Search Results (686)

Phosphorylated cellulose is proposed as a bio-resin for the removal of heavy metals, as a substitute for synthetic polymer-based materials. Phosphorylation is carried out using kraft pulp fibers as the cellulose source, with phosphate esters and urea as reactants to prevent significant fiber degradation. Herein, phosphorylated fibers, with three types of counterions (sodium, ammonium, or hydrogen), are used in adsorption trials involving four individual metals: nickel, copper, cadmium, and lead. The Langmuir isotherm model is applied to determine the maximum adsorption capacities at four different temperatures (10, 20, 30, and 50 °C), enabling the calculation of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG), entropy (ΔS), and enthalpy (ΔH) of adsorption. The results show that the adsorption capacity of phosphorylated fibers is equal or even higher than that of commercially available resins (1.7–2.9 vs. 2.4–2.6 mmol/g). However, the nature of the phosphate counterion plays an important role in the adsorption capacity, with the alkaline form showing a superior ion exchange capacity than the hybrid form and acid form (2.7–2.9 vs. 2.3–2.7 vs. 1.7–2.5 mmol/g). The thermodynamic analysis indicates the spontaneous (ΔG = (-)16–(-)30 kJ/mol) and endothermic nature of the adsorption process with positive changes in enthalpy (0.45–15.47 kJ/mol) and entropy (0.07–0.14 kJ/mol·K). These results confirm the high potential of phosphorylated lignocellulosic fibers for ion exchange applications, such as the removal of heavy metals from process or wastewaters. Full article

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in young adults, though less common than in older populations, is an emerging clinical concern with increasing incidence and diverse etiologies. Unlike classic atherosclerotic presentations, a significant proportion of AMI cases in individuals under 45 years are due to nonatherothrombotic mechanisms such as coronary vasospasm, spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), vasculitis, hypercoagulable states, and drug-induced coronary injury. This manuscript aims to explore the multifactorial nature of AMI in young adults through a focused review of current evidence and a series of illustrative clinical cases. We present and analyze four distinct cases of young patients with AMI, each demonstrating different pathophysiological mechanisms and risk profiles—including premature atherosclerosis, substance use, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related coronary disease, and SCAD. Despite the heterogeneity of underlying causes, early diagnosis, individualized management, and aggressive secondary prevention were key to favorable outcomes. Advanced imaging, lipid profiling, and risk factor modification played a central role in guiding therapy. AMI in young adults requires heightened clinical suspicion and a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach. Early intervention and recognition of nontraditional risk factors are essential to improving outcomes and preventing recurrent events in this vulnerable population. Full article

Background: Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) is a congenital heart disease characterized by abnormal prenatal development of the left ventricle that has an aberrantly thick trabecular layer and a thinner compacted myocardial layer. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of LVNC regulated by mitochondrial phosphatase genes remain largely unresolved. Methods: We generated a mouse model with cardiac-specific deletion (CKO) of Ptpmt1, a type of mitochondrial phosphatase gene, using the αMHC-Cre, and investigated the effects of cardiac-specific Ptpmt1 deficiency on cardiac development. Morphological, histological, and immunofluorescent analyses were conducted in Ptpmt1 CKO and littermate controls. A transcriptional atlas was identified by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Results: We found that CKO mice were born at the Mendelian ratio with normal body weights. However, most of the CKO mice died within 24 h after birth, developing spontaneous ventricular tachycardia. Morphological and histological analysis further revealed that newborn CKO mice developed an LVNC phenotype, evidenced by a thicker trabecular layer and a thinner myocardium layer, when compared with the littermate control. We then examined the embryonic hearts and found that such an LVNC phenotype could also be observed in CKO hearts at E15.5 but not at E13.5. We also performed the EdU incorporation assay and demonstrated that cardiac cell proliferation in both myocardium and trabecular layers was significantly reduced in CKO hearts at E15.5, which is also consistent with the dysregulation of genes associated with heart development and cardiomyocyte proliferation in CKO hearts at the same stage, as revealed by both the transcriptome analysis and the quantitative real-time PCR. Deletion of Ptpmt1 in mouse cardiomyocytes also induced an increase in phosphorylated eIF2α and ATF4 levels, indicating a mitochondrial stress response in CKO hearts. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that Ptpmt1 may play an essential role in regulating left ventricular compaction during mouse heart development. Full article

