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Keywords = sodium electrolytes

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14 pages, 2351 KiB  
Article
Facile SEI Improvement in the Artificial Graphite/LFP Li-Ion System: Via NaPF6 and KPF6 Electrolyte Additives
by Sepehr Rahbariasl and Yverick Rangom
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4058; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154058 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
In this work, graphite anodes and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes are used to examine the effects of sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) electrolyte additives on the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase and the performance of [...] Read more.
In this work, graphite anodes and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes are used to examine the effects of sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) electrolyte additives on the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase and the performance of lithium-ion batteries in both half-cell and full-cell designs. The objective is to assess whether these additives may increase cycle performance, decrease irreversible capacity loss, and improve interfacial stability. Compared to the control electrolyte (1.22 M Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)), cells with NaPF6 and KPF6 additives produced less SEI products, which decreased irreversible capacity loss and enhanced initial coulombic efficiency. Following the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase, the specific capacity of the control cell was 607 mA·h/g, with 177 mA·h/g irreversible capacity loss. In contrast, irreversible capacity loss was reduced by 38.98% and 37.85% in cells containing KPF6 and NaPF6 additives, respectively. In full cell cycling, a considerable improvement in capacity retention was achieved by adding NaPF6 and KPF6. The electrolyte, including NaPF6, maintained 67.39% greater capacity than the LiPF6 baseline after 20 cycles, whereas the electrolyte with KPF6 demonstrated a 30.43% improvement, indicating the positive impacts of these additions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy verified that sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions were present in the SEI of samples containing NaPF6 and KPF6. While K+ did not intercalate in LFP, cyclic voltammetry confirmed that Na+ intercalated into LFP with negligible impact on the energy storage of full cells. These findings demonstrate that NaPF6 and KPF6 are suitable additions for enhancing lithium-ion battery performance in the popular artificial graphite/LFP system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Electrolytes Used in Energy Storage Systems)
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9 pages, 1703 KiB  
Article
Plasma/Serum Electrolyte and Metabolite Testing on Blood Gas Analyzer ABL837, a New Application
by Vera Y. Chen, Rachel Fullarton and Yu Chen
Diagnostics 2025, 15(15), 1923; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15151923 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: Core laboratory chemistry analyzers typically use plasma and serum samples, while blood gas instruments use whole blood for electrolyte and metabolite tests. Due to high costs to back up the core lab chemistry analyzers, especially in the remote small community hospitals, [...] Read more.
Background: Core laboratory chemistry analyzers typically use plasma and serum samples, while blood gas instruments use whole blood for electrolyte and metabolite tests. Due to high costs to back up the core lab chemistry analyzers, especially in the remote small community hospitals, we have verified the interchangeability of serum/plasma electrolytes and metabolites on blood gas instruments (GEM4000 and Radiometer ABL90) vs. chemistry analyzers. In this study, we sought to extend the investigation to another blood gas device—Radiometer ABL837. Methods: One plasma separator tube and one serum separator tube were drawn from 20 apparently healthy individuals and outpatients and 20 intensive care unit patients. All the samples were run on Roche Cobas8000, and then were run on three Radiometer ABL837 analyzers for sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl), glucose, lactate (plasma only), and creatinine parameters. Paired measurements between the ABL837 and Cobas8000 were compared, and their difference were assessed for statistical and clinical significance. Results: ABL837 demonstrated statistical significance (p < 0.05) vs. Cobas8000 on all the plasma and serum parameters. However, no parameter differences were found when comparing the plasma/serum results on ABL837 to those on Cobas8000, indicating that none were clinically significant. ABL837 also demonstrated good–excellent correlations with Cobas8000 on all the parameters. Conclusions: When comparing metabolite and electrolyte values with plasma and serum sample types, the ABL837 blood gas instruments and Cobas 8000 chemistry analyzer are interchangeable. These data proves that ABL837 can be used as a backup for a chemistry analyzer in measuring plasma and serum electrolyte and metabolite concentrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Clinical Biochemistry)
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15 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
Association of Dietary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio with Nutritional Composition, Micronutrient Intake, and Diet Quality in Brazilian Industrial Workers
by Anissa Melo Souza, Ingrid Wilza Leal Bezerra, Karina Gomes Torres, Gabriela Santana Pereira, Raiane Medeiros Costa and Antonio Gouveia Oliveira
Nutrients 2025, 17(15), 2483; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152483 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 155
Abstract
Introduction: The sodium-to-potassium (Na:K) ratio in the diet is a critical biomarker for cardiovascular and metabolic health, yet global adherence to recommended levels remains poor. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify dietary determinants of the dietary Na:K ratio and its [...] Read more.
