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Remote Sensing
Volume 17
Issue 12
10.3390/rs17122054
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Technical Note

Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge-Induced Water Level Rise in the Bohai Sea with Adjoint Data Assimilation

by
Liqun Jiao
1,
Youqi Wang
1,
Dong Jiang
2,*,
Qingrong Liu
3,
Jing Gao
3 and
Xianqing Lv
1
1
State Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2
School of Basic Sciences for Aviation, Naval Aviation University, Yantai 264000, China
3
North China Sea Marine Forecast and Hazard Mitigation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266100, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(12), 2054; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17122054 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 8 May 2025 / Revised: 10 June 2025 / Accepted: 12 June 2025 / Published: 14 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of High Winds and High Seas)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study applied an adjoint data assimilation model capable of integrating wind fields to investigate a temperate storm surge event in the Bohai Sea region during October 18 to 21, 2024. Based on in situ water level measurements from five tide gauge stations, the model simulated the spatial distributions of water levels under different wind stress drag coefficients (CD) schemes driven by reanalysis wind fields and interpolated wind fields. The results demonstrated that the scheme without the adjoint data assimilation exhibited relatively low accuracy. Upon integrating the adjoint data assimlation method, the errors of the reanalysis wind fields were reduced by 44%, while those of the interpolated wind fields experienced a 74% decrease in error magnitude. Overall, this study provides a reference for enhancing the accuracy of water level predictions during storm surge events.
Keywords: adjoint assimilation; numerical simulation; storm surge; Bohai Sea adjoint assimilation; numerical simulation; storm surge; Bohai Sea

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jiao, L.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, D.; Liu, Q.; Gao, J.; Lv, X. Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge-Induced Water Level Rise in the Bohai Sea with Adjoint Data Assimilation. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 2054. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17122054

AMA Style

Jiao L, Wang Y, Jiang D, Liu Q, Gao J, Lv X. Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge-Induced Water Level Rise in the Bohai Sea with Adjoint Data Assimilation. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(12):2054. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17122054

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiao, Liqun, Youqi Wang, Dong Jiang, Qingrong Liu, Jing Gao, and Xianqing Lv. 2025. "Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge-Induced Water Level Rise in the Bohai Sea with Adjoint Data Assimilation" Remote Sensing 17, no. 12: 2054. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17122054

APA Style

Jiao, L., Wang, Y., Jiang, D., Liu, Q., Gao, J., & Lv, X. (2025). Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge-Induced Water Level Rise in the Bohai Sea with Adjoint Data Assimilation. Remote Sensing, 17(12), 2054. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17122054

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