Desmoid tumors are rare, deep-seated myofibroblastic tumors with an unpredictable course, ranging from spontaneous regression to infiltrative growth and locally aggressive behavior, but without metastatic potential. Over the past few decades, advances in understanding their natural history, underlying molecular pathways, and patient care priorities have shifted the treatment paradigm from upfront surgical resection to initial active surveillance, with further treatment dictated by continuous disease progression or associated symptoms. However, there are still specific scenarios where surgery continues to play an important role in locoregional treatment and symptom control. This article will focus on current treatment strategies and surgical indications in adult patients with desmoid tumors, emphasizing patient selection, anatomic site-specific considerations, and surgical technique. Understanding the nuanced role of surgery within the growing treatment landscape is key for individualized patient care in a multidisciplinary setting to optimize quality of life and long-term outcomes. Full article

In the marine red alga Pyropia yezoensis, filamentous phases of the life cycle, e.g., the conchocelis (sporophyte) and conchosporangium (conchosporophyte), proliferate by tip growth. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of phosphoinositide turnover and actin polymerization in the spontaneous initiation and tip growth of new branches in isolated single-celled conchocelis cells using pharmacological treatments. Treatment with LY294002 and U73122, specific inhibitors of phosphoinositide-phosphate 3-kinase and phospholipase C, respectively, reduced side-branch formation and inhibited the elongation of branches. In addition, two inhibitors of the actin cytoskeleton, cytochalasin B (CCB) and latrunculin B (LAT-B), had similar effects on tip growth. However, CCB did not alter the branching rate of single-celled conchocelis, whereas LAT-B did. As CCB and LAT-B affect actin polymerization through different mechanisms, this result suggests differences in the contributions of actin polymerization to branch initiation versus tip growth. These findings demonstrate the critical and diverse functional roles played by phosphoinositide turnover and actin polymerization in the regulation of the initiation and maintenance of tip growth in the conchocelis phase of P. yezoensis. Full article

In placental mammals, the co-option of vertebrate orthologous ATP1B4 genes has profoundly altered the properties of the encoded BetaM proteins, which function as bona fide β-subunits of Na,K-ATPases in lower vertebrates. Eutherian BetaM acquired an extended Glu-rich N-terminal domain resulting in the complete loss of its ancestral function and became a skeletal and cardiac muscle-specific component of the inner nuclear membrane. BetaM is expressed at the highest level during perinatal development and is implicated in gene regulation. Here we report the long-term consequences of Atp1b4 ablation on metabolic parameters in adult mice. Male BetaM-deficient (Atp1b4−/Y) mice have remarkably lower body weight and adiposity than their wild-type littermates, despite higher food intake. Indirect calorimetry shows higher energy expenditure (heat production and oxygen consumption) with a greater spontaneous locomotor activity in Atp1b4−/Y males. Their lower respiratory exchange ratio suggests a greater reliance on fat metabolism compared to their wild-type counterparts. Consistently, Atp1b4−/Y KO mice exhibit enhanced β-oxidation in skeletal muscle, along with improved glucose and insulin tolerance. These robust metabolic changes induced by Atp1b4 disruption demonstrate that eutherian BetaM plays an important role in regulating adult mouse metabolism. This demonstrates that bypassing the co-option of Atp1b4 potentially reduces susceptibility to obesity. Thus, Atp1b4 ablation leading to the loss of evolutionarily acquired BetaM functions serves as a model for a potential alternative pathway in mammalian evolution. Full article