Introduction: The sodium-to-potassium (Na:K) ratio in the diet is a critical biomarker for cardiovascular and metabolic health, yet global adherence to recommended levels remains poor. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify dietary determinants of the dietary Na:K ratio and its associations with micronutrient intake and diet quality. Methods: An observational cross-sectional survey was conducted in a representative sample of manufacturing workers through a combined stratified proportional and two-stage probability sampling plan, with strata defined by company size and industrial sector from the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Dietary intake was assessed using 24 h recalls via the Multiple Pass Method, with Na:K ratios calculated from quantified food composition data. Diet quality was assessed with the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). Multiple linear regression was used to analyze associations of Na:K ratio with the study variables. Results: The survey was conducted in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, in 921 randomly selected manufacturing workers. The sample mean age was 38.2 ± 10.7 years, 55.9% males, mean BMI 27.2 ± 4.80 kg/m2. The mean Na:K ratio was 1.97 ± 0.86, with only 0.54% of participants meeting the WHO recommended target (<0.57). Fast food (+3.29 mg/mg per serving, p < 0.001), rice, bread, and red meat significantly increased the ratio, while fruits (−0.16 mg/mg), dairy, white meat, and coffee were protective. Higher Na:K ratios were associated with lower intake of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamins C, D, and E, as well as poorer diet quality (DQI-I score: −0.026 per 1 mg/mg increase, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings highlight the critical role of processed foods in elevating Na:K ratios and the potential for dietary modifications to improve both electrolyte balance and micronutrient adequacy in industrial workers. The study underscores the need for workplace interventions that simultaneously address sodium reduction, potassium enhancement, and overall diet quality improvement tailored to socioeconomic and cultural contexts, a triple approach not previously tested in intervention studies. Future studies should further investigate nutritional consequences of imbalanced Na:K intake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Nutrition on Human Health and Disease)
14 pages, 839 KiB  
Article
Biochemical Profile Variations Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Stratified by Hemoglobin A1c Levels in a Saudi Cohort: A Retrospective Study
by Abdulrahman Alshalani, Nada AlAhmari, Hajar A. Amin, Abdullah Aljedai and Hamood AlSudais
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5324; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155324 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
Background: The global increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases necessitates the need for early detection of metabolic changes. This study investigated variations in liver enzymes, renal markers, electrolytes, and lipid profiles among T2DM patients stratified by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) categories [...] Read more.
Background: The global increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases necessitates the need for early detection of metabolic changes. This study investigated variations in liver enzymes, renal markers, electrolytes, and lipid profiles among T2DM patients stratified by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) categories to support early identification and better management of diabetes-related complications. Methods: A retrospective observational study at King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH), Riyadh, included 621 adult patients diagnosed with T2DM categorized into four HbA1c groups: normal (<5.7%), prediabetes (5.7–6.4%), controlled diabetes (6.5–7.9%), and uncontrolled diabetes (≥8.0%). Biochemical parameters included the liver profile: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin, renal profile: creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, sodium, and chloride, and lipid profile: cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides. Regression models identified predictors of ALP, cholesterol, and LDL. Results: ALP was higher in uncontrolled diabetes (89.0 U/L, Q1–Q3: 106.3–72.0) than in the prediabetes group (75.0 U/L, Q1–Q3: 96.8–62.3). Sodium and chloride were lower in uncontrolled diabetes (Na: 138.3 mmol/L, Q1–Q3: 140.3–136.4; Cl: 101.1 mmol/L, Q1–Q3: 102.9–99.4) compared to the normal group (Na: 139.5 mmol/L, Q1–Q3: 142.4–136.9; Cl: 103.5 mmol/L, Q1–Q3: 106.1–101.7). LDL was lower in uncontrolled diabetes (2.1 mmol/L, Q1–Q3: 2.8–1.7) than in the normal group (2.8 mmol/L, Q1–Q3: 3.7–2.2), while triglycerides were higher in patients with uncontrolled diabetes compared to the normal group (1.45 mmol/L, Q1–Q3: 2.02–1.11 vs. 1.26 mmol/L, Q1–Q3: 1.44–0.94). Regression models showed low explanatory power (R2 = 2.1–7.3%), with weight, age, and sex as significant predictors of select biochemical markers. Conclusions: The study observed biochemical variations across HbA1c categories in T2DM patients, likely reflecting insulin resistance. Monitoring these markers in conjunction with HbA1c can enhance early detection and improve the management of complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology & Metabolism)
