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22 pages, 3429 KiB  
Article
Indoor Positioning and Tracking System in a Multi-Level Residential Building Using WiFi
by Elmer Magsino, Joshua Kenichi Sim, Rica Rizabel Tagabuhin and Jan Jayson Tirados
Information 2025, 16(8), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16080633 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 307
Abstract
The implementation of an Indoor Positioning System (IPS) in a three-storey residential building employing WiFi signals that can also be used to track indoor movements is presented in this study. The movement of inhabitants is monitored through an Android smartphone by detecting the [...] Read more.
The implementation of an Indoor Positioning System (IPS) in a three-storey residential building employing WiFi signals that can also be used to track indoor movements is presented in this study. The movement of inhabitants is monitored through an Android smartphone by detecting the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) signals from WiFi Anchor Points (APs).Indoor movement is detected through a successive estimation of a target’s multiple positions. Using the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms, these RSSI measurements are trained for estimating the position of an indoor target. Additionally, the Density-based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) has been integrated into the PSO method for removing RSSI-estimated position outliers of the mobile device to further improve indoor position detection and monitoring accuracy. We also employed Time Reversal Resonating Strength (TRRS) as a correlation technique as the third method of localization. Our extensive and rigorous experimentation covers the influence of various weather conditions in indoor detection. Our proposed localization methods have maximum accuracies of 92%, 80%, and 75% for TRRS, KNN, and PSO + DBSCAN, respectively. Each method also has an approximate one-meter deviation, which is a short distance from our targets. Full article
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25 pages, 7677 KiB  
Article
Seismic Assessment and Strengthening of a Load-Bearing Masonry Structure Considering SSI Effects
by Kyriaki G. Amarantidou, Panagiota S. Katsimpini, George Papagiannopoulos and George Hatzigeorgiou
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8135; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158135 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 353
Abstract
This article examines the seismic assessment and strengthening of a traditional load-bearing masonry structure subjected to strong motion data, with particular emphasis on the effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI). The case study is the Archaeological Museum of Lemnos (AML)—a three-storey building with a [...] Read more.
This article examines the seismic assessment and strengthening of a traditional load-bearing masonry structure subjected to strong motion data, with particular emphasis on the effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI). The case study is the Archaeological Museum of Lemnos (AML)—a three-storey building with a composite load-bearing system of timber-framed stone masonry. Over time, the structure has undergone irreversible modifications, primarily involving reinforced concrete (RC) interventions. The building’s seismic performance was evaluated using two finite element models developed in the SAP2000 software (v. 25.3.00). The first model simulates the original structure, strengthened by grout injections, while the second represents the current condition of the structural system following RC additions. Soil–structure interaction was also investigated, given that the local soil is classified as Category D according to Eurocode 8 (EC8). Each model was analyzed under two different support conditions: fixed-base and SSI-inclusive. A suite of appropriate accelerograms was applied to both models, in compliance with Eurocode 8 using the SeismoMatch software, and linear time-history analyses were conducted. The results underscore the significant impact of SSI on the increase of peak tensile stress and interstorey drift ratios (IDRs), and highlight the influence of different strengthening techniques on the seismic response of historic load-bearing masonry structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Monitoring and Control of the Built Environment)
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20 pages, 1894 KiB  
Article
Indigenous Underwater Cultural Heritage Legislation in Australia: Still Waters?
by Matthew Storey
Heritage 2025, 8(7), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8070289 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 324
Abstract
The article examines possible amendments to the Australian legislative regime regulating and protecting Indigenous cultural heritage in an offshore, including underwater, context. It suggests that there are significant reforms that are needed to bring the existing domestic legislative regime into conformity with the [...] Read more.
The article examines possible amendments to the Australian legislative regime regulating and protecting Indigenous cultural heritage in an offshore, including underwater, context. It suggests that there are significant reforms that are needed to bring the existing domestic legislative regime into conformity with the expectations of contemporary international law, particularly as manifested in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). In reaching this conclusion, the article proceeds by examining recent Australian jurisprudence and archaeological studies, considering offshore Indigenous cultural heritage as well as the current Australian domestic legislative framework. It then proceeds to examine the relevant provisions of both UNDRIP and the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH Convention). The article identifies that the UCH Convention operates to ignore any legitimate role for Indigenous peoples and does not provide an appropriate foundation for legislative reform. The article concludes by suggesting the content of appropriate legislative reforms that accord with the expectations in UNDRIP. Full article
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17 pages, 228 KiB  
Article
Why Are Cultural Rights over Sea Country Less Recognised than Terrestrial Ones?
