isolated and cultured OSCs from S. schlegelii for 12 passages. These cells exhibited alkaline phosphatase activity, expressed germline marker genes (ddx4, cdh1, klf4), and maintained a diploid karyotype (2n = 48). Transcriptomic comparisons between early (P3) and late (P12) passages revealed significant metabolic dysfunction and cell cycle arrest in the late-passage cells. Specifically, the down-regulation of glutathione-related and glycolysis-related genes (gstm3, gstt1, mgst3, gsta1, gsta4, gsto1, gapdh) and key mitotic regulators (cdk1, chk1, cdk4, e2f3, ccne2, ccnb1) suggested that metabolic imbalance contributes to oxidative stress, resulting in cell cycle inhibition and eventual senescence. This study provides a marine fish model for investigating metabolism-cell cycle interactions in germline stem cells and lays the foundation for future applications in germ cell transplantation and all-female breeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology)
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21 pages, 6046 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of Granular Sea Ice Under Uniaxial Compression: A Comparison of Piled and Level Ice
by Yubo Liu, Qingkai Wang, Peng Lu, Zhijun Li, Zhixing Li, Zhi Zong and Limin Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071302 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 324
Abstract
The proportion of granular ice in sea ice layers has markedly increased due to global warming. To investigate the uniaxial compressive behavior of granular sea ice, we conducted a series of experiments using natural piled and level ice samples collected from the Bohai [...] Read more.
The proportion of granular ice in sea ice layers has markedly increased due to global warming. To investigate the uniaxial compressive behavior of granular sea ice, we conducted a series of experiments using natural piled and level ice samples collected from the Bohai Sea. A total of 311 specimens were tested under controlled temperature conditions ranging from −15 °C to −2 °C and strain rates varying from 10−5 to 10−2 s−1. The effects of porosity, strain rate, and failure modes were studied. The results show that both the uniaxial compressive strength and uniaxial compressive elastic modulus were dependent on strain rate and porosity. Granular sea ice exhibited a non-monotonic strength dependence on strain rate, with the strength increasing in the ductile regime and decreasing in the brittle regime. In contrast, the elastic modulus increased monotonically with the strain rate. Both the strength and elastic modulus decreased with increasing porosity. Level ice consistently demonstrated higher strength and an elastic modulus than piled ice at equivalent porosities. Unified parametric models were developed to describe both properties across a wide range of strain rates encompassing the ductile-to-brittle (DBT) regime. The experimental results show that, as porosity decreased, the transition strain rate of granular sea ice shifted from 2.34 × 10−3 s−1 at high porosity (45%) to 1.42 × 10−4 s−1 at low porosity (10%) for level ice and 1.87 × 10−3 s−1 to 1.19 × 10−3 s−1 for piled ice. These results were compared with classical columnar ice models. These findings are useful for informing the design of vessel and coastal structures intended for use in ice-covered waters. Full article
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24 pages, 52994 KiB  
Article
The Naturally Bioactive Vicine Extracted from Faba Beans Is Responsible for the Transformation of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) into Crisp Grass Carp
by Xinyu Zheng, Minyi Luo, Bing Fu, Gen Kaneko, Jingjing Tian, Jun Xie, Jilun Hou and Ermeng Yu
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070813 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 471
Abstract
While faba bean feeding improves grass carp muscle texture via reactive oxygen species (ROS), the main bioactive compound was unclear. In this study, vicine—a pro-oxidant glycoside—was isolated from faba beans using cation-exchange column chromatography and supplemented into the feed of grass carp at [...] Read more.