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9 pages, 275 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Different Intraperitoneal Hyperthermic Chemotherapy (HIPEC) Regimens on Serum Electrolyte Levels: A Comparison of Oxaliplatin and Mitomycin C
by Vural Argın, Mehmet Ömer Özduman, Ahmet Orhan Sunar, Mürşit Dinçer, Aziz Serkan Senger, Selçuk Gülmez, Orhan Uzun, Mustafa Duman and Erdal Polat
Medicina 2025, 61(8), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61081345 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 182
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of HIPEC procedures using oxaliplatin and mitomycin C on serum electrolyte, glucose, and lactate levels, with a specific focus on the carrier solutions employed. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of HIPEC procedures using oxaliplatin and mitomycin C on serum electrolyte, glucose, and lactate levels, with a specific focus on the carrier solutions employed. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 82 patients who underwent cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for colorectal peritoneal metastases. Patients were assigned to one of two groups based on the chemotherapeutic agent used: oxaliplatin (n = 63) or mitomycin C (MMC, n = 19). The oxaliplatin group was further subdivided based on the carrier solution used: 5% dextrose (D5W, n = 29) or peritoneal dialysate (n = 34). The assignment of regimens was based on institutional protocols and surgeon preference. Pre- and post-HIPEC serum levels of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, glucose, and lactate were compared. Results: Significant biochemical changes were observed across groups, depending on both the chemotherapeutic agent and carrier solution. In the MMC group (peritoneal dialysate), only lactate increased significantly post-HIPEC (p = 0.001). In the oxaliplatin–peritoneal dialysate group, significant changes were observed in bicarbonate (p = 0.009), glucose (p = 0.001), and lactate (p < 0.001), whereas sodium and potassium remained stable. The oxaliplatin–D5W group showed significant changes in all parameters: sodium (p = 0.001), potassium (p = 0.001), bicarbonate (p = 0.001), glucose (p < 0.001), and lactate (2.4 → 7.6 mmol/L, p < 0.001). Between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in sodium, potassium, glucose, and lactate changes (p < 0.05), but not in bicarbonate (p = 0.099). Demographic and clinical characteristics—including age, sex, primary disease, ICU stay, and 90-day mortality were similar across groups. Conclusions: The use of dextrose-containing solutions with oxaliplatin was associated with marked metabolic disturbances, including clinically meaningful hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperglycemia in the early postoperative period. These findings suggest that the choice of carrier solution is as important as the chemotherapeutic agent in terms of perioperative safety. Closer postoperative electrolyte monitoring is recommended when using dextrose-based regimens. The retrospective design and sample size imbalance between groups are acknowledged limitations. Nonetheless, this study offers clinically relevant insights and lays the groundwork for future prospective research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Colorectal Surgery and Oncology)
12 pages, 9128 KiB  
Article
Trends in Urinary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratios in Koreans: Analysis of KNHANES 2016–2023 Data
by Rihwa Choi, Gayoung Chun, Sung-Eun Cho and Sang Gon Lee
Nutrients 2025, 17(15), 2411; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152411 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Recent Japanese guidelines recommend using the average sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio from casual urine samples to assess hypertension and cardiovascular risk, suggesting cutoffs of 2 (optimal) and 4 (feasible). We aimed to evaluate the proportion of Korean individuals who would be classified [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Recent Japanese guidelines recommend using the average sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio from casual urine samples to assess hypertension and cardiovascular risk, suggesting cutoffs of 2 (optimal) and 4 (feasible). We aimed to evaluate the proportion of Korean individuals who would be classified as having elevated Na/K ratios using these cutoffs, based on random urine Na/K measurements obtained from the nationally representative Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) dataset. Methods: We analyzed 50,440 participants from the KNHANES 2016–2023 with available random urine Na and K results. Annual urinary Na/K ratios were calculated, and the prevalence of ratios ≥2 and ≥4 was assessed by age and sex using sampling weights. Results: The weighted median Na/K ratios were consistently lower than the weighted means, indicating skewed distributions. From 2016 to 2023, the weighted median and mean values increased from 2.3 and 2.7 to 2.8 and 3.3, respectively. The prevalence of a Na/K ratio ≥2 increased from 60.5% to 72.0%, and that of a ratio ≥4 increased from 16.9% to 28.3%. A U-shaped trend in Na/K ≥4 prevalence was observed by age, highest among those <20 and ≥70 years. Males had a higher prevalence than females in all age groups except 20–29. Conclusions: A growing proportion of Koreans exceeded Na/K cutoffs of 2 and 4 over time. Age- and sex-specific variation suggests tailored interpretation may be necessary when applying these thresholds in population health monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue National Nutrition Survey in Republic of Korea)
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15 pages, 4855 KiB  
Article
An Investigation of the Surface-Regulating Mechanism of Tungsten Alloys Using the Electrochemical Polishing Process
by Yachun Mao, Yanqiu Xu, Shiru Le, Maozhong An, Zhijiang Wang and Yuhan Zhang
Solids 2025, 6(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6030039 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 217
Abstract
Tungsten and tungsten alloys are widely used in important industrial fields due to their high density, hardness, melting point, and corrosion resistance. However, machining often leaves processing marks on their surface, significantly affecting the surface quality of precision components in industrial applications. Electrolytic [...] Read more.
Tungsten and tungsten alloys are widely used in important industrial fields due to their high density, hardness, melting point, and corrosion resistance. However, machining often leaves processing marks on their surface, significantly affecting the surface quality of precision components in industrial applications. Electrolytic polishing offers high efficiency, low workpiece wear, and simple processing. In this study, an electrolytic polishing method is adopted and a novel trisodium phosphate–sodium hydroxide electrolytic polishing electrolyte is developed to study the effects of temperature, voltage, polishing time, and solution composition on the surface roughness of a tungsten–nickel–iron alloy. The optimal voltage, temperature, and polishing time are determined to be 15 V, 55 °C, and 35 s, respectively, when the concentrations of trisodium phosphate and sodium hydroxide are 100 g·L−1 and 6 g·L−1. In addition, glycerol is introduced into the electrolyte as an additive. The calculated LUMO value of glycerol is −5.90 eV and the HOMO value is 0.40 eV. Moreover, electron enrichment in the hydroxyl region of glycerol can form an adsorption layer on the surface of the tungsten alloy, inhibit the formation of micro-pits, balance ion diffusion, and thus promote the formation of a smooth surface. At 100 mL·L−1 of glycerol, the roughness of the tungsten–nickel–iron alloy decreases significantly from 1.134 μm to 0.582 μm. The electrochemical polishing mechanism of the tungsten alloy in a trisodium phosphate electrolyte is further investigated and explained according to viscous film theory. This study demonstrates that the trisodium phosphate–sodium hydroxide–glycerol electrolyte is suitable for electropolishing tungsten–nickel–iron alloys. Overall, the results support the application of tungsten–nickel–iron alloy in the electronics, medical, and atomic energy industries. Full article
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17 pages, 751 KiB  
Review
The Role of Chloride in Cardiorenal Syndrome: A Practical Review
by Georgios Aletras, Maria Bachlitzanaki, Maria Stratinaki, Ioannis Petrakis, Theodora Georgopoulou, Yannis Pantazis, Emmanuel Foukarakis, Michael Hamilos and Kostas Stylianou
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5230; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155230 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 453
Abstract
Chloride, long considered a passive extracellular anion, has emerged as a key determinant in the pathophysiology and management of heart failure (HF) and cardiorenal syndrome. In contrast to sodium, which primarily reflects water balance and vasopressin activity, chloride exerts broader effects on neurohormonal [...] Read more.