by Rhetti Hoskins, Gareth Ogilvie, Matthew Storey and Alexandra Hill
Heritage 2025, 8(7), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8070283 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 446
Abstract
This article identifies the nature of Traditional Owners’ interests in Sea Country and addresses issues associated with all offshore energy projects—gas and wind. Exploring the impacts of offshore development on First Nations’ cultural heritage, the article proposes integration of free, prior and informed [...] Read more.
This article identifies the nature of Traditional Owners’ interests in Sea Country and addresses issues associated with all offshore energy projects—gas and wind. Exploring the impacts of offshore development on First Nations’ cultural heritage, the article proposes integration of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), into the regulatory and legislative offshore environment. In the Australian context, this particularly regards administrative and regulatory reforms to overcome uncertainty arising from recent decisions in the Federal Court. The international focus on new energy has fast-tracked many processes that sideline First Nations’ rights, hitherto understood within the onshore minerals extraction regimes. The reforms proposed in this article recognise an international commitment to enact the principles contained in the UNDRIP and other relevant international law. Full article
22 pages, 4059 KiB  
Article
Robustness of Steel Moment-Resisting Frames Under Column Loss Scenarios with and without Prior Seismic Damage
by Silvia Costanzo, David Cassiano and Mario D’Aniello
Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2490; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142490 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 291
Abstract
This study investigates the robustness of steel moment-resisting frames (MRFs) under column loss scenarios, both in undamaged and post-seismic conditions. In this context, robustness is defined as the ability of a damaged structure to prevent progressive collapse following an earthquake. A parametric investigation [...] Read more.
This study investigates the robustness of steel moment-resisting frames (MRFs) under column loss scenarios, both in undamaged and post-seismic conditions. In this context, robustness is defined as the ability of a damaged structure to prevent progressive collapse following an earthquake. A parametric investigation was conducted on 48 three-dimensional MRF configurations, varying key design and geometric parameters such as the number of storeys, span length, and design load combinations. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed using realistic ground motions and column loss scenarios defined by UFC guidelines. The effects of pre-existing seismic damage, façade claddings, and joint typologies were explicitly accounted for using validated component-based modelling approaches. The results indicate that long-span, low-rise frames are more vulnerable to collapse initiation due to higher plastic demands, while higher-rise frames benefit from load redistribution through their increased redundancy. In detail, long-span, low-rise frames experience roughly ten times higher displacement demands than their short-span counterparts, and post-seismic damage has limited influence, yielding rotational demands within 5–10% of the undamaged case. The Reserve Displacement Ductility (RDR) ranges from approximately 6.3 for low-rise, long-span frames to 21.5 for high-rise frames, highlighting the significant role of geometry in post-seismic robustness. The post-seismic damage was found to have a limited influence on the dynamic displacement and rotational demands, suggesting that the robustness of steel MRFs after a moderate earthquake is largely comparable to that of the initially undamaged structure. These findings support the development of more accurate design and retrofit provisions for seismic and multi-hazard scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Seismic Performance of Steel Structures)
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21 pages, 1469 KiB  
Article
Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis of Three Chionea Species (Tipulomorpha: Limoniidae): Insights into Phylogenetic Relationships and Selection Pressure
by Yufeng Feng, Wei Cen, Kenneth B. Storey, Lingjuan Liu, Danna Yu and Jiayong Zhang
Insects 2025, 16(7), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070720 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 377
Abstract
Chionea is classified within the Tipuloidea superfamily and predominantly inhabits cold regions. However, its phylogenetic relationships remain contentious. In this study, the first three mitogenomes of Chionea (Diptera: Limoniidae) sampled in northeastern China (Jilin region) were sequenced, and their phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed [...] Read more.
