Search Results (112)

Churches are valuable places for migrants to settle in new locations, regardless of diverse cultural backgrounds. Within migrant contexts, the Nicene Creed itself is a result of cross-cultural engagement, reflecting migrational aspects to establishing church unity. This paper explores the Nicene Creed from a migrant perspective and suggests shifting from the traditional Trinity to a “Migrational Trinity”. First, it examines God the Father as the Father of migrants, based on the Old Testament. Second, it considers God the Son, Jesus Christ, as the incarnational migrant, moving from heaven to earth and into a historical migrant. Third, it describes the Holy Spirit as the migrating Spirit, because the symbolizing of the Spirit emphasizes movement, which inherently signifies migration. By interpreting the Trinity through a migrant lens, this study suggests Trinity Sunday readings. Full article

Large-scale location-based virtual reality (LBE VR) has become an important form of immersive cultural tourism, but its role in supporting sustained value transformation remains insufficiently understood. In this study, “sustained value transformation” refers to the extension, reinterpretation, and circulation of cultural, educational, social, and engagement-related value across physical venues, embodied virtual narratives, and digital platforms. Rather than assessing economic performance, environmental impact, or long-term operational viability, this study focuses on the cultural and social circulation of experiential value. It examines how physical venues, embodied virtual narratives, and digital platforms jointly mediate visitor experience in LBE VR-based cultural tourism. It compares representative LBE VR projects in museums and heritage institutions, emerging public cultural spaces, and commercial venues in China. A total of 10,862 project-related textual items and 464 visual samples were collected from Xiaohongshu and Douyin and analyzed through comparative content and visual analyses. The findings show that visitor choices are shaped by both the spirit of place in physical venues and platform-visible experience labels. In museums and heritage institutions, institutional knowledge authority and embodied narrative depth help visitors recognize interactive educational value. In emerging public cultural spaces, the intertwining of historical narratives and commercial operations produces more ambiguous experience labels. In commercial venues, platform discussions focus more strongly on value-for-money judgment, sensory stimulation, product quality, and service experience. The study argues that sustained value transformation in LBE VR-based cultural tourism cannot rely solely on platform traffic. Instead, it depends on collaboration among cultural institutions, tourism enterprises, platform content creators, educational actors, and community stakeholders to preserve cultural distinctiveness, improve experience quality, and extend cultural and social value beyond the immediate on-site experience. Full article

Recent studies show that psychedelics such as psilocybin and LSD can reliably occasion spiritual or “mystical-like” experiences under supportive conditions, and the spiritual dimension of these experiences may contribute to their reported mental health benefits. Scholars have begun exploring how such experiences might relate to spiritual growth within Christian frameworks, but most theological engagement has drawn primarily on Western sources. This article addresses that gap by bringing Orthodox Christianity into dialogue with Western Christian theology on questions of psychedelic spirituality. Drawing on traditions beginning in Christianity’s earliest centuries, we argue that Orthodoxy offers distinctive and largely unexplored resources that both challenge and enrich existing approaches. We highlight five themes. First, Orthodoxy’s insistence that profound spiritual experience belongs to the universal Christian vocation rather than a spiritual elite reframes contemporary discussions of mystical experience. Second, the tradition’s recognition of diverse catalysts for spiritual awakening, and its understanding of ascetical preparation as receptive rather than self-generating, provides a framework for evaluating psychedelic experiences that sometimes resemble other mystical experience by their orientation and fruits. Third, the doctrine of the divine energies offers a framework for understanding genuine encounters with God’s real presence and activity in creation, allowing comparison with Western accounts of the Holy Spirit’s activity. Fourth, Orthodoxy’s emphasis on ongoing formation within Christian communities situates spiritual experience within a broader process of transformation. Fifth, Orthodox traditions of spiritual discernment, including the neptic tradition’s caution against acquisitive seeking of mystical states, offer well-developed criteria for evaluating authenticity, a matter of urgency given the diversity of claims surrounding psychedelics. Rather than requiring radical revision of Christian theology, we argue that engagement with psychedelic experiences can occur within established frameworks when guided by discernment, formation, and communal accountability. By placing Orthodox and Western perspectives in constructive dialogue, this study contributes to a richer ecumenical understanding of psychedelic spirituality within Christianity. Full article

