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Keywords = textile biosensor

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25 pages, 4644 KiB  
Review
Non-Invasive Wearables in Inflammation Monitoring: From Biomarkers to Biosensors
by Tingting Wu and Guozhen Liu
Biosensors 2025, 15(6), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15060351 - 1 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1645
Abstract
Quantifying inflammation plays a critical role in understanding the progression and development of various diseases. Non-invasive or minimally invasive wearable biosensors have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their convenience, comfort, and ability to provide continuous monitoring of biomarkers, particularly in [...] Read more.
Quantifying inflammation plays a critical role in understanding the progression and development of various diseases. Non-invasive or minimally invasive wearable biosensors have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their convenience, comfort, and ability to provide continuous monitoring of biomarkers, particularly in infectious diseases and chronic diseases. However, there are still areas for improvement in developing reliable biosensing devices to detect key inflammatory biomarkers in clinically relevant biofluids. This review first introduces common biofluids with a focus on the most clinically significant inflammatory biomarkers. Specifically, it discusses the challenges encountered in extracting and detecting analytes in these biofluids. Subsequently, we review three popular types of non-invasive wearable biosensors for inflammation monitoring (microneedle patches, flexible electronic skins, and textile-based sensors). The design and operational considerations of these devices are analyzed, followed by an exploration of the information processing approaches employed during data processing. Finally, we envision future opportunities by guiding the development and refinement of non-invasive or minimally invasive wearable biosensors for continuous inflammation monitoring in chronic diseases. Full article
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15 pages, 4370 KiB  
Article
Aptamer Based on Silver Nanoparticle-Modified Flexible Carbon Ink Printed Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Chikungunya Virus
by Pradakshina Sharma, Mohd. Rahil Hasan, Ubaid Mushtaq Naikoo, Shaheen Khatoon, Roberto Pilloton and Jagriti Narang
Biosensors 2024, 14(7), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14070344 - 16 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2786
Abstract
Medical devices have progressed from their initial bulky forms to smart devices. However, their rigidity hampers their seamless integration into everyday life. The fields of stretchable, textile, and flexible electronics are emerging research areas with the potential to drive significant technological progress. This [...] Read more.
Medical devices have progressed from their initial bulky forms to smart devices. However, their rigidity hampers their seamless integration into everyday life. The fields of stretchable, textile, and flexible electronics are emerging research areas with the potential to drive significant technological progress. This research presents a laboratory-based technique to produce highly sensitive and flexible biosensors for detecting the chikungunya virus. These biosensors are based on 0D nanomaterials and demonstrate significant advancements in voltammetry. The electrochemical platform was created utilizing the stencil printing (StPE) technique. Adapting the biosensor setup involved the selection of aptamer as the biorecognition element bound with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This biosensor was employed in the voltammetric identification of the Chikungunya virus antigen (CHIKV-Ag) within a solution containing 0.5 mM potassium ferro/ferri cyanide, a redox pair. The biosensor was employed to evaluate CHIKV-Ag within a human serum sample. It demonstrated a linear detection span ranging from 0.1 ng/mL to 1 μg/mL, with a detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL for CHIKV-Ag. The proposed approach, due to its flexibility in production and the electrocatalytic attributes displayed by the zero-dimensional nanostructure, presents innovative opportunities for cost-effective and tailored aptamer-based bioelectronics, thereby broadening the scope of this domain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Microfluidic Devices and Lab-on-Chip (Bio)sensors)
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46 pages, 5284 KiB  
Review
Recent Studies on Smart Textile-Based Wearable Sweat Sensors for Medical Monitoring: A Systematic Review
by Asma Akter, Md Mehedi Hasan Apu, Yedukondala Rao Veeranki, Turki Nabieh Baroud and Hugo F. Posada-Quintero
J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2024, 13(4), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13040040 - 11 Jul 2024
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7975
Abstract
Smart textile-based wearable sweat sensors have recently received a lot of attention due to their potential for use in personal medical monitoring. They have a variety of desirable qualities, including low cost, easy implementation, stretchability, flexibility, and light weight. Wearable sweat sensors are [...] Read more.