Rural landscapes play a key role in preserving ecological processes, cultural identity, and socio-economic well-being, yet these areas often face challenges such as land degradation, water scarcity, and an inadequate road network. A sustainable approach to rural landscape and tourism planning is essential for enhancing both environmental resilience and socio-economic vitality in areas facing degradation and global change. This study aims to develop and validate an integrated methodological workflow that combines Landscape Character Assessment (LCA), ECOVAST guidelines, SWOT analysis, and open-source GIS techniques, complemented by a bottom-up approach of spontaneous fruition mapped through Wikiloc heatmaps. The framework was applied to a case study in Paternò, Eastern Sicily, Italy—a territory distinguished by its key local values such as Calanchi formations, proximity to Mount Etna, and cultural heritage. Through this application, eight distinct Landscape Units (LUs) were delineated, and key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for sustainable development were identified. Using open-access data and a survey-free protocol, this approach facilitates detailed landscape assessment without extensive fieldwork. The methodology is readily transferable to other rural Italian and Mediterranean contexts, providing practical guidance for researchers, planners, and stakeholders engaged in sustainable tourism development and landscape management. Full article

(1) Background: Urban parks play a critical role in conserving biodiversity within city landscapes, yet the effects of fine-scale microhabitat heterogeneity remain poorly understood. This study examines how land cover and vegetation unit type within parks influence butterfly diversity. (2) Methods: From July to September 2019 and June to September 2020, adult butterflies were surveyed in 27 urban parks across Beijing. We classified vegetation into units based on vertical structure and management intensity, and then applied the patch–matrix framework and landscape metrics to quantify fine-scale heterogeneity in vegetation unit composition and configuration. Generalized linear models (GLM), generalized additive models (GAM), and random forest (RF) models were applied to identify factors influencing butterfly richness (Chao1 index) and abundance. (3) Results: In total, 10,462 individuals representing 37 species, 28 genera, and five families were recorded. Model results revealed that the proportion of park area covered by spontaneous herbaceous areas (SHA), wooded spontaneous meadows (WSM), and the Shannon diversity index (SHDI) of vegetation units were positively associated with butterfly species richness. In contrast, butterfly abundance was primarily influenced by the proportion of park area covered by cultivated meadows (CM) and overall green-space coverage. (4) Conclusions: Fine-scale vegetation patch composition within urban parks significantly influences butterfly diversity. Our findings support applying the patch–matrix framework at intra-park scales and suggest that integrating spontaneous herbaceous zones—especially wooded spontaneous meadows—with managed flower-rich meadows will enhance butterfly diversity in urban parks. Full article

Hypertension and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) are both common chronic diseases globally. Nearly half of patients with hypertension are complicated by MAFLD. The mechanisms of the bidirectional promotion between the two remain unclear. The (pro) renin receptor ((P)RR) is one of the classic members of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and serves as the receptor for prorenin. Although the role of (P)RR in the induction and progression of hypertension has been extensively studied, its role and underlying mechanisms in MAFLD remain underreported. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of (P)RR in the pathogenesis of hypertension combined with MAFLD. In this study, SHRs were used for the model for hypertension combined with MAFLD. Liver lipid content analysis, liver H&E staining, the detection of (P)RR, ERK and downstream proteins related to fatty acid synthesis and transport, and RNA sequencing and data analysis were performed. In the in vitro experiments, we activated (P)RR using renin and established the lipid deposition model of HepG2 cells induced by renin for the first time. (P)RR was specifically blocked using handle region peptide (HRP), and Nile red fluorescence staining, (P)RR/ERK/PPARγ protein expression analysis, and immunofluorescence were performed to further verify the role of (P)RR in the pathogenesis of hypertension combined with MAFLD. Our results demonstrate that (P)RR plays a role in the development and progression of hypertension combined with MAFLD. The hepatic TG and FFA levels in the SHRs were increased, and the protein expression of the (P)RR/ERK/PPARγ pathway and downstream proteins related to fatty acid synthesis and transport were upregulated. HRP reversed the activation of these proteins and reduced intracellular lipid accumulation. In conclusion, our study first reveals that (P)RR is a potential therapeutic target for hypertension combined with MAFLD. And we found the (P)RR/ERK/PPARγ axis for the first time, which plays an important role in the progression of spontaneous hypertension combined with MAFLD. Full article