Chloride, long considered a passive extracellular anion, has emerged as a key determinant in the pathophysiology and management of heart failure (HF) and cardiorenal syndrome. In contrast to sodium, which primarily reflects water balance and vasopressin activity, chloride exerts broader effects on neurohormonal activation, acid–base regulation, renal tubular function, and diuretic responsiveness. Its interaction with With-no-Lysine (WNK) kinases and chloride-sensitive transporters underscores its pivotal role in electrolyte and volume homeostasis. Hypochloremia, frequently observed in HF patients treated with loop diuretics, is independently associated with adverse outcomes, diuretic resistance, and arrhythmic risk. Conversely, hyperchloremia—often iatrogenic—may contribute to renal vasoconstriction and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Experimental data also implicate chloride dysregulation in myocardial electrical disturbances and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Despite mounting evidence of its clinical importance, serum chloride remains underappreciated in contemporary risk assessment models and treatment algorithms. This review synthesizes emerging evidence on chloride’s role in HF, explores its diagnostic and therapeutic implications, and advocates for its integration into individualized care strategies. Future studies should aim to prospectively validate these associations, evaluate chloride-guided therapeutic interventions, and assess whether incorporating chloride into prognostic models can improve risk stratification and outcomes in patients with heart failure and cardiorenal syndrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome)
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14 pages, 4216 KiB  
Article
Redox-Active Anthraquinone-1-Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt-Loaded Polyaniline for Dual-Functional Electrochromic Supercapacitors
by Yi Wang, Enkai Lin, Ze Wang, Tong Feng and An Xie
Gels 2025, 11(8), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080568 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 195
Abstract
Electrochromic (EC) devices are gaining increasing attention for next-generation smart windows and low-power displays due to their reversible color modulation, low operating voltage, and flexible form factors. Recently, electrochromic energy storage devices (EESDs) have emerged as a promising class of multifunctional systems, enabling [...] Read more.
Electrochromic (EC) devices are gaining increasing attention for next-generation smart windows and low-power displays due to their reversible color modulation, low operating voltage, and flexible form factors. Recently, electrochromic energy storage devices (EESDs) have emerged as a promising class of multifunctional systems, enabling simultaneous energy storage and real-time visual monitoring. In this study, we report a flexible dual-functional EESD constructed using polyaniline (PANI) films doped with anthraquinone-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt (AQS), coupled with a redox-active PVA-based gel electrolyte also incorporating AQS. The incorporation of AQS into both the polymer matrix and the gel electrolyte introduces synergistic redox activity, facilitating bidirectional Faradaic reactions at the film–electrolyte interface and within the bulk gel phase. The resulting vertically aligned PANI-AQS nanoneedle films provide high surface area and efficient ion pathways, while the AQS-doped gel electrolyte contributes to enhanced ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability. The device exhibits rapid and reversible color switching from light green to deep black (within 2 s), along with a high areal capacitance of 194.2 mF·cm−2 at 1 mA·cm−2 and 72.1% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles—representing a 31.5% improvement over undoped systems. These results highlight the critical role of redox-functionalized gel electrolytes in enhancing both the energy storage and optical performance of EESDs, offering a scalable strategy for multifunctional, gel-based electrochemical systems in wearable and smart electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Gels for Sensing Devices and Flexible Electronics)
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22 pages, 4859 KiB  
Article
Engineered Ceramic Composites from Electrolytic Manganese Residue and Fly Ash: Fabrication Optimization and Additive Modification Mechanisms
by Zhaohui He, Shuangna Li, Zhaorui Li, Di Zhang, Guangdong An, Xin Shi, Xin Sun and Kai Li
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6647; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146647 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 388
Abstract
The sustainable valorization of electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) and fly ash (FA) presents critical environmental challenges. This study systematically investigates the performance optimization of EMR-FA ceramic composites through the coordinated regulation of raw material ratios, sintering temperatures, and additive effects. While the composite [...] Read more.
The sustainable valorization of electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) and fly ash (FA) presents critical environmental challenges. This study systematically investigates the performance optimization of EMR-FA ceramic composites through the coordinated regulation of raw material ratios, sintering temperatures, and additive effects. While the composite with 85 g FA exhibits the highest mechanical strength, lowest porosity, and minimal water absorption, the formulation consisting of 45 wt% EMR, 40 wt% FA, and 15 wt% kaolin is identified as a balanced composition that achieves an effective compromise between mechanical performance and solid waste utilization efficiency. Sintering temperature studies revealed temperature-dependent property enhancement, with controlled sintering at 1150 °C preventing the over-firing phenomena observed at 1200 °C while promoting phase evolution. XRD-SEM analyses confirmed accelerated anorthite formation and the morphological transformations of FA spherical particles under thermal activation. Additive engineering demonstrated that 8 wt% CaO addition enhanced structural densification through hydrogrossular crystallization, whereas Na2SiO3 induced sodium-rich calcium silicate phases that suppressed anorthite development. Contrastingly, ZrO2 facilitated zircon nucleation, while TiO2 enabled progressive performance enhancement through amorphous phase modification. This work establishes fundamental phase–structure–property relationships and provides actionable engineering parameters for sustainable ceramic production from industrial solid wastes. Full article
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41 pages, 6887 KiB  
Review
Charging the Future with Pioneering MXenes: Scalable 2D Materials for Next-Generation Batteries
by William Coley, Amir-Ali Akhavi, Pedro Pena, Ruoxu Shang, Yi Ma, Kevin Moseni, Mihrimah Ozkan and Cengiz S. Ozkan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141089 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 474
Abstract
MXenes, a family of two-dimensional carbide and nitride nanomaterials, have demonstrated significant promise across various technological domains, particularly in energy storage applications. This review critically examines scalable synthesis techniques for MXenes and their potential integration into next-generation rechargeable battery systems. We highlight both [...] Read more.