Smart textile-based wearable sweat sensors have recently received a lot of attention due to their potential for use in personal medical monitoring. They have a variety of desirable qualities, including low cost, easy implementation, stretchability, flexibility, and light weight. Wearable sweat sensors are a potential approach for personalized medical devices because of these features. Moreover, real-time textile-based sweat sensors can easily monitor health by analyzing the sweat produced by the human body. We reviewed the most recent advancements in wearable sweat sensors from the fabrication, materials, and disease detection and monitoring perspectives. To integrate real-time biosensors with electronics and introduce advancements to the field of wearable technology, key chemical constituents of sweat, sweat collection technologies, and concerns of textile substrates are elaborated. Perspectives for building wearable biosensing systems based on sweat are reviewed, as well as the methods and difficulties involved in enhancing wearable sweat-sensing performance. Full article
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2 pages, 125 KiB  
Abstract
Design of Internet of Things-Enabled Textile-Based Biosensors
by Dhanasony John and Paramasivam Alagumariappan
Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104033 - 28 May 2024
Viewed by 438
Abstract
During a health crisis or pandemic, people with breathing issues may find it challenging to receive timely medical attention as access to healthcare services is limited [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)
12 pages, 2287 KiB  
Article
Highly Sensitive Qualitative and Quantitative Identification of Cashmere and Wool Based on Terahertz Electromagnetically Induced Transparent Metasurface Biosensor
by Dongpeng Luo, Limin Xu, Lifeng Jia, Lianglun Cheng, Ping Tang and Jinyun Zhou
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050240 - 10 May 2024
Viewed by 2177
Abstract
Cashmere and wool are both natural animal fibers used in the textile industry, but cashmere is of superior quality, is rarer, and more precious. It is therefore important to distinguish the two fibers accurately and effectively. However, challenges due to their similar appearance, [...] Read more.
Cashmere and wool are both natural animal fibers used in the textile industry, but cashmere is of superior quality, is rarer, and more precious. It is therefore important to distinguish the two fibers accurately and effectively. However, challenges due to their similar appearance, morphology, and physical and chemical properties remain. Herein, a terahertz electromagnetic inductive transparency (EIT) metasurface biosensor is introduced for qualitative and quantitative identification of cashmere and wool. The periodic unit structure of the metasurface consists of four rotationally symmetric resonators and two cross−arranged metal secants to form toroidal dipoles and electric dipoles, respectively, so that its effective sensing area can be greatly improved by 1075% compared to the traditional dipole mode, and the sensitivity will be up to 342 GHz/RIU. The amplitude and frequency shift changes of the terahertz transmission spectra caused by the different refractive indices of cashmere/wool can achieve highly sensitive label−free qualitative and quantitative identification of both. The experimental results show that the terahertz metasurface biosensor can work at a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL. It provides a new way to achieve high sensitivity, precision, and trace detection of cashmere/wool, and would be a valuable application for the cashmere industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Biosensing Applications)
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16 pages, 2705 KiB  
Review
Wearable Technology for Monitoring Electrocardiograms (ECGs) in Adults: A Scoping Review
by Ekta Singh Dahiya, Anubha Manju Kalra, Andrew Lowe and Gautam Anand
Sensors 2024, 24(4), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041318 - 18 Feb 2024
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 12271
Abstract
In the rapidly evolving landscape of continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring systems, there is a heightened demand for non-invasive sensors capable of measuring ECGs and detecting heart rate variability (HRV) in diverse populations, ranging from cardiovascular patients to sports enthusiasts. Challenges like device accuracy, [...] Read more.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring systems, there is a heightened demand for non-invasive sensors capable of measuring ECGs and detecting heart rate variability (HRV) in diverse populations, ranging from cardiovascular patients to sports enthusiasts. Challenges like device accuracy, patient privacy, signal noise, and long-term safety impede the use of wearable devices in clinical practice. This scoping review aims to assess the performance and safety of novel multi-channel, sensor-based biopotential wearable devices in adults. A comprehensive search strategy was employed on four databases, resulting in 143 records and the inclusion of 12 relevant studies. Most studies focused on healthy adult subjects (n = 6), with some examining controlled groups with atrial fibrillation (AF) (n = 3), long QT syndrome (n = 1), and sleep apnea (n = 1). The investigated bio-sensor devices included chest-worn belts (n = 2), wrist bands (n = 2), adhesive chest strips (n = 2), and wearable textile smart clothes (n = 4). The primary objective of the included studies was to evaluate device performance in terms of accuracy, signal quality, comparability, and visual assessment of ECGs. Safety findings, reported in five articles, indicated no major side effects for long-term/continuous monitoring, with only minor instances of skin irritation. Looking forward, there are ample opportunities to enhance and test these technologies across various physical activity intensities and clinical conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Sensing of Medical Condition at Home Environment)