Chionea is classified within the Tipuloidea superfamily and predominantly inhabits cold regions. However, its phylogenetic relationships remain contentious. In this study, the first three mitogenomes of Chionea (Diptera: Limoniidae) sampled in northeastern China (Jilin region) were sequenced, and their phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed by integrating these sequences with 30 additional Tipuloidea mitogenomes retrieved from NCBI. Unlike other Tipuloidea species, which are predominantly distributed in relatively warmer regions, this research investigates whether positive selection has acted on the mitogenomes of these three Chionea species due to environmental pressures, thereby elucidating key evolutionary drivers for Chionea. The three mitogenomes of Chionea exhibit characteristic features typical of insect mitogenomes, comprising 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (16S rRNA and 12S rRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA), and a single non-coding control region (D-loop). Notably, the secondary structure of trnS1 lacks the DHU arm in all three samples, and UUA (Leu) emerges as the most frequently utilized codon. Furthermore, the COX2 and ND5 genes utilize incomplete stop codons “T”. Utilizing these 13 PCGs, we reconstructed the internal phylogenetic relationships within Tipuloidea, revealing that Chionea tianhuashana and C. sphaerae form sister branches, while (C. tianhuashana + C. sphaerae) constitutes a sister branch to C. crassipes. Moreover, our analysis confirms the monophyly of Tipulidae, Tipula, and Nephrotoma as well as the polyphyly of Tipulinae, Chioneinae, and Limoniidae. In the branch site model analysis, three positively selected sites were detected when Chionea was designated as the foreground branches: COX3 (at position 242), ND5 (at position 535), and ND6 (at position 138). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
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17 pages, 2942 KiB  
Article
Visual Perception and Fixation Patterns in an Individual with Ventral Simultanagnosia, Integrative Agnosia and Bilateral Visual Field Loss
by Isla Williams, Andrea Phillipou, Elsdon Storey, Peter Brotchie and Larry Abel
Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(7), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17070105 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 238
Abstract
Background/Objectives: As high-acuity vision is limited to a very small visual angle, examination of a scene requires multiple fixations. Simultanagnosia, a disorder wherein elements of a scene can be perceived correctly but cannot be integrated into a coherent whole, has been parsed into [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: As high-acuity vision is limited to a very small visual angle, examination of a scene requires multiple fixations. Simultanagnosia, a disorder wherein elements of a scene can be perceived correctly but cannot be integrated into a coherent whole, has been parsed into dorsal and ventral forms. In ventral simultanagnosia, limited visual integration is possible. This case study was the first to record gaze during the presentation of a series of visual stimuli, which required the processing of local and global elements. We hypothesised that gaze patterns would differ with successful processing and that feature integration could be disrupted by distractors. Methods: The patient received a neuropsychological assessment and underwent CT and MRI. Eye movements were recorded during the following tasks: (1) famous face identification, (2) facial emotion recognition, (3) identification of Ishihara colour plates, and (4) identification of both local and global letters in Navon composite letters, presented either alone or surrounded by filled black circles, which we hypothesised would impair global processing by disrupting fixation. Results: The patients identified no famous faces but scanned them qualitatively normally. The only emotion to be consistently recognised was happiness, whose scanpath differed from the other emotions. She identified none of the Ishihara plates, although her colour vision was normal on the FM-15, even mapping an unseen digit with fixations and tracing it with her finger. For plain Navon figures, she correctly identified 20/20 local and global letters; for the “dotted” figures, she was correct 19/20 times for local letters and 0/20 for global letters (chi-squared NS for local, p < 0.0001, global), with similar fixation of salient elements for both. Conclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, gaze behaviour was largely independent of the ability to process global stimuli, showing for the first time that normal acquisition of visual information did not ensure its integration into a percept. The core defect lay in processing, not acquisition. In the novel Navon task, adding distractors abolished feature integration without affecting the fixation of the salient elements, confirming for the first time that distractors could disrupt the processing, not the acquisition, of visual information in this disorder. Full article
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21 pages, 2835 KiB  
Article
Vibrations from Wind Turbines Increased Self-Pollination of Native Forbs, and White Bases Attracted Pollinators: Evidence Along a 28 km Gradient in a Natural Area
by Lusha M. Tronstad, Michelle Weschler, Amy Marie Storey, Joy Handley and Bryan P. Tronstad
Wind 2025, 5(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind5020015 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 610
Abstract
Knowledge of how wind turbines interact with vertebrate animals is growing rapidly; however, less is known about plants and insects. Turbines produce infrasound (≤20 Hz), and these vibrations decrease with distance from turbines. We measured seed set and pollinators at six sites 0 [...] Read more.