In Genesis Jacob dreams of a ladder, its base rooted solidly on the ground, its top reaching toward the heavens. On it, angels ascend and descend, moving heavenward from earth, and earthward from heaven. Jacob wakes from his dream, exclaiming, “God is in this place, and I didn’t know!” The imagery of Jacob’s ladder offers a vivid illustration in spiritual terms of the capacity of the human psyche to move between different dimensions of being and levels of awareness and to be transformed by doing so. In psychological terms, it serves as a useful entry point into an examination of the transformative potential of a psychoanalytic approach to spiritual care. Drawing upon Hans Loewald’s formulation of therapeutic action, further developed by contemporary relational theorists, this essay argues that psychic transformation entails a dynamic interplay of unconscious and conscious process, in which inarticulate experience is re-animated within the structures of thought and language, contributing to renewed psychic vitality. Mediated by transference, the analytic relationship facilitates this transformation, attending to unconscious experience, ideally without imposing premature narrative closure. This essay contributes to an interdisciplinary dialogue between clinical psychoanalysis and religious studies by highlighting Loewald’s theorizing about “what makes human life human” and its potential value in the treatment and care of those suffering a crisis of the spirit. Full article

A growing body of empirical study recognises a tendency for users to form (para)social bonds with Large Language Models, even when users know explicitly that these systems lack interiority or personhood. This contribution argues that such attachments arise from evolved human capacities to attribute being, moral status and, in some ways, ‘soul’ to nonhuman others—and that this capacity now operates without the belief-systems that have historically mediated it. When users encounter helpful, patient, emotionally available behaviour in conversational agents, they project the interior states that would produce those behaviours in themselves: authentic interiority and phenomenal consciousness. Humans have been making such assessments throughout our cultural history, developing ontologies and theologies for managing our relations with nonhuman, mythic and spiritual others. By contrast, modernity has disenchanted its landscapes, dismantling these cultural models even as the ‘ensouling architecture’ of our social and semiotic cognition remained unchanged. Contemporary users thus encounter machine others through the same neurocognitive lens as their ancestors did with spirits and animals on enchanted, animate landscapes, but without the mediation of culture, norm and taboos which place a premium on appropriate conduct, reciprocity and moderation. The resulting condition—a ‘Turing Animism’—leads users to ‘feel soul’ where there is only simulacrum. Full article

Objective: The aim of this study will be to evaluate the effectiveness of a task-oriented training program in improving functional performance and health outcomes in patients with MS. Methods: A pilot randomized clinical trial will be conducted according to SPIRIT guidelines. Participants will be randomly assigned to the experimental group or the control group. Assessment and treatment will take place at patient association facilities or research center. Participants diagnosed with MS by a neurologist and meeting the inclusion criteria will be invited to participate voluntarily. The experimental group will undergo an 8-week TOT intervention, twice weekly, 45 min. The control group will maintain usual care and be given a fatigue management pamphlet. The main variable in this study will be the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. The level of fatigue will be assessed with the Modified Impact Fatigue Scale and the Fatigue Severity Scale, upper limb strength using the Arm Curl Test, hand and pinch dynamometer, motor speed with the Finger Tapping Test, manual dexterity with the Nine Hole Peg Test, Purdue Pegboard Test and the Coin Rotation Test. Satisfaction and adherence with the intervention will be recorded with the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale. Results: The results will be published as a peer-reviewed article. Conclusions: The present protocol aims to fill a relevant gap in the literature, offering a structured intervention based on task-oriented training principles, specifically tailored to the functional and occupational needs of people with MS. Full article

This paper explores the value of imperfections and curated decay in the conservation of architecture and public art as vehicles of cultural memory. While conventional heritage practice treats physical degradation as a threat, newer conservation ethics argue for embracing material impermanence within an aesthetics of care. We examine how acknowledging patina, weathering, and even structural decline can become an act of care, maintaining the “spirit” and authenticity of a place. The theoretical framework integrated the aesthetics of imperfection, including concepts like the Japanese wabi-sabi, which finds beauty in the incomplete and impermanent, critical heritage theory (which questions whose memories and values are preserved or excluded) and cultural memory studies (notably Nora’s notion of lieux de mémoire, where material sites become symbolic elements of communal memory). Methodologically, the article is grounded by two case-study video essays, Imperfections (Genoa) and Scars (Nicosia), as instruments of research, which provide visual analyses of decayed architectural environments. These examples illustrate how curated decay can transform abandoned buildings and war-scarred urban zones into powerful mnemonic devices, provoking reflection on history, identity and the ethics of preservation. Despite extensive theorisation of patina/age-value and curated decay, recent heritage debates offer limited operational criteria for distinguishing intentional curated decay from unmanaged neglect in lived urban conservation contexts. Drawing on ethics and aesthetics of care, this article asks if and how care can be operationalised into a decision framework for urban conservation and tests this framework through two selected buildings: Albergo dei Poveri (Genoa) and Home for Cooperation (Nicosia). The authors argue that caring for heritage does not always mean restoring it to an as-new state; curating ageing and traces of time can support remembrance, resilience, and reconciliation, enriching heritage’s role in future urban imaginaries. Full article