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10 pages, 2564 KiB  
Article
Stretchable Nanofiber-Based Felt as a String Electrode for Potential Use in Wearable Glucose Biosensors
by Bianca Seufert, Sylvia Thomas and Arash Takshi
Sensors 2024, 24(4), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041283 - 17 Feb 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1808
Abstract
Nanofiber technology is leading the revolution of wearable technology and provides a unique capability to fabricate smart textiles. With the novel fabrication technique of electrospinning, nanofibers can be fabricated and then manufactured into a durable conductive string for the application of smart textiles. [...] Read more.
Nanofiber technology is leading the revolution of wearable technology and provides a unique capability to fabricate smart textiles. With the novel fabrication technique of electrospinning, nanofibers can be fabricated and then manufactured into a durable conductive string for the application of smart textiles. This paper presents an electrospun nanofiber mesh-based (NF-Felt) string electrode with a conducting polymer coating for an electrochemical enzymatic glucose sensor. The surface area of a nanofiber matrix is a key physical property for enhanced glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme binding for the development of an electrochemical biosensor. A morphological characterization of the NF-Felt string electrode was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compared with a commercially available cotton–polyester (Cot-Pol) string coated with the same conducting polymer. The results from stress–strain testing demonstrated high stretchability of the NF-Felt string. Also, the electrochemical characterization results showed that the NF-Felt string electrode was able to detect a glucose concentration in the range between 0.0 mM and 30.0 mM with a sensitivity of 37.4 μA/mM·g and a detection limit of 3.31 mM. Overall, with better electrochemical performance and incredible flexibility, the NF-Felt-based string electrode is potentially more suitable for designing wearable biosensors for the detection of glucose in sweat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Sensors Based on Nanotechnology and Their Application)
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10 pages, 2926 KiB  
Article
The Potential of Double-Faced Polyester-Viscose Woven Fabric as a Porous Substrate for Direct-Coating and Multilayer Concept
by Asril Senoaji Soekoco, Dody Mustafa, Dinan Oktavian, Fahruk Bahtiar, Tina Martina, Nugraha and Brian Yuliarto
Polymers 2023, 15(23), 4579; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15234579 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1350
Abstract
Textile-based sensors fabricated using the direct-coating method are the appropriate choice to meet the aspects of flexibility, non-invasiveness, and lightness for continuous monitoring of the human body. The characteristics of the sensor substrate are directly influenced by factors such as the type of [...] Read more.
Textile-based sensors fabricated using the direct-coating method are the appropriate choice to meet the aspects of flexibility, non-invasiveness, and lightness for continuous monitoring of the human body. The characteristics of the sensor substrate are directly influenced by factors such as the type of weave, thread fineness, fabric density, and the type of polymeric constituent fibers. The fabric used as the sensor substrate, fabricated using the direct-coating method, must be capable of retaining the electrode paste solution, which has higher viscosity, on one surface of the fabric to avoid short circuits during the fabrication process. However, during its application, this fabric should allow the easy passage of analyte solutions with low viscosity as much as possible. Hence, an appropriate fabric construction is required to serve as the substrate for textile-based sensors to ensure the success of the fabrication process and the effectiveness of the resulting sensor’s performance. The development of the structural design of the fabric to be used as a substrate for non-invasive biosensors with a multilayer concept is carried out by weaving and sewing processes utilizing polyester-viscose fibers. During the production process, variations are applied, such as weft yarn density, the characterization of wetting time, absorption rate, maximum wetted radius, spreading speed, and accumulative one-way transport index. The most suitable fabric for use as a substrate for non-invasive biosensors with a multilayer concept, such as in this research, is a fabric with a weft thread density of 70 strands per inch, along with the addition of an analyte transfer thread configuration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)
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11 pages, 1620 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Carbon Allotrope-Based Textile Biosensors: A Patent Landscape Analysis
by Massimo Barbieri and Giuseppe Andreoni
Eng. Proc. 2023, 58(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-10-16216 - 15 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1178
Abstract
This report aims to provide a patent landscape analysis on carbon allotrope-based textile electrodes and biosensors to measure biosignals and detect several parameters. Espacenet, a free-of-charge patent database provided by the EPO (European Patent Office) and containing data on more than 140 million [...] Read more.