Knowledge of how wind turbines interact with vertebrate animals is growing rapidly; however, less is known about plants and insects. Turbines produce infrasound (≤20 Hz), and these vibrations decrease with distance from turbines. We measured seed set and pollinators at six sites 0 to 28 km from turbines. We measured the number and mass of seeds produced by self-pollination, insect pollination, and when pollen was not limiting for nine native plants. We assessed pollinators by target netting bees and butterflies during transects, and by using blue vane traps (bees only). Most plants produced fewer or lighter developed seeds through self-pollination. Seed set did not vary between the open- and hand-pollinated treatments, indicating that the pollen was not limiting. The number and mass of seeds in the self-pollination treatment decreased with distance from the turbines. Bees and butterflies were more abundant near the wind facility, based on transects. The vane traps collected the fewest insects within the wind facility, likely due to bees being attracted to the turbine bases. The pollinator assemblage at the wind facility was distinct compared to other sites. Infrasound produced by the turbines appeared to enhance self-pollination, and the turbine bases attracted pollinators. We provide data on a seldom studied yet critical topic to inform land management and agricultural decisions, and to promote new strategies as wind energy development grows. Full article
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8 pages, 360 KiB  
Obituary
Nigel R. Badnell (1958–2024): A Legacy in Atomic Astrophysics
by Giulio Del Zanna, Helen E. Mason, Peter J. Storey, Stefan Kuhr, Chunyu Zhang, Junjie Mao, Gary J. Ferland, Alessandra Giunta and Roger P. Dufresne
Atoms 2025, 13(6), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms13060055 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 413
Abstract
Nigel Robert Badnell was born on the 27th of October 1958 and grew up in Swindon where he lived with his parents, Dave and Patricia, and his wee sister, Hilary [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Spectroscopy and Collisions)
23 pages, 1208 KiB  
Article
Comparing the Performance of Regression and Machine Learning Models in Predicting the Usable Area of Houses with Multi-Pitched Roofs
by Leszek Dawid, Anna Marta Barańska and Paweł Baran
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 6297; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116297 - 3 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 493
Abstract
The usable floor area is one of the key parameters when appraising residential property. In Poland, valuers have to base their analysis on data from the Real Estate Price Register (RCN) in order to value a property. Unfortunately, these data often turn out [...] Read more.
The usable floor area is one of the key parameters when appraising residential property. In Poland, valuers have to base their analysis on data from the Real Estate Price Register (RCN) in order to value a property. Unfortunately, these data often turn out to be incomplete, especially with regard to floor area, which makes the selection of reference properties difficult and can lead to erroneous valuation results. To address this problem, a study was conducted that used linear models, non-linear models and machine learning algorithms to calculate the floor area of buildings with complex multi-pitched roofs. The analysis was conducted using data sourced from the Database of Topographic Objects (BDOT10k). Three key factors were identified to provide a reliable estimate of usable floor area: the covered area, the height of the building and, optionally, the number of storeys. The results show that the linear model based on the design data achieved an accuracy of 88%, the non-linear model achieved 89% and the machine learning algorithms achieved 93%. For the existing building data from the city of Koszalin, the best model achieved an accuracy of 90%. The estimated values of the usable area of the building designs for the best model on the test set differed on average from the true ones by 8.7 m2, while for the existing buildings, the difference was 9.9 m2 on average (in both cases, the average relative error was about 7%). Full article
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21 pages, 13039 KiB  
Review
Investigating Wind Energy Curtailment to Enable Constraint Analysis and Green Hydrogen Potential in Scotland’s Energy Infrastructure
by Thomas Storey, Wolf-Gerrit Früh and Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu
Energies 2025, 18(11), 2777; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112777 - 27 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 720
Abstract
Curtailment of renewable energy is a growing issue in global energy infrastructure. A case study is carried out to investigate wind energy curtailment occurring in Scotland, which presents a growing issue, with an increasing amount of renewable energy going to waste. Complex relationships [...] Read more.