MXenes, a family of two-dimensional carbide and nitride nanomaterials, have demonstrated significant promise across various technological domains, particularly in energy storage applications. This review critically examines scalable synthesis techniques for MXenes and their potential integration into next-generation rechargeable battery systems. We highlight both top-down and emerging bottom-up approaches, exploring their respective efficiencies, environmental impacts, and industrial feasibility. The paper further discusses the electrochemical behavior of MXenes in lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and aluminum-ion batteries, as well as their multifunctional roles in solid-state batteries—including as electrodes, additives, and solid electrolytes. Special emphasis is placed on surface functionalization, interlayer engineering, and ion transport properties. We also compare MXenes with conventional graphite anodes, analyzing their gravimetric and volumetric performance potential. Finally, challenges such as diffusion kinetics, power density limitations, and scalability are addressed, providing a comprehensive outlook on the future of MXenes in sustainable energy storage technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pioneering Nanomaterials: Revolutionizing Energy and Catalysis)
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18 pages, 2241 KiB  
Article
Optimization of a Monopolar Electrode Configuration for Hybrid Electrochemical Treatment of Real Washing Machine Wastewater
by Lidia C. Espinoza, Angélica Llanos, Marjorie Cepeda, Alexander Carreño, Patricia Velásquez, Brayan Cruz, Galo Ramírez, Julio Romero, Ricardo Abejón, Esteban Quijada-Maldonado, María J. Aguirre and Roxana Arce
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6445; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136445 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 302
Abstract
This study focuses on the design and optimization of a monopolar electrode configuration for the hybrid electrochemical treatment of real washing machine wastewater. A combined electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) system was optimized to maximize pollutant removal efficiency while minimizing energy consumption. The [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the design and optimization of a monopolar electrode configuration for the hybrid electrochemical treatment of real washing machine wastewater. A combined electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) system was optimized to maximize pollutant removal efficiency while minimizing energy consumption. The monopolar setup employed mixed metal oxide (MMO) and aluminum anodes, along with a stainless steel cathode, operating under controlled conditions with sodium chloride as the supporting electrolyte. An applied current density of 15 mA cm−2 achieved 90% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, 98% surfactant degradation, complete turbidity reduction within 120 min, and pH stabilization near 8. Additionally, electrochemical disinfection achieved <2 MPN/100 mL, with no detectable phenols and the presence of organic anions such as oxalate and acetate. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of an optimized monopolar EC–EO system as a cost-efficient and sustainable strategy for wastewater treatment and potential water reuse. Further studies should focus on refining energy consumption and monitoring reaction by-products to enhance large-scale applicability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion and Molecule Transport in Membrane Systems, 6th Edition)
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34 pages, 1227 KiB  
Review
Understanding Renal Tubular Function: Key Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance, and Comprehensive Urine Assessment
by Mario Alamilla-Sanchez, Miguel Angel Alcalá Salgado, Victor Manuel Ulloa Galván, Valeria Yanez Salguero, Martín Benjamin Yamá Estrella, Enrique Fleuvier Morales López, Nicte Alaide Ramos García, Martín Omar Carbajal Zárate, Jorge David Salazar Hurtado, Daniel Alberto Delgado Pineda, Leticia López González and Julio Manuel Flores Garnica
Pathophysiology 2025, 32(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology32030033 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1508
Abstract
Renal function refers to the combined actions of the glomerulus and tubular system to achieve homeostasis in bodily fluids. While the glomerulus is essential in the first step of urine formation through a coordinated filtration mechanism, the tubular system carries out active mechanisms [...] Read more.
