Search Results (207)

This study presents a novel drop-off strategy for automated fabric handling in intelligent apparel manufacturing, addressing the critical challenge of drift-free placement of lightweight, flexible textiles. A pneumatically driven retractable plate is introduced as an auxiliary device, along with machine vision technology, to eliminate drop-off deviations inherent in traditional soft grippers. By synchronizing the retraction motion of the plate with soft gripper release, the fabric is transferred onto the target surface without free-fall drift, achieving sub-0.5 mm alignment accuracy across 15 fabric types. Machine vision-based inspection validates drop-off quality in real time. This work offers a low-cost, drift-free drop-off solution for pre-sewing automation. Full article

This study explores the sustainable extraction and application of natural dyes from figs (Ficus carica) and Eucalyptus leaves using an aqueous alkaline medium. The dyeing process was optimized for cotton fabric using the exhaust-dyeing method. Fabrics dyed with Ficus carica extract and its blend with Eucalyptus exhibited enhanced color strength, excellent crocking fastness (rated 4–5), and good washing fastness (rated 3–4 on the gray scale). The use of Aloe barbadensis Miller as a bio-mordant significantly improved dye fixation, resulting in deeper, earthy shades, such as green, yellow–green, and yellowish brown. The highest K/S value (5.85) was recorded in samples treated with a mordant, sodium chloride (NaCl), and the combined dye extracts, indicating a synergistic effect among the components. Mosquito repellency tests revealed that treated fabrics exhibited up to 70% repellency, compared to just 20% in undyed samples. Antibacterial testing against E. coli showed that dyed fabrics achieved over 80% bacterial reduction after 24 h, indicating promising antimicrobial functionality. Air permeability slightly decreased post-dyeing due to the potential shrinkage in cotton fabrics. Furthermore, adsorption studies showed a removal efficiency of 57% for Ficus carica dye on graphene oxide (GO) under ultrasonication. These findings confirm the potential of GO as an effective adsorbent material for treating wastewater from natural textile dyes. Overall, the study highlights the environmental safety, functional performance, and multifunctional advantages of plant-based dyeing systems in sustainable textile applications. Full article

High-performance waterproof and breathable nanofiber membranes (WBNMs) are in great demand for various advanced applications. However, the fabrication of such membranes often relies on fluorinated materials or involves complex preparation processes, limiting their practical use. In this study, we present an innovative approach by utilizing silicon-containing polyurethane (SiPU) as a single-component, fluorine-free raw material to prepare high-performance WBNMs via a simple one-step electrospinning process. The electrospinning technique enables the formation of SiPU nanofibrous membranes with a small maximum pore size (d_max) and high porosity, while the intrinsic hydrophobicity of SiPU imparts excellent water-repellent characteristics to the membranes. As a result, the single-component SiPU WBNM exhibits superior waterproofness and breathability, with a hydrostatic pressure of 52 kPa and a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 5798 g m⁻² d⁻¹. Moreover, the optimized SiPU-14 WBNM demonstrates outstanding mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 6.15 MPa and an elongation at break of 98.80%. These findings indicate that the single-component SiPU-14 WBNMs not only achieve excellent waterproof and breathable performance but also possess robust mechanical strength, thereby enhancing the comfort and expanding the potential applications of protective textiles, such as outdoor apparel and car seats. Full article

Infant clothing represents a critical yet overlooked exposure pathway for heavy metals, with significant implications for child health and sustainable consumption. This study investigates cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) contamination in 33 textile samples, integrating in vitro bioaccessibility assays, cytotoxicity analysis, and risk assessment models to evaluate dermal exposure risks. Results reveal that 80% of samples exceeded OEKO-TEX Class I limits for As (mean 1.01 mg/kg), Cd (max 0.25 mg/kg), and Cr (max 4.32 mg/kg), with infant clothing showing unacceptable hazard indices (HI = 1.13) due to Cd (HQ = 1.12). Artificial sweat extraction demonstrated high bioaccessibility for Cr (37.8%) and Ni (28.5%), while keratinocyte exposure triggered oxidative stress (131% ROS increase) and dose-dependent cytotoxicity (22–59% viability reduction). Dark-colored synthetic fabrics exhibited elevated metal loads, linking industrial dye practices to health hazards. These findings underscore systemic gaps in textile safety regulations, particularly for low- and middle-income countries reliant on cost-effective apparel. We propose three policy levers: (1) tightening infant textile standards for Cd/Cr, (2) incentivizing non-toxic dye technologies, and (3) harmonizing global labeling requirements. By bridging toxicological evidence with circular economy principles, this work advances strategies to mitigate heavy metal exposure while supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 (health), 12 (responsible consumption), and 12.4 (chemical safety). Full article