This report aims to provide a patent landscape analysis on carbon allotrope-based textile electrodes and biosensors to measure biosignals and detect several parameters. Espacenet, a free-of-charge patent database provided by the EPO (European Patent Office) and containing data on more than 140 million patent publications from over 100 countries, was used as the reference database. The patent search was carried out by combining keywords and classification symbols. Both classification schemes (IPC–International Patent Classification and CPC–Cooperative Patent Classification) were used. As a result of this study, a total of 227 patent documents were found between 2002 and 2023. The first patent application claiming a fabric electrode arrangement with carbon black as conductive material was filed in 2002 (and published in 2004) by Philips. 2021 was the year with the highest number of published patent applications, with 36 documents. The United States was ranked first with 126 patent documents. Carbon nanotubes and graphene are the most patented carbon allotrope materials, while body temperature, motion, and heart rate measurements are the main disclosed applications. We also analyzed the Orbit database obtaining 288 patent documents (vs. 227) with only 238 still active records (148 granted and 90 pending applications): the first application by Philips on an electrode arrangement is confirmed, and the patent distribution shows a peak in the period 2016–2020 (146 records available), while today it seems to be stable or even decreasing (“only” 52 records in the half period January 2021–June 2023). This outcome suggests that this material and related technology has reached its maximum exploitation or has not demonstrated a disruptive output. Full article
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26 pages, 5473 KiB  
Review
Advanced Textile-Based Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring
by Sheng Li, Huan Li, Yongcai Lu, Minhao Zhou, Sai Jiang, Xiaosong Du and Chang Guo
Biosensors 2023, 13(10), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13100909 - 27 Sep 2023
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7683
Abstract
With the innovation of wearable technology and the rapid development of biosensors, wearable biosensors based on flexible textile materials have become a hot topic. Such textile-based wearable biosensors promote the development of health monitoring, motion detection and medical management, and they have become [...] Read more.
With the innovation of wearable technology and the rapid development of biosensors, wearable biosensors based on flexible textile materials have become a hot topic. Such textile-based wearable biosensors promote the development of health monitoring, motion detection and medical management, and they have become an important support tool for human healthcare monitoring. Textile-based wearable biosensors not only non-invasively monitor various physiological indicators of the human body in real time, but they also provide accurate feedback of individual health information. This review examines the recent research progress of fabric-based wearable biosensors. Moreover, materials, detection principles and fabrication methods for textile-based wearable biosensors are introduced. In addition, the applications of biosensors in monitoring vital signs and detecting body fluids are also presented. Finally, we also discuss several challenges faced by textile-based wearable biosensors and the direction of future development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Bioelectronic Devices Based on Stretchable Textile)
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28 pages, 3985 KiB  
Review
Lignocellulosic Bionanomaterials for Biosensor Applications
by Ekrem Durmaz, Selva Sertkaya, Hande Yilmaz, Cagri Olgun, Orhan Ozcelik, Ayhan Tozluoglu and Zeki Candan
Micromachines 2023, 14(7), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14071450 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3523
Abstract
The rapid population growth, increasing global energy demand, climate change, and excessive use of fossil fuels have adversely affected environmental management and sustainability. Furthermore, the requirements for a safer ecology and environment have necessitated the use of renewable materials, thereby solving the problem [...] Read more.