Curtailment of renewable energy is a growing issue in global energy infrastructure. A case study is carried out to investigate wind energy curtailment occurring in Scotland, which presents a growing issue, with an increasing amount of renewable energy going to waste. Complex relationships between grid constraints and wind farm operations must be explored to maximise utilisation of low-carbon electricity and to avoid the “turn-up” of non-renewable sources. Transmission zones and boundaries are considered and mapped, and a novel method of direct measurement of curtailment for transmission-level assets is proposed, with an intuitive, reproducible approach utilising balancing mechanism data. Curtailment data is examined and combined to find national trends, explore the viability of distributed hydrogen electrolysis, and compare curtailment and constraint directly across transmission boundaries. The weaknesses of the data collection methods are considered, solutions for a future iteration are proposed, and further uses of the outputs are discovered. Full article
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28 pages, 4507 KiB  
Article
Structural Reliability of Tall Buildings Under Wind Loads with Tuned Mass Damper Fluid Inerters
by Cáelán McEvoy and Breiffni Fitzgerald
Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101736 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 558
Abstract
This study investigates the reliability of tall buildings subjected to dynamic across-wind loading, focusing on the Tuned Mass Damper Fluid Inerter (TMDFI). While existing literature emphasises the effectiveness of TMDFI in mitigating seismic hazards, research on its reliability regarding wind hazards remains limited. [...] Read more.
This study investigates the reliability of tall buildings subjected to dynamic across-wind loading, focusing on the Tuned Mass Damper Fluid Inerter (TMDFI). While existing literature emphasises the effectiveness of TMDFI in mitigating seismic hazards, research on its reliability regarding wind hazards remains limited. A wind-sensitive benchmark 76-storey building is modeled to compare the performance of the TMDFI against a traditional tuned mass damper (TMD) and an uncontrolled structure. A Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) approach comprising 31,500 simulations is employed to assess reliability under uncertain damping ratios and varying turbulence intensities at reference wind speeds of 20 to 40 m/s. Key performance metrics, including peak acceleration and root mean squared (RMS) displacement responses, are derived through spectral analysis in the frequency domain. Results indicate that the TMDFI offers superior reliability, allowing an additional 6–7 m/s in reference velocity before reaching significant failure at the ISO limit state. Peak acceleration and RMS displacement are reduced by up to 64% to the uncontrolled structure. The TMDFI consistently outperforms both the TMD and uncontrolled configurations across all turbulent cases and wind velocities examined. Full article
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30 pages, 3489 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Robustness of Multispectral Satellite Imagery with LiDAR Topographic Attributes and Ancillary Data to Predict Vertical Structure in a Wet Eucalypt Forest
by Bechu K. V. Yadav, Arko Lucieer, Gregory J. Jordan and Susan C. Baker
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(10), 1733; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17101733 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 681
Abstract
Remote sensing approaches can be cost-effective for estimating forest structural attributes. This study aims to use airborne LiDAR data to assess the robustness of multispectral satellite imagery and topographic attributes derived from DEMs to predict the density of three vegetation layers in a [...] Read more.
Remote sensing approaches can be cost-effective for estimating forest structural attributes. This study aims to use airborne LiDAR data to assess the robustness of multispectral satellite imagery and topographic attributes derived from DEMs to predict the density of three vegetation layers in a wet eucalypt forest in Tasmania, Australia. We compared the predictive capacity of medium-resolution Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) surface reflectance and three pixel sizes from high-resolution WorldView-3 satellite imagery. These datasets were combined with topographic attributes extracted from resampled LiDAR-derived DEMs and a geology layer and validated with vegetation density layers extracted from high-density LiDAR. Using spectral bands, indices, texture features, a geology layer, and topographic attributes as predictor variables, we evaluated the predictive power of 13 data schemes at three different pixel sizes (1.6 m, 7.5 m, and 30 m). The schemes of the 30 m Landsat-8 (OLI) dataset provided better model accuracy than the WorldView-3 dataset across all three pixel sizes (R2 values from 0.15 to 0.65) and all three vegetation layers. The model accuracies increased with an increase in the number of predictor variables. For predicting the density of the overstorey vegetation, spectral indices (R2 = 0.48) and texture features (R2 = 0.47) were useful, and when both were combined, they produced higher model accuracy (R2 = 0.56) than either dataset alone. Model prediction improved further when all five data sources were included (R2 = 0.65). The best models for mid-storey (R2 = 0.46) and understorey (R2 = 0.44) vegetation had lower predictive capacity than for the overstorey. The models validated using an independent dataset confirmed the robustness. The spectral indices and texture features derived from the Landsat data products integrated with the low-density LiDAR data can provide valuable information on the forest structure of larger geographical areas for sustainable management and monitoring of the forest landscape. Full article
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19 pages, 6682 KiB  
Article
Unusual Genetic Diversity Within Thereuopoda clunifera (Wood, 1862) (Chilopoda: Scutigeromorpha) Revealed by Phylogeny and Divergence Times Using Mitochondrial Genomes
by Jie-Hong Ji, Hui-Yuan Wu, Yi-Xin Gao, Chen-Yang Shen, Zi-Wen Yang, Kenneth B. Storey, Dan-Na Yu and Jia-Yong Zhang
Insects 2025, 16(5), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16050486 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 612
Abstract
As one of the four primary evolutionary groups within myriapods, centipedes (Chilopoda) comprise approximately 3150 valid species. Recent molecular studies have begun to elucidate the phylogeny and time to divergence in Chilopoda; yet, identifying scutigeromorphs at the species level remains a notoriously challenging [...] Read more.