This paper presents research in the field of computer-aided 3D clothing design, focusing on an investigation of three methods for determining the mechanical properties of woven fabrics and their impact on 3D clothing simulations in the context of sustainable apparel development. Five mechanical parameters were analyzed: tensile elongation in the warp and weft directions, shear stiffness, bending stiffness, specific weight, and fabric thickness. These parameters were integrated into the CLO3D CAD software v.2025.0.408, using data obtained via the KES-FB system, the Fabric Kit protocol, and the AI-based tool, SEDDI Textura 2024. Simulations of women’s blouse and trousers were evaluated using dynamic tests and validated by real prototypes measured with the ARAMIS optical 3D system. Results show average differences between digital and real prototype deformation data up to 6% with an 8% standard deviation, confirming the high accuracy of 3D simulations based on the determined mechanical parameters of the real fabric sample. Notably, the AI-based method demonstrated excellent simulation results compared with real garments, highlighting its potential for accessible, sustainable, and scalable fabric digitization. Presented research is entirely in line with the current trends of digitization and sustainability in the textile industry. It contributes to the advancement of efficient digital prototyping workflows and emphasizes the importance of reliable mechanical characterization for predictive garment modeling. Full article

In this study, the BPTCD/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method. BPTCD (3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride) is immobilised on the surface of g-C₃N₄ by non-covalent π-π stacking. The BPTCD/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photocatalyst is an all-organic photocatalyst with significantly improved photocatalytic performance compared with g-C₃N₄. BPTCD/g-C₃N₄-60% was able to effectively degrade MO solution (10 mg/L) to 99.9% and 82.8% in 60 min under full spectrum and visible light. The TOC measurement results indicate that MO can ultimately be decomposed into H₂O and CO₂ through photocatalytic action. The photodegradation of methyl orange by BPTCD/g-C₃N₄ composite materials under sunlight is mainly attributed to the successful construction of the heterojunction structure and its excellent π-π stacking effect. Superoxide radicals (^•O₂⁻) were found to be the main active species, while ^•OH and h⁺ played a secondary role. The synthesised BPTCD/g-C₃N₄ also showed excellent stability in the activity of photodegradation of MO in wastewater, with the performance remaining above 90% after three cycles. The mechanism of the photocatalytic removal of MO dyes was also investigated by the trap agent experiments. Additionally, BPTCD/g-C₃N₄-60% demonstrated exceptional photodegradation performance in the degradation of methylene blue (MB). BPTCD/g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions have great potential to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater under solar irradiation conditions. Full article

The cements industry is increasingly under pressure to reduce carbon emissions while maintaining performance standards. Limestone calcined clay cement (LC³) presents a promising low-carbon alternative; however, its performance depends significantly on the type and reactivity of clay used. This study investigates the effect of three common low-grade clay minerals—kaolinite, montmorillonite, and illite—on the behavior of LC³ blends. The clays were thermally activated and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and Blaine air permeability testing to evaluate their mineralogical composition, thermal behavior, chemical content, and fineness. Pozzolanic reactivity was assessed using the modified Chapelle test. Microstructural development was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the hydrated specimens at 28 days. The results confirmed a strong correlation between clay reactivity and hydration performance. Kaolinite showed the highest reactivity and fineness, contributing to a dense microstructure with reduced portlandite and enhanced formation of calcium silicate hydrate. Montmorillonite demonstrated comparable strength and favorable hydration characteristics, while illite, though less reactive initially, showed acceptable long-term behavior. Although kaolinite delivered the best overall performance, its limited availability and higher cost suggest that montmorillonite and illite represent viable and cost-effective alternatives, particularly in regions where kaolinite is scarce. This study highlights the suitability of regionally available, low-grade clays for use in LC³ systems, supporting sustainable and economically viable cement production. Full article

Soft body armor (SBA) remains an essential component of first responder protection. However, most SBA design concepts do not adequately address the unique performance, morphological, and psychological needs of women as first responders. In this review, female-specific designs of ballistic-resistant panels, material systems, and SBA performance testing are critically examined. The paper also explores innovations in shaping and design techniques, including darting, dartless shape construction, modular assembly, and body scanning with CAD integration to create contoured and structurally stable panels with improved coverage, reduced bulk, and greater mobility. In addition, the review addresses broadly used and emerging dry textile fabrics and fiber-reinforced polymers, considering various innovations, such as 3D warp interlock weave, shear thickening fluid (STF) coating, nanomaterials, and smart composites that improve energy dissipation and impact tolerance without sacrificing flexibility. In addition, the paper also examines various emerging ballistic performance testing standards and their revisions to incorporate gender-specific standards and measures their ability to decrease trauma effects and maintain flexibility and practical protection. Finally, it identifies existing challenges and areas of future research, such as optimizing multi-layer systems, addressing fatigue behavior, and improving multi-angle and low-velocity impact performance while providing avenues for future sustainable, adaptive, and performance-optimized body armor. Full article