The rapid population growth, increasing global energy demand, climate change, and excessive use of fossil fuels have adversely affected environmental management and sustainability. Furthermore, the requirements for a safer ecology and environment have necessitated the use of renewable materials, thereby solving the problem of sustainability of resources. In this perspective, lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive natural resource because of its abundance, renewability, recyclability, and low cost. The ever-increasing developments in nanotechnology have opened up new vistas in sensor fabrication such as biosensor design for electronics, communication, automobile, optical products, packaging, textile, biomedical, and tissue engineering. Due to their outstanding properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, improved electrical and thermal conductivity, high physical and mechanical properties, high surface area and catalytic activity, lignocellulosic bionanomaterials including nanocellulose and nanolignin emerge as very promising raw materials to be used in the development of high-impact biosensors. In this article, the use of lignocellulosic bionanomaterials in biosensor applications is reviewed and major challenges and opportunities are identified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials, Biodevices and Tissue Engineering)
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15 pages, 2518 KiB  
Article
Screen-Printed Textile-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose in Sweat
by Safoora Khosravi, Saeid Soltanian, Amir Servati, Ali Khademhosseini, Yangzhi Zhu and Peyman Servati
Biosensors 2023, 13(7), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13070684 - 27 Jun 2023
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5868
Abstract
Wearable sweat biosensors for noninvasive monitoring of health parameters have attracted significant attention. Having these biosensors embedded in textile substrates can provide a convenient experience due to their soft and flexible nature that conforms to the skin, creating good contact for long-term use. [...] Read more.
Wearable sweat biosensors for noninvasive monitoring of health parameters have attracted significant attention. Having these biosensors embedded in textile substrates can provide a convenient experience due to their soft and flexible nature that conforms to the skin, creating good contact for long-term use. These biosensors can be easily integrated with everyday clothing by using textile fabrication processes to enhance affordable and scalable manufacturing. Herein, a flexible electrochemical glucose sensor that can be screen-printed onto a textile substrate has been demonstrated. The screen-printed textile-based glucose biosensor achieved a linear response in the range of 20–1000 µM of glucose concentration and high sensitivity (18.41 µA mM−1 cm−2, R2 = 0.996). In addition, the biosensors show high selectivity toward glucose among other interfering analytes and excellent stability over 30 days of storage. The developed textile-based biosensor can serve as a platform for monitoring bio analytes in sweat, and it is expected to impact the next generation of wearable devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Biomedical Applications (Volume II))
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14 pages, 1030 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Characterization Using Biosensors with the Coagulant Moringa oleifera Seed Lectin (cMoL)
by Benny Ferreira de Oliveira, Hallysson Douglas Andrade de Araújo, Eloisa Ferreira Neves, Thiago Henrique Napoleão, Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva, Katia Cristina Silva de Freitas, Sandra Rodrigues de Souza and Luana Cassandra Breitenbach Barroso Coelho
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060655 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1989
Abstract
Triturated Moringa oleifera seeds have components that adsorb recalcitrant indigo carmine dye. Coagulating proteins known as lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) have already been purified from the powder of these seeds, in milligram amounts. The coagulant lectin from M. oleifera seeds (cMoL) was characterized by [...] Read more.