A growing number of research studies show that children spend less time in natural environments, which may have detrimental effects on children’s mental and physical health. This study explores changes in children’s (6–12 years) use of nearby nature and constraints on playing in nature between 2013 and 2023. We apply an ecological approach, including individual, social, and structural constraints on outdoor play. The study is based on national surveys of parents reporting child play behavior for eight activity categories and nineteen categories of constraints/motivation. Findings reveal a decreasing tendency for time spent on all activity categories and increasing constraints for 17 of 19 categories during the study period. Our ecological approach reveals that there is less time for children’s nature use in contemporary society, and activities are more common in built areas than in nature. The survey identifies some important socio-cultural differences regarding gender, age, and residential setting. In future research, the focus should be on how reduced connection to nature affects children’s mental and physical health, and beyond this, how it affects the understanding of and care for nature among future generations. Full article

Kimchi, a traditional fermented product made primarily with Chinese cabbage, develops its characteristic flavor through microbial activity and a variety of ingredients. This study explores the incorporation of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.), a halophytic plant rich in bioactive compounds and known for its distinctive aroma, into kimchi. Two fermentation methods were compared: spontaneous fermentation and fermentation using a defined starter culture of four lactic acid bacteria strains. Fermentation was conducted at 4 °C for 26 days, with samples monitored for up to 150 days. Parameters analyzed included pH, titratable acidity, microbial counts, organic acid concentrations, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and sensory attributes. In the early stages, notable differences in acidity, microbial populations, and VOCs were observed between the two methods, but these differences diminished over time. Sensory analysis indicated similar overall characteristics for both prototypes, although the sea fennel’s aroma and fibrous texture remained perceptible at day 150. VOCs analysis revealed that the fermentation time significantly affected the composition of key aroma compounds, contributing to the final sensory profile. Sea fennel played a key role in shaping the VOC profile and imparting a distinctive aromatic quality. Both fermentation methods led to similar enhancements in flavor and product quality. These findings support the use of sea fennel as an aromatic ingredient in fermented vegetables and highlight the importance of fermentation optimization. Full article

Background: Non-cholera Vibrio species are rare waterborne pathogens that can cause severe infections. Among these, few cases of Vibrio metschnikovii infections have been reported, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, with no cardiac tissue involvement as a result. Following the PRISMA checklist, we conducted a literature review, and thirteen articles for twenty-two cases overall were included: seven cases of sepsis (in three cases, the echocardiographic results were negative), seven cases of pneumonia, two skin infections, eleven cases of diarrhoea, and a gastroenteritis outbreak. This report documents the expanding clinical spectrum and the role played by V. metschnikovii in infective endocarditis. Case report: A 28-year-old male patient was referred to the cardiac surgery unit for urgent mitral valve replacement due to suspicion of infective endocarditis. Microbiological tests yielded negative results. Following recovery and discharge with antimicrobial therapy for 6 weeks, the patient experienced prosthesis detachment, necessitating re-hospitalisation for an emergency valve replacement. Vibrio metschnikovii was identified on the prosthesis valve through PCR and successfully treated with ciprofloxacin. However, a spontaneous rupture of the ascending thoracic aorta led to a neurological injury. Discussion: This case represents the first case of valve infection caused by Vibrio metschnikovii, characterised by diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and the involvement of the great vessels. Also considered in this case, for a disease with a median age of 58 years (11–83) and a male-to-female ratio of 2.2, were one male neonate and six cases for whom neither sex nor age was indicated. Excluding gastrointestinal cases, the septic forms are associated with high morbidity, although the single case described involved a young and healthy subject. Risk factors for the pathogen or predisposing/pathological conditions for endocarditis did not emerge. The routes and the time of infection could not be determined, deepening the possibility of occupational exposure via the patient’s position as a boat worker. Poor sensitivity to third-generation cephalosporins has been reported in the literature: the absence of an antibiogram does not allow for a comparison, although resolution was achieved with ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The rising global incidence of non-cholera Vibrio infections, driven by environmental changes, calls for urgent research into the factors behind their pathogenicity and infection routes. Diagnostic complexities have emerged together with clinical severity. Full article