This study focuses on the shift to a circular economy (CE) in the textile, apparel, and fashion (TAF) sectors, which generate tons of waste annually. Thus, embracing CE practices is essential for contributing to UN Sustainable Development Goals. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating PRISMA for systematic literature selection, BERTopic modeling and AI-driven SDG mapping, and case study analysis to explore emerging CE themes, implemented circular practices, and systemic barriers. Machine-learning-based SDG mapping reveals strong linkages to SDG 9 and SDG 12, emphasizing technological advancements, industrial collaborations, and circular business models. Moderately explored SDGs, namely, SDG 8, SDG 6, and SDG 7, highlight research on labor conditions, water conservation, and clean energy integration. Reviewing 655 peer-reviewed papers, the BERTopic modeling extracted six key themes, including sustainable recycling, circular business models, and consumer engagement, whereas case studies highlighted regulatory frameworks, stakeholder collaboration, and financial incentives as critical enablers. The findings advance institutional theory by demonstrating how certifications, material standards, and regulations drive CE adoption, reinforcing SDG 12 and SDG 16. The natural resource-based view is extended by showing that technological resources alone are insufficiently aligned with SDG 9. Using the Antecedents–Decisions–Outcomes framework, this study presents a structured, AI-driven roadmap for scaling CE in the TAF industry, addressing systemic barriers, and supporting global sustainability goals, highlighting how multistakeholder collaboration, digital traceability, and inclusive governance can improve the impact of CE. The results recommend that CE strategies should be aligned with net-zero targets, carbon credit systems, and block-chain-based supply chains. Full article

The textile sector plays a crucial role in Peru’s economy. This case study examines a Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) in the Peruvian textile sector, which experienced a productivity decline to 0.085 units per sol in 2023, compared to the sector average of 0.13 units per sol. This productivity gap resulted in a 22.45% reduction in the company’s income. Previous studies addressing similar productivity issues have achieved only marginal improvements. This study aims to achieve more significant results by implementing 5S, Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), digitization, and advanced data analytics to enhance data recording and overall productivity. Data analytics is utilized to transform raw data into actionable insights, optimize maintenance, and improve quality control. The methodology was tested through a pilot project in the company’s apparel division, resulting in a productivity increase of 0.10 sol/unit. The study concludes that the applied methodology, supported by data analytics, effectively addresses the productivity issues and optimizes the processes within the case study. In a textile sector MSE, which has a problem with the low productivity present during the past year of 2023, i.e., of 0.085 und/sol whereas is at 0.13 und/sol on the side of the sector, it thus generates a negative economic impact of 22.45% of the company’s income and a presenting a gap of 0.085 und/sol while the sector is at 0.13 und/sol. Previously, studies have been presented, seeking to solve similar problems and obtaining minimally positive results, which is why the motivation to achieve favorable results to ensure that the MSEs in the sector can develop optimally with the support of tools such as 5S, TPM, and innovative technologies such as digitization, thus allowing better recording of their data. The application of this methodology is designed through a pilot in the apparel area of the company, allowing it to achieve a positive result by increasing productivity by 0.10 sol/unit. It can be concluded that this methodology allows solving the problems addressed and optimizing the processes of the case study. Full article

The widespread phase-out of long-chain per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has created an urgent need for durable, fluorine-free water-repellent finishes that match the performance of legacy chemistries while minimising environmental impact. Here, the performance of an eco-friendly hybrid organic–inorganic treatment obtained by the in situ hydrolysis–condensation of triethoxy(octyl)silane (OS) in an amino-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (APT-PDMS) aqueous dispersion was investigated. The sol was applied to plain-weave cotton and polyester by a pad-dry-cure process and benchmarked against a commercial fluorinated finish. Morphology and chemistry were characterised by SEM–EDS, ATR-FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy; wettability was assessed by static contact angle, ISO 4920 spray ratings, and AATCC 193 water/alcohol repellence; and durability, handle, and breathability were evaluated through repeated laundering, bending stiffness, and water-vapour transmission rate measurements. The silica/PDMS coating formed a uniform, strongly adherent nanostructured layer conferring static contact angles of 130° on cotton and 145° on polyester. After five ISO 105-C10 wash cycles, the treated fabrics still displayed a spray rating of 5/5 and AATCC 193 grade 7, outperforming or equalling the fluorinated control, while causing ≤5% loss of water-vapour permeability and only a marginal increase in bending stiffness. These results demonstrate that the proposed one-step, water-borne sol–gel process affords a sustainable, industrially scalable route to high-performance, durable, water-repellent finishes for both natural and synthetic textiles, offering a viable alternative to PFAS-based chemistry for outdoor apparel and technical applications. Full article