Triturated Moringa oleifera seeds have components that adsorb recalcitrant indigo carmine dye. Coagulating proteins known as lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) have already been purified from the powder of these seeds, in milligram amounts. The coagulant lectin from M. oleifera seeds (cMoL) was characterized by potentiometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using MOFs, or metal–organic frameworks, of [Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3]n to immobilize cMoL and construct biosensors. The potentiometric biosensor revealed an increase in the electrochemical potential resulting from the Pt/MOF/cMoL interaction with different concentrations of galactose in the electrolytic medium. The developed aluminum batteries constructed with recycled cans degraded an indigo carmine dye solution; the oxide reduction reactions of the batteries generated Al(OH)3, promoting dye electrocoagulation. Biosensors were used to investigate cMoL interactions with a specific galactose concentration and monitored residual dye. SEM revealed the components of the electrode assembly steps. Cyclic voltammetry showed differentiated redox peaks related to dye residue quantification by cMoL. Electrochemical systems were used to evaluate cMoL interactions with galactose ligands and efficiently degraded dye. Biosensors could be used for lectin characterization and monitoring dye residues in environmental effluents of the textile industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)
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15 pages, 3314 KiB  
Article
Carbonic Anhydrase Enhanced UV-Crosslinked PEG-DA/PEO Extruded Hydrogel Flexible Filaments and Durable Grids for CO2 Capture
by Jialong Shen, Sen Zhang, Xiaomeng Fang and Sonja Salmon
Gels 2023, 9(4), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9040341 - 16 Apr 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 25934
Abstract
In this study, poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate/poly (ethylene oxide) (PEG-DA/PEO) interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels (IPNH) were extruded into 1D filaments and 2D grids. The suitability of this system for enzyme immobilization and CO2 capture application was validated. IPNH chemical composition was verified [...] Read more.
In this study, poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate/poly (ethylene oxide) (PEG-DA/PEO) interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels (IPNH) were extruded into 1D filaments and 2D grids. The suitability of this system for enzyme immobilization and CO2 capture application was validated. IPNH chemical composition was verified spectroscopically using FTIR. The extruded filament had an average tensile strength of 6.5 MPa and elongation at break of 80%. IPNH filament can be twisted and bent and therefore is suitable for further processing using conventional textile fabrication methods. Initial activity recovery of the entrapped carbonic anhydrase (CA) calculated from esterase activity, showed a decrease with an increase in enzyme dose, while activity retention of high enzyme dose samples was over 87% after 150 days of repeated washing and testing. IPNH 2D grids that were assembled into spiral roll structured packings exhibited increased CO2 capture efficiency with increasing enzyme dose. Long-term CO2 capture performance of the CA immobilized IPNH structured packing was tested in a continuous solvent recirculation experiment for 1032 h, where 52% of the initial CO2 capture performance and 34% of the enzyme contribution were retained. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using rapid UV-crosslinking to form enzyme-immobilized hydrogels by a geometrically-controllable extrusion process that uses analogous linear polymers for both viscosity enhancement and chain entanglement purposes, and achieves high activity retention and performance stability of the immobilized CA. Potential uses for this system extend to 3D printing inks and enzyme immobilization matrices for such diverse applications as biocatalytic reactors and biosensor fabrication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels, Microgels, and Nanogels: From Fundamentals to Applications)
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20 pages, 23002 KiB  
Article
Design and Testing of a Smart Facemask for Respiratory Monitoring during Cycling Exercise
by Chiara Romano, Andrea Nicolò, Lorenzo Innocenti, Massimo Sacchetti, Emiliano Schena and Carlo Massaroni
Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030369 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3230
Abstract
Given the importance of respiratory frequency (fR) as a valid marker of physical effort, there is a growing interest in developing wearable devices measuring fR in applied exercise settings. Biosensors measuring chest wall movements are attracting attention as they [...] Read more.
Given the importance of respiratory frequency (fR) as a valid marker of physical effort, there is a growing interest in developing wearable devices measuring fR in applied exercise settings. Biosensors measuring chest wall movements are attracting attention as they can be integrated into textiles, but their susceptibility to motion artefacts may limit their use in some sporting activities. Hence, there is a need to exploit sensors with signals minimally affected by motion artefacts. We present the design and testing of a smart facemask embedding a temperature biosensor for fR monitoring during cycling exercise. After laboratory bench tests, the proposed solution was tested on cyclists during a ramp incremental frequency test (RIFT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), both indoors and outdoors. A reference flowmeter was used to validate the fR extracted from the temperature respiratory signal. The smart facemask showed good performance, both at a breath-by-breath level (MAPE = 2.56% and 1.64% during RIFT and HIIT, respectively) and on 30 s average fR values (MAPE = 0.37% and 0.23% during RIFT and HIIT, respectively). Both accuracy and precision (MOD ± LOAs) were generally superior to those of other devices validated during exercise. These findings have important implications for exercise testing and management in different populations. Full article
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