While faba bean feeding improves grass carp muscle texture via reactive oxygen species (ROS), the main bioactive compound was unclear. In this study, vicine—a pro-oxidant glycoside—was isolated from faba beans using cation-exchange column chromatography and supplemented into the feed of grass carp at 0.6%. To assess the impact of vicine on muscle texture, the grass carp were fed for 150 days with three treatments: control group, faba bean group, and vicine group. The results showed that vicine improved muscle texture similarly to faba beans but caused fewer adverse effects on muscle, liver, and intestinal health. Vicine improved grass carp muscle texture in the following ways: (1) induced ROS overproduction, activating the Caspase apoptosis pathway and downregulating Pax-7 to promote satellite cell-mediated myofiber regeneration; (2) vicine-mediated intestinal microbiota alterations increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, indirectly elevating muscle ROS via the gut–muscle axis to further affect muscle structure. This study demonstrated that vicine improved muscle texture by activating ROS-dependent myofiber regeneration but also induced oxidative stress and gut microbiota perturbation. While vicine mitigated the severe toxicity of faba beans, its application requires careful evaluation of its toxicological properties to balance benefits and risks. This study offers new insights for enhancing the quality of aquatic animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Oxidative Stress in Aquaculture)
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19 pages, 5173 KiB  
Technical Note
Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge-Induced Water Level Rise in the Bohai Sea with Adjoint Data Assimilation
by Liqun Jiao, Youqi Wang, Dong Jiang, Qingrong Liu, Jing Gao and Xianqing Lv
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(12), 2054; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17122054 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 364
Abstract
This study applied an adjoint data assimilation model capable of integrating wind fields to investigate a temperate storm surge event in the Bohai Sea region during October 18 to 21, 2024. Based on in situ water level measurements from five tide gauge stations, [...] Read more.
This study applied an adjoint data assimilation model capable of integrating wind fields to investigate a temperate storm surge event in the Bohai Sea region during October 18 to 21, 2024. Based on in situ water level measurements from five tide gauge stations, the model simulated the spatial distributions of water levels under different wind stress drag coefficients (CD) schemes driven by reanalysis wind fields and interpolated wind fields. The results demonstrated that the scheme without the adjoint data assimilation exhibited relatively low accuracy. Upon integrating the adjoint data assimlation method, the errors of the reanalysis wind fields were reduced by 44%, while those of the interpolated wind fields experienced a 74% decrease in error magnitude. Overall, this study provides a reference for enhancing the accuracy of water level predictions during storm surge events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of High Winds and High Seas)
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22 pages, 8030 KiB  
Article
Reservoir Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Potential of Cretaceous Volcanic Rocks in the Shimentan Formation, Xihu Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin
by Yang Liu
Minerals 2025, 15(6), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15060647 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 330
Abstract
In recent years, significant exploration successes and research progress in volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs across China’s offshore basins have highlighted their importance as key targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration. In the Shimentan Formation of the Xihu Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin (ECSSB), low-yield [...] Read more.
In recent years, significant exploration successes and research progress in volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs across China’s offshore basins have highlighted their importance as key targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration. In the Shimentan Formation of the Xihu Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin (ECSSB), low-yield gas flows have been encountered through exploratory drilling; however, no major reservoir breakthroughs have yet been achieved. Assessing the large-scale reservoir potential of volcanic sequences in the Shimentan Formation is thus critical for guiding future exploration strategies. Based on previous exploration studies of volcanic reservoirs in other Chinese basins, this study systematically evaluates the hydrocarbon potential of these volcanic units by microscopic thin section identification, major element analysis, integrates drilling data with seismic interpretation techniques—such as coherence cube slicing for identifying volcanic conduits, dip angle analysis for classifying volcanic edifices, and waveform classification for delineating volcanic lithofacies. The main findings are as follows: (1) The Shimentan Formation is primarily composed of intermediate to acidic pyroclastic rocks and lava flows. Volcanic facies are divided into three facies, four subfacies, and six microfacies. Volcanic edifices are categorized into four types: stratified, pseudostratified, pseudostratified-massive, and massive. (2) Extensive pseudostratified volcanic edifices are developed in the Hangzhou Slope Zone, where simple and compound lava flows of effusive facies are widely distributed. (3) Comparative analysis with prolific volcanic reservoirs in the Songliao and Bohai Bay basins indicates that productive reservoirs are typically associated with simple or compound lava flows within pseudostratified edifices. Furthermore, widespread Late Cretaceous rhyolites in adjacent areas of the study region suggest promising potential for rhyolitic reservoir development in the Hangzhou Slope Zone. These results provide a robust geological foundation for Mesozoic volcanic reservoir exploration in the Xihu Sag and offer a methodological framework for evaluating reservoir potential in underexplored volcanic regions. Full article
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15 pages, 4479 KiB  
Article
Hue Angle-Based Remote Sensing of Secchi Disk Depth Using Sentinel-3 OLCI in the Coastal Waters of Qinhuangdao, China
by Yongwei Huo, Sufang Zhao, Zhongjie Yuan, Xiang Wang and Lin Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061149 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 397
Abstract
Seawater transparency provides critical insight into marine ecological dynamics and serves as a foundational indicator for fisheries management, environmental monitoring, and coastal resource development. Among various indicators, the Secchi disk depth (SDD) is widely used to quantify seawater transparency in marine environmental monitoring. [...] Read more.