A significant proportion of waste generated by the fashion industry is either landfilled or incinerated, primarily due to the high cost and complexity of collecting and separating mixed textile materials. While research in textile recycling often emphasizes post-consumer waste, less attention is given to pre-consumer waste, particularly cutting surpluses generated during apparel manufacturing—a labour-intensive sector with low automation and operational inefficiencies. This study addresses this gap by presenting a case study on the implementation of an automated system for collecting, transporting, sorting, and storing textile surpluses in an apparel manufacturing environment. The research aims to identify the barriers, benefits, and sustainability impact of such automation. Using both qualitative and quantitative data, the system is evaluated through key performance indicators including time reduction, ergonomic improvement, and process reliability. Results suggest that automation enhances intralogistics, reduces non-value-added labour, and enables better utilization of human resources. This case study offers a practical framework for apparel manufacturers to assess the potential of automating textile-waste handling, helping to justify such investments based on labour use, process variability, and environmental benefits. The study contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable manufacturing and supports the apparel industry’s shift toward digital transformation and circular economy practices. Full article

Overconsumption and unplanned disposal of garments result in millions of tons of textile products going to landfills. Understanding the environmental benefits and impact of various recycling options is crucial for integrating recycling into the apparel waste stream. This study aims to assess the environmental impacts of products made from post-consumer textile waste fibers, highlighting the importance of closed-loop textile supply chains in developing countries. Using Open LCA software, the cradle-to-gate approach for life cycle assessment is used to calculate the environmental impacts of post-consumer textile waste, virgin cotton, virgin polyester fibers, and their blends in two different scenarios. The life cycle inventory data for functional units (1000 kg apparel) has been collected from the industrial units and the Ecoinvent v3.0 database. The results of 16 environmental impact categories are computed, showing that textile products made from virgin cotton fiber have 60% more global warming potential than those made from post-consumer textile waste fibers. Hence, the environmental impact of textile products can be controlled by recycling them. Consumption of post-consumer textile waste fiber is the key to reducing the new material needs in the textile supply chain. The closed-loop apparel supply chain can help developing countries generate maximum financial value with minimal environmental damage. In developing countries, value extraction from post-consumer textile waste recycling is essential to meet international consumer demands for cleaner production. Full article

The textile and apparel industry faces significant sustainability challenges due to the high volume of waste it generates and the limitations of current recycling systems. Automation in textile waste management has emerged as a promising solution to enhance material recovery through accurate and efficient sorting. This systematic literature review, conducted using the PRISMA-guided PSALSAR methodology, examines recent advancements in computer-based sorting technologies applied in textile recycling. This study identifies and evaluates major technological methods often integrated with machine learning, deep learning, or computer vision models. The strengths and limitations of these approaches are discussed, highlighting their impact on classification accuracy, reliability, and scalability. This review emphasizes the need for further research on blended fiber detection, data availability, and hybrid models to advance automated textile waste management and support a sustainable circular economy. Full article

A significant development has been the integration of natural elements with bio-based materials to produce entirely bio-based functional textiles. In this investigation, lycopene, derived from tomatoes, is used as a new natural red dye for silk. A suitable solvent was selected to precisely measure the lycopene content in silk. The stability of lycopene in a simulated dye bath was examined in relation to heating duration and pH values. Central composite design was employed to evaluate the impact of dyeing conditions on the color intensity of silk. The results showed that lycopene dissolves more efficiently in dichloromethane than in water or ethanol. UV–Vis absorption spectra, which remained nearly constant, indicate that lycopene retains its stability after being heated at 90 °C for 60 min or when the pH is between 3.2 and 6.2. Higher temperatures lead to increased lycopene adsorption, thereby enhancing color intensity. Based on the ANOVA analysis from the central composite design experiment, the most influential factor affecting color intensity is the concentration of lycopene, followed by temperature, and then pH. As the lycopene concentration increases, the color intensity and saturation of the dyed silk also increase. Although the lycopene-dyed silk shows good wash fastness, there is room for improvement in rub fastness. In summary, this study confirms the potential of using lycopene as a new natural red dye for silk. Full article