As one of the four primary evolutionary groups within myriapods, centipedes (Chilopoda) comprise approximately 3150 valid species. Recent molecular studies have begun to elucidate the phylogeny and time to divergence in Chilopoda; yet, identifying scutigeromorphs at the species level remains a notoriously challenging task. In this study, we obtained seven new complete mitogenomes of Thereuopoda clunifera (Wood, 1862) to investigate the phylogeny and divergence times of Chilopoda. Both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses recovered the relationship of (Scutigeromorpha + (Scolopendromorpha + (Lithobiomorpha + Geophilomorpha))). For Scutigeromorpha, seven newly sequenced mitogenomes of T. clunifera were divided into four distinct clades. Divergence time estimates suggest that the basal split of Chilopoda occurred during the Middle Ordovician period, with the origins of Scolopendromorpha, Lithobiomorpha, and Geophilomorpha dating to the Devonian period. Factors such as warm climates, coevolution between predator and prey, and the rifting of the Hainan Island may have driven the diversification of Scutigeromorpha. Based on genetic distance, the delimitation of molecular species, phylogenetic relationships, and divergence time analyses, we identified three cryptic species that existed within T. clunifera. This exceptionally high degree of hidden diversity can be ascribed to the morphological stasis that has occurred since the Paleozoic era and taxonomic impediment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
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27 pages, 8461 KiB  
Article
From Digital to Real: Optimised and Functionally Integrated Shotcrete 3D Printing Elements for Multi-Storey Structures
by Robin Dörrie, Stefan Gantner, Fatemeh Salehi Amiri, Lukas Lachmayer, Martin David, Tom Rothe, Niklas Freund, Ahmad Nouman, Karam Mawas, Oguz Oztoprak, Philipp Rennen, Virama Ekanayaka, André Hürkamp, Stefan Kollmannsberger, Christian Hühne, Annika Raatz, Klaus Dröder, Dirk Lowke, Norman Hack and Harald Kloft
Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091461 - 25 Apr 2025
Viewed by 733
Abstract
The construction industry is facing a dual challenge: an increasing demand for new buildings on the one hand and the urgent need to drastically reduce emissions and waste on the other. One promising field of research to face these challenges comprises additive manufacturing [...] Read more.
The construction industry is facing a dual challenge: an increasing demand for new buildings on the one hand and the urgent need to drastically reduce emissions and waste on the other. One promising field of research to face these challenges comprises additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. Through these advanced methods, digital workflows between design and fabrication can be implemented to optimise the form and structure, unlocking new architectural freedom while ensuring sustainability and efficiency. However, to drive this transformation in construction, the new technologies must be investigated in large-scale applications. One of these fast-emerging AM techniques is Shotcrete 3D Printing (SC3DP). The present research documents the 1:1 scale manufacturing process, from digital to real, of a building section utilising SC3DP. A workflow and production steps, spanning from design over manufacturing to assembly, are introduced. The architectural design, reinforced by computational methods, was iteratively refined to adapt to manufacturing constraints. The paper also emphasises the importance of a digital twin in ensuring seamless data integration and real-time adjustments during construction. By incorporating reinforcement techniques such as short rebar insertion and robotic fibre winding, this study demonstrates the structural capabilities achievable with SC3DP. In summary, the implementation of comprehensive digital workflows utilising computational design, automated data acquisition and data flow, as well as robotic fabrication is presented to demonstrate the potential of AM methods in construction. Furthermore, this paper provides a perspective on potential future research paths and opportunities inherent in leveraging the innovative SC3DP technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robotics, Automation and Digitization in Construction)
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