Inertial instability is a key process in the dynamics of rotating and stratified fluids, which arises when the absolute vorticity of the flow becomes negative. This study explored the nonlinear behavior of inertial instability by incorporating a hidden symmetry into the equations of motion governing atmospheric dynamics. The atmosphere was modeled as a complex system composed of interacting structural elements, each capable of oscillatory motion influenced by planetary rotation and geostrophic shear. By applying a symmetry-based framework rooted in projective geometry and Riccati-type transformations, we show that synchronization and structural coherence can emerge spontaneously, independent of external forcing. This hidden symmetry leads to rich dynamical behavior, including phase coupling, quasi-periodicity, and bifurcations. Our results suggest that inertial instability, beyond its classical linear interpretation, may play a significant role in organizing large-scale atmospheric patterns through internal geometric constraints. Full article

Background: Kölliker’s organ (KO), a transient structure in the cochlea, plays a critical role in the auditory maturation of mammals, particularly during embryonic and early postnatal development. This organ is essential for the proper differentiation and function of cochlear cells, acting as a pivotal source of signalling molecules that influence hair cell development and synaptic connectivity. Methods: This study systematically analyses the literature according to the PRISMA statement in order to evaluate the function roles of KO during cochlea development, reporting the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways involved. Results: From our study, it emerged that KO supporting cells release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through connexin hemichannels, initiating a cascade of intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺) signalling in adjacent inner hair cells (IHCs). This signalling promotes the release of glutamate, facilitating synaptic excitation of afferent nerve fibres and enhancing auditory neuron maturation prior to the onset of hearing. Additionally, the spontaneous electrical activity generated within KO supports the establishment of essential neural connections in the auditory pathway. The dynamic interplay between ATP release, Ca²⁺ signalling, and morphological changes in KO is crucial for cochlear compartmentalisation and fluid regulation, contributing to the formation of endolymph and perilymph. Furthermore, KO supports cellular plasticity and may provide a reservoir of precursor cells capable of trans-differentiating into hair cells under specific conditions. Conclusions: Dysregulation of KO function or delayed degeneration of its supporting cells has been implicated in auditory disorders, underscoring the importance of this organ in normal cochlear development and auditory function. Despite its identification over a century ago, further investigation is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying KO’s contributions to auditory maturation, particularly in human physiology. Full article

Background/Objectives: Male infertility is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and medical factors. Recent research has underscored the influence of lifestyle choices, such as dietary habits, smoking, alcohol abuse, and metabolic disturbances, on sperm quality. In this context, nutrition plays a pivotal role: adherence to a healthy diet like the Mediterranean Diet (MD), which emphasizes seasonal, fresh, and whole foods, has been linked to improved sperm performance. Conversely, a high intake of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), characterized by additives, high levels of sugars, fats, and salt, and a nutrient-poor profile, may impair sperm quality. Methods: Based on data supporting the reproductive health benefits of the MD, this observational cross-sectional study aimed at evaluating the possible relationship between MD adherence, assessed using the 14-point a priori Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) and intake of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), based on the NOVA classification, and sperm quality in 358 individuals (mean age 34.6 ± 9.3 years) who spontaneously referred to our center of reproductive medicine. Semen analyses were performed according to the WHO 2021 criteria. Hormonal profiles (FSH, LH, testosterone, SHBG, bioavailable testosterone, and calculated free testosterone) were also determined. Results: MD adherence score was significantly and positively correlated with semen parameters, whilst negatively correlated with FSH and LH levels. In contrast, UPF intake was correlated with poor semen parameters, whilst no association was observed with hormonal levels. Multivariate analyses confirmed these associations and showed the independency from age and BMI. Notably, among men with FSH levels < 8 IU/mL, higher quartiles of UPF intake had lower markers of sperm quality, particularly for viability and typical morphology. Differently, high MD adherence scores were associated with high quality sperm parameters even when FSH levels were >8 IU/mL. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the adherence to MD, and conversely reduced intake of ultra-processed foods, is associates with a better semen profile. These findings suggest the possible role of dietary interventions as a modifiable factor in the management of male infertility. Full article