Seawater transparency provides critical insight into marine ecological dynamics and serves as a foundational indicator for fisheries management, environmental monitoring, and coastal resource development. Among various indicators, the Secchi disk depth (SDD) is widely used to quantify seawater transparency in marine environmental monitoring. This study develops a remote sensing inversion model for estimating the SDD in the coastal waters of Qinhuangdao, utilizing Sentinel-3 OLCI satellite imagery and in situ measurements. The model is based on the CIE hue angle and demonstrates high accuracy (R2 = 0.93, MAPE = 7.88%, RMSE = 0.25 m), outperforming traditional single-band, band-ratio, and multi-band approaches. Using the proposed model, we analyzed the monthly and interannual variations of SDD in Qinhuangdao’s coastal waters from 2018 to 2024. The results reveal a clear seasonal pattern, with SDD values generally increasing and then decreasing throughout the year, primarily driven by the East Asian monsoon and other natural factors. Notably, the average annual SDD in 2018 was significantly lower than in subsequent years (2019–2024), which is closely associated with comprehensive water management and pollution reduction initiatives in the Bohai Sea region. These findings highlight marked improvements in the coastal marine environment and underscore the benefits of China’s ecological civilization strategy, particularly the principle that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.” Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Maritime Monitoring and Ship Surveillance)
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18 pages, 16697 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Abnormal Sea Level Rise in Offshore Waters of Bohai Sea in 2024
by Song Pan, Lu Liu, Yuyi Hu, Jie Zhang, Yongjun Jia and Weizeng Shao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061134 - 5 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 481
Abstract
The primary contribution of this study lies in analyzing the dynamic drivers during two anomalous sea level rise events in the Bohai Sea through coupled numeric modeling using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) integrated [...] Read more.
The primary contribution of this study lies in analyzing the dynamic drivers during two anomalous sea level rise events in the Bohai Sea through coupled numeric modeling using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) integrated with the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) module (hereafter referred to as FVCOM-SWAVE). WRF-derived wind speeds (0.05° grid resolution) were validated against Haiyang-2 (HY-2) scatterometer observations, yielding a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.88 m/s and a correlation coefficient (Cor) of 0.85. Similarly, comparisons of significant wave height (SWH) simulated by FVCOM-SWAVE (0.05° triangular mesh) with HY-2 altimeter data showed an RMSE of 0.67 m and a Cor of 0.84. Four FVCOM sensitivity experiments were conducted to assess drivers of sea level rise, validated against tide gauge observations. The results identified tides as the primary driver of sea level rise, with wind stress and elevation forcing (e.g., storm surge) amplifying variability, while currents exhibited negligible influence. During the two events, i.e., 20–21 October and 25–26 August 2024, elevation forcing contributed to localized sea level rises of 0.6 m in the northern and southern Bohai Sea and 1.1 m in the southern Bohai Sea. A 1 m surge in the northern region correlated with intense Yellow Sea winds (20 m/s) and waves (5 m SWH), which drove water masses into the Bohai Sea. Stokes transport (wave-driven circulation) significantly amplified water levels during the 21 October and 26 August peak, underscoring critical wave–tide interactions. This study highlights the necessity of incorporating tides, wind, elevation forcing, and wave effects into coastal hydrodynamic models to improve predictions of extreme sea level rise events. In contrast, the role of imposed boundary current can be marginalized in such scenarios. Full article
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17 pages, 6187 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of Aromia bungii (Faldermann, 1835) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) Distribution in China Amidst Climate Change: Dual Insights from MaxEnt and Meta-Analysis
by Zhipeng He, Xinju Wei, Yaping Li, Xinqi Deng and Zhihang Zhuo
Agriculture 2025, 15(11), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15111224 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 638
Abstract
Aromia bungii Faldermann (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) is one of the most serious stem-boring pests that infests Rosaceae fruit trees and ornamental trees. This study, based on occurrence data for this species, employed the MaxEnt model and meta-analysis method to predict the [...] Read more.