Yan Zun’s Laozi Zhigui is the earliest surviving commentary that systematically interprets the Laozi through the lens of the Yijing. It holds pioneering significance in the history of Laozi studies and intellectual history. This paper systematically examines its ways of quoting the Yijing—explicit citation, implicit appropriation, and in-depth infiltration—to reveal Yan Zun’s interpretive strategy of reconstructing the ideological system of the Laozi through the philosophical principles of the Yijing. This study finds that the Yijing learning not only provided Yan Zun with a cosmogonic model of “Spirit Illumination—Supreme Harmony—Qi’s Transformation and Separation”, thereby resolving the ambiguity of the Laozi’s cosmology, but also prompted him to construct a view of heaven that integrates “vigorous creativity” and “softness and non-action”. By incorporating such concepts from the Yijing as “cultivating both virtue and achievement”, he formed an orderly political philosophy of “abiding by one’s proper place” to attain “Supreme Harmony”. Abandoning the image-number Yi learning of the Han Dynasty, Yan Zun returned to the philosophical tradition of the Yijing. His synthesis of the Yijing and the Laozi not only influenced Yang Xiong’s Taixuan and Eastern Han classical learning but also served as a crucial intellectual precursor to Wei-Jin Xuanxue and exerted a lasting impact on the theoretical framework of Daoist religious thought. Full article

This essay poses a novel integrative environmental health promotion (EHP) framework inclusive of spiritual tenets to increase interdisciplinary science as well as public engagement for improved people, place, and planetary (3P) health outcomes. Environmental public health professionals have typically relied upon quantitative scientific evidence related to negative human health outcomes from toxic exposures. Environmental health lags behind more progressive mixed-methods research frameworks leveraging health promotion and 3P health initiatives. This essay argues for a novel integrative EHP framework to encourage more mixed-methods research based on merging an integrative health (body-mind-spirit) perspective and the public health ecological model. Using a three-dimensional Cartesian Coordinate System, the author developed a visual integrative EHP framework with the future ability to record, interpret, and report data with units of measure in three dimensions rather than the traditional x- and y-axis variable relationships. The long-term goal is to engage researchers, study participants, and the general public in exploring new 3P health research and outcomes inclusive of the spiritual axis to leverage more scientific evidence for the care and nurturing of our common home as a basic tenet of civil society. Full article

The commonly recognised image of a choral conductor is of a person who stands in front of a group of singers and uses a set of gestures to direct them in performance. In order to arrive at this moment of shared musical experience, however, there is a long journey of preparation that must take place, from devising an artistic concept, to formulating a coherent and stimulating programme of repertoire, to realising such a programme by engaging in an extended period of rehearsal that encompasses vocal, musical, expressive, linguistic, and emotional facets and gathers diverse individual singers into a unified choral instrument with a common expressive purpose. In this article, two experienced choral conductors present structured reflective exegeses on artistic projects undertaken with their respective chamber choirs. Drawing on reflective approaches aligned with practice-based/artistic research, and on leading voices in repertoire programming and choral studies more broadly, the authors articulate and analyse their creative processes, highlighting considerations and goals for choral conductors both in designing programmes as a basis for impactful collective musical experiences and in enacting these experiences in a spirit of co-creation with choir members and other artistic contributors. Full article

While culture is recognized as a foundational informal institution, quantifying its causal impact on corporate outcomes remains a challenge. This study focuses on place-based social culture, specifically using a firm’s local Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) as the core cultural variable. We aim to identify its causal effect on firm performance (measured by ROA) and contrast it with another pivotal cultural force—the Spirit of the Long March. Leveraging the Double Machine Learning (DML) method, we find that ICH exerts a significant positive effect on ROA, with the estimated coefficient ranging from 0.0018 to 0.0020 (p < 0.01). In contrast, the effect of the Spirit of the Long March is statistically insignificant. Cross-validation using multiple machine learning algorithms confirms the robustness of our findings. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the effect of ICH is more pronounced in state-owned enterprises and firms with older CEOs. Mechanism analysis further uncovers that ICH enhances performance primarily by fostering financial conservatism, specifically through a reduction in corporate leverage. Our study provides robust causal evidence on how place-based traditional culture shapes corporate financial policies and underscores the economic value of preserving intangible cultural assets. Full article

This study reinterprets a selection of elite tombs at the Majiayuan Cemetery (4th–3rd centuries BCE) as belonging to Xirong ritual specialists. Analysis reveals a stratified ritual system: beaded caps served as widespread elite cosmograms, while specialized, hip-suspended bronze mirrors were restricted to a few. Situating these objects within broader Inner Asian traditions demonstrates the caps connected wearers to the spirit world, and that the mirrors functioned as active spirit-conduits, marking their bearers as specialized mediators. Examination of the material evidence further reveals Xirong ritual as a purposeful synthesis, selectively adapting imported and local mirror technologies to serve a coherent local cosmology. Mortuary parity between these specialists and martial elites—sharing high-status goods like chariots—indicates spiritual authority was a foundational pillar of Xirong power, valued equally with martial prowess. This interpretation of the Xirong places them as agentive architects of a hybrid ritual system and as vital cultural intermediaries on the Warring States frontier. Full article