Aromia bungii Faldermann (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) is one of the most serious stem-boring pests that infests Rosaceae fruit trees and ornamental trees. This study, based on occurrence data for this species, employed the MaxEnt model and meta-analysis method to predict the distribution range and centroid movement of A. bungii under the current and future climates in China. The study also analyzed the impact of environmental variables on its distribution. The meta-analysis results revealed that A. bungii has the highest distribution density within the altitude range of 0 to 300 m. The MaxEnt model identified six key environmental variables influencing the distribution of A. bungii, namely the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), mean temperature of the wettest quarter (bio8), precipitation of the wettest month (bio13), precipitation of the driest month (bio14), precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation) (bio15), and altitude. Under the current climate conditions, the most suitable distribution range of A. bungii is located between 92.6–120.38° E and 16.17–44.46° N, with highly suitable areas predominantly found in the North China Plain, the Shandong Hills, the area around the Bohai Sea, and the middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River, covering a total area of 41.43 × 104 km2. Scenarios related to the future climate indicate a shift in the suitable habitats of A. bungii towards higher latitudes, with the centroid of the potentially suitable area shifting towards the northeast. This study provides supporting information for the control and management of this pest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecosystem, Environment and Climate Change in Agriculture)
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14 pages, 4107 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Evolution and Multi-Driver Dynamics of Sea-Level Changes in the Yellow–Bohai Seas (1993–2023)
by Lujie Xiong, Fengwei Wang, Yanping Jiao and Yunqi Zhou
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061081 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 337
Abstract
This study analyzes sea-level changes in the Yellow and Bohai Seas from 1993 to 2023 based on satellite altimetry data. After reconstructing the gridded sea-level data using local mean decomposition (LMD), the annual mean sea level was estimated at 28.86 mm, with an [...] Read more.
This study analyzes sea-level changes in the Yellow and Bohai Seas from 1993 to 2023 based on satellite altimetry data. After reconstructing the gridded sea-level data using local mean decomposition (LMD), the annual mean sea level was estimated at 28.86 mm, with an average rise rate of 2.21 mm per year (mm/a). Temporal and spatial variations were examined through nonlinear least squares fitting to capture interannual variability and decadal amplitude distributions. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis identified the first three modes, explaining 90.40%, 2.78%, and 1.47% of the total variance, respectively, and their spatial patterns and temporal coefficients were derived. The first mode was strongly correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) and precipitation, showing distinct spatial structures. Temperature and salinity profiles revealed a decadal-scale trend of increasing temperature and decreasing salinity with depth. Seasonal variations of sea-level anomaly (SLA) were evident, with mean values and trends of −11.47 mm (2.19 mm/a) in spring, 57.12 mm (2.29 mm/a) in summer, 75.68 mm (2.24 mm/a) in autumn, and −13.90 mm (2.11 mm/a) in winter. Seasonal correlations among SLA, SST, salinity, and precipitation were assessed, highlighting interannual amplitude variations. This integrated analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics and drivers of sea-level fluctuations, offering insights for future research. Full article
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16 pages, 3099 KiB  
Article
An Improved Method for Estimating Sea Surface Temperature Based on GF-5A Satellite Data in Bohai Bay
by Jiren Sun, Daoming Wei, Dianjun Zhang and Zhiwei Sun
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(11), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17111879 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important physical parameter that plays an important role in the study of various dynamic and thermodynamic processes in the ocean. Common SST retrieval methods are divided into single-channel methods (such as the single window algorithm) and multi-channel [...] Read more.
Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important physical parameter that plays an important role in the study of various dynamic and thermodynamic processes in the ocean. Common SST retrieval methods are divided into single-channel methods (such as the single window algorithm) and multi-channel methods (such as the split window algorithm). To solve the problem of the low resolution of SST data used in coastal research, this study proposed a split window algorithm by adjusting the two important parameters, atmospheric transmittance and regression coefficients, to estimate SST using remotely sensed GF-5A images with a resolution of 100 m. The results were indirectly validated using MODIS temperature product and directly validated using measured data. The GF-5A image data obtained on 18 July 2024 were compared with MODIS data, giving R2 of 0.985 and RMSE of 0.139 K. For the GF-5A image data obtained on 31 December 2024, the indirectly verified R2 was 0.996 and the RMSE was 0.116 K. The R2 and RMSE values of the direct verification of the accuracy of data from the two GF-5A images and the measured data were 0.999 and 0.613 K, respectively, which are better than the SST retrieval results of Landsat 8 data obtained at the same resolution. This work provides data support for subsequent research on the ecological environment and plant resources in the Bohai Bay. Full article
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18 pages, 4831 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Variation Characteristics of Air Pollutants in Coastal Areas of China: From Satellite Perspective
by Xinrong Yan, Juanle Wang, Fang Wu, Jing Bai, Xun Zhang, Guiping Li and Haibo Fei
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(11), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17111861 - 27 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 518
Abstract
Under increasingly stringent global policies aimed at reducing emissions from shipping, the impact of maritime activities on air quality has garnered significant attention. However, the absence of comprehensive macro-evaluation methods and a limited understanding of regional-scale pollutant emissions introduce substantial uncertainties in assessing [...] Read more.
Under increasingly stringent global policies aimed at reducing emissions from shipping, the impact of maritime activities on air quality has garnered significant attention. However, the absence of comprehensive macro-evaluation methods and a limited understanding of regional-scale pollutant emissions introduce substantial uncertainties in assessing emission reduction effectiveness and identifying pollution sources. In this study, we utilized Sentinel-5P satellite data from 2019 to 2024 to examine the spatiotemporal characteristics of six air pollutants (SO2, NO2, HCHO, O3, CO, and CH4) in China’s coastal areas. We further investigated the correlation between ship density and pollutant concentrations and analyzed the distribution of pollutant concentrations in major coastal ports across China. The results indicate the following: (1) The concentrations of SO2, HCHO, and CH4 exhibited a continuous increasing trend, whereas NO2, CO, and O3 remained relatively stable or showed a slight decline. All six pollutants demonstrated obvious seasonal variations, with NO2 and HCHO following a double-peak pattern and O3, SO2, CH4, and CO exhibiting a single-peak pattern. (2) Pollutant concentrations were higher along the northern coast (Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea) and relatively lower in the South China Sea region. Specifically, NO2, SO2, and O3 were higher in the Bohai Sea region; HCHO and CO were more concentrated in the northern coastal area; and CH4 was elevated in the north and certain ports of the Yangtze River Delta. (3) Ship density displayed a significant positive correlation with NO2, SO2, HCHO, CO, and CH4, indicating that ship emissions are an important source of these pollutants. Although O3 is not directly emitted by ships, a positive correlation was observed in certain ship-dense areas, primarily due to photochemical reactions involving NO2 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). (4) Higher concentrations of NO2, SO2, HCHO, CO, and CH4 were observed in northern ports (e.g., Tianjin Xingang, Qinhuangdao, Tangshan, and Dalian), whereas southern Chinese ports (e.g., Shenzhen, Xiamen, and Haikou) exhibited lower pollution levels. These findings provide a scientific foundation for coastal air pollution control and highlight the necessity of ship emission regulation and integrated multi-pollutant management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Remote Sensing)
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17 pages, 4015 KiB  
Article
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Coastal Waters of Changdao Island (China): Toxin Profiles, Potential Producers, and Environmental Conditions
by Guanchao Zheng, Yuxiang Deng, Haiyan Wu, Xiaokang Li, Ling Cheng, Chengxu Yuan, Minlu Liu and Zhijun Tan
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(5), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23050217 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 581
Abstract
In recent decades, there have been frequent occurrences of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) contamination in the Yellow and Bohai Seas, China. The waters around Changdao Island, situated at the convergence of these two seas, have suffered harmful algal blooms of Alexandrium spp., indicating [...] Read more.
In recent decades, there have been frequent occurrences of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) contamination in the Yellow and Bohai Seas, China. The waters around Changdao Island, situated at the convergence of these two seas, have suffered harmful algal blooms of Alexandrium spp., indicating a potential risk of PST contamination in shellfish. However, a systematic investigation and assessment of PSTs in this area is still lacking. The presence of PSTs in plankton concentrates and shellfish in coastal areas of Changdao Island was monitored from April to October 2022, using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The potential toxin-producing microalgae were analyzed, as were the environmental conditions associated with their occurrence. The highest levels of PSTs in plankton concentrates and shellfish were both observed in September, reaching levels of 105.8 ng STXeq./L and 114.7 μg STXeq./kg, respectively. The main analogues were C1, C2, and GTX1–4. High-throughput analysis of the plankton concentrates identified eight species of Alexandrium, which are potential producers of PSTs. Sediment samples also revealed the presence of permanent cysts of Alexandrium. This research represents a significant advance in our understanding of the distribution and hypothetical sources of PSTs in the coastal waters of Changdao Island. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Toxins Accumulation in Shellfish)
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23 pages, 2087 KiB  
Review
Sources, Status, and Potential Risks of Microplastics in Marine Organisms of the Bohai Sea: A Systematic Review
by Jian Yang, Hongxia Li, Wei Ling, Yifei Li, Kangkang Zhang and Pu Zhang
Toxics 2025, 13(5), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050400 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 661
Abstract
This study focused on microplastic pollution in the Bohai Sea, employing bibliometric analysis and meta-integration methods to systematically analyze its pollution characteristics and ecological risks. The results indicated that microplastics primarily originated from land-based inputs (62%) and marine activities (23%). Microplastic concentrations in [...] Read more.
This study focused on microplastic pollution in the Bohai Sea, employing bibliometric analysis and meta-integration methods to systematically analyze its pollution characteristics and ecological risks. The results indicated that microplastics primarily originated from land-based inputs (62%) and marine activities (23%). Microplastic concentrations in the Bohai Sea’s coastal areas were significantly higher than in deep waters, and the abundance of microplastics in aquaculture sediments was three to five times that in non-aquaculture areas. Bioaccumulation demonstrated a significant trophic magnification effect, with top predators containing much higher microplastic concentrations than plankton. The combined toxicity of microplastics and pollutants severely impacted key species, leading to a 92% decrease in Chinese shrimp populations and a significant reduction in benthic biodiversity. To address this issue, a “four-in-one” prevention and control system was proposed, encompassing source reduction, intelligent monitoring, targeted treatment, and regional collaboration, with measures including policy, technological innovation, and ecological restoration. This aims to provide scientific evidence for Bohai Sea ecological security management and offer a reference for microplastic management in globally semi-enclosed seas. Full article
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