Most primitive religions originated from the devout worship of celestial deities, earthly spirits, and ghosts. In oracle bone inscriptions, rituals related to praying for rain, temple worship, river deity worship, and the worship of great deities were referred to as “fang” 方 or “yi fang” 以方. The Supreme God was the paramount deity of the Yin Shang Dynasty people; by the early Zhou Dynasty, the Supreme God and ancestral spirits began to merge. The hexagram of Contemplation 觀卦 (guan gua) establishes instruction through the concept of “contemplation” fully presenting the entire process of shamans, sorcerers, or ritual hosts participating in temple sacrifices, and completing the hand-washing ritual 盥 (guan) and the sacrifice-offering ritual 薦 (jian). It emphasizes the sincere communication between humans and Heaven. When a monarch performs the guan ritual, he embodies inner “sincerity and clarity” 誠明 (chengming); in response, the celestial deities will “show trust” 有孚 (youfu). Thus, it can be verified that deities exist in Heaven, and an interactive, responsive relationship is formed between Heaven and humans. The nine in the fifth place (the dominant line) possesses great inspiring power. The two fundamental dimensions for interpreting the hexagram structure are “the great view is above” 大觀在上 (da guan zai shang) and “[t]hose below look toward him and are transformed” 下觀而化 (xia guan er hua). These dimensions not only highlight the infinite transcendence, charisma, and appeal of the worshipped deities but also underscore humans’ profound reverence and faith in deities and the absolute existence. Sages 聖人 (sheng ren), as intermediaries between humans and deities, established religion for the sake of human life but did not regard themselves as religious leaders. However, from the Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Spring and Autumn period, a transition occurred in the spiritual life of the Chinese people: from shamanism to ritual propriety 禮 (li), and from theistic culture to humanistic culture. This transition laid the fundamental direction for the development and evolution of Chinese culture over the following 2500 years. Confucius attempted to replace or eliminate the shamanistic elements in early Confucians with personalized moral experience and ethical consciousness. Full article

The ambiance-based approach to old urban fabrics has emerged as a response to the evolution of heritage, focusing on the spirit of place and the relationship between people and their environment. It aims to preserve the identity of architectural and urban spaces, incorporating intangible elements beyond their physical character. In Algeria, colonial-era urban fabrics continue to structure cities. Skikda, a city in eastern Algeria was created ex-nihilo during this era. In this context, Didouche Mourad Street—the main thoroughfare and structuring element of the city—constitutes the core of the analysis. This study focuses on the French colonial period (1838–1962), considered a foundational phase in the spatial and sensory formation of the street. It aims to restitute the sensory urban ambiences of this period and to analyse their evolution in order to identify sensory permanences contributing to the heritage identity of the place. A thematic content analysis was used to identify sensory ambiences, supported by NVivo software to quantify their recurrences and analyse their spatio-temporal dynamics. The findings show that some ambiences have persisted, others have disappeared, and new ones have emerged through successive transformations. By documenting the sensory history of the street, this research proposes a conceptual and methodological framework for the interpretation of heritage urban ambiences and for informing contemporary rehabilitation approaches, considering permanent ambiences as interpretative tools and reference points for understanding heritage dynamics. Full article

Subways play an irreplaceable role in alleviating urban traffic congestion and showcasing a city’s historical and cultural heritage. Their speed and environmental benefits make them a vital component of sustainable urban development. Historical and cultural expression has become a focal point of subway spatial design and a core component of station planning. Building on this, the present study develops an evaluation system for metro station space that integrates history and culture and is grounded in the theory of genius loci (spirit of place). The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) are used to derive indicator weights and conduct quantitative assessment. AHP results indicate that visual design, auditory elements, and cultural identity are the core priorities within the Xi’an metro station evaluation system. Design strategies integrate visual elements with historical and cultural contexts to create multisensory experiences encompassing form, color, sound, and touch. FCE further analyzes the indicators and shows that the overall design quality of the sampled Xi’an metro stations is generally high: auditory and visual elements are dominant, spiritual (psychological) experience and cultural identity approach excellence, and tactile elements show somewhat weaker performance. These findings suggest that metro space design requires deeper consideration across multiple dimensions. The proposed methodology can be applied to the design and evaluation of metro stations, providing practical guidance for culturally integrated metro spaces. Full article