Renal function refers to the combined actions of the glomerulus and tubular system to achieve homeostasis in bodily fluids. While the glomerulus is essential in the first step of urine formation through a coordinated filtration mechanism, the tubular system carries out active mechanisms of secretion and reabsorption of solutes and proteins using specific transporters in the epithelial cells. The assessment of renal function usually focuses on glomerular function, so the tubular function is often underestimated as a fundamental part of daily clinical practice. Therefore, it is essential to properly understand the tubular physiological mechanisms and their clinical association with prevalent human pathologies. This review discusses the primary solutes handled by the kidneys, including glucose, amino acids, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, citrate, magnesium and uric acid. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of physicochemical characteristics of urine, such as pH and osmolarity. The use of a concise methodology for the comprehensive assessment of urine should be strengthened in the basic training of nephrologists when dealing with problems such as water and electrolyte balance disorders, acid-base disorders, and harmful effects of commonly used drugs such as chemotherapy, antibiotics, or diuretics to avoid isolated replacement of the solute without carrying out comprehensive approaches, which can lead to potentially severe complications. Full article
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12 pages, 2267 KiB  
Article
Composite Polymer Electrolytes with Tailored Ion-Conductive Networks for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries
by Caizhen Yang, Zongyou Li, Qiyao Yu and Jianguo Zhang
Materials 2025, 18(13), 3106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133106 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 313
Abstract
Gel-polymer electrolytes offer a promising route toward safer and more stable sodium-ion batteries, but conventional polymer systems often suffer from low ionic conductivity and limited voltage stability. In this study, we developed composite GPEs by embedding methylammonium lead chloride (CH3NH3 [...] Read more.
Gel-polymer electrolytes offer a promising route toward safer and more stable sodium-ion batteries, but conventional polymer systems often suffer from low ionic conductivity and limited voltage stability. In this study, we developed composite GPEs by embedding methylammonium lead chloride (CH3NH3PbCl3, MPCl) into a UV-crosslinked ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) matrix, with sodium alginate (SA) as an ionic conduction enhancer. Three types of membranes—GPE-P, GPE-El, and GPE-Eh—were synthesized and systematically compared. Among them, the high-MPCl formulation (GPE-Eh) exhibited the best performance, achieving a high ionic conductivity of 2.14 × 10−3 S·cm−1, a sodium-ion transference number of 0.66, and a wide electrochemical window of approximately 4.9 V vs. Na+/Na. In symmetric Na|GPE|Na cells, GPE-Eh enabled stable sodium plating/stripping for over 600 h with low polarization. In Na|GPE|NVP cells, it delivered a high capacity retention of ~79% after 500 cycles and recovered ~89% of its initial capacity after high-rate cycling. These findings demonstrate that the perovskite–polymer composite structure significantly improves ion transport, interfacial stability, and electrochemical durability, offering a viable path for the development of next-generation quasi-solid-state sodium-ion batteries. Full article
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Article
Nutritional and Biochemical Outcomes After Total Versus Subtotal Gastrectomy: Insights into Early Postoperative Prognosis
by Fawzy Akad, Cristinel Ionel Stan, Florin Zugun-Eloae, Sorin Nicolae Peiu, Nada Akad, Dragos-Valentin Crauciuc, Marius Constantin Moraru, Cosmin Gabriel Popa, Liviu-Ciprian Gavril, Roxana-Florentina Sufaru, Cristina Preda and Veronica Mocanu
Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2146; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132146 - 27 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a significant global health burden, with curative treatment relying on surgical resection, typically total or subtotal gastrectomy. However, the procedure frequently triggers acute metabolic and nutritional disturbances that may impact recovery. Objective: This prospective study aimed to investigate whether [...] Read more.
Gastric cancer remains a significant global health burden, with curative treatment relying on surgical resection, typically total or subtotal gastrectomy. However, the procedure frequently triggers acute metabolic and nutritional disturbances that may impact recovery. Objective: This prospective study aimed to investigate whether the type of gastrectomy (total vs. subtotal) influences early postoperative biochemical and hematological alterations, with particular attention to nutritional impact. Methods: A cohort of 295 patients (123 female, 172 male) who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer at the Institute of Oncology Iași (2023–2024) was evaluated. Laboratory parameters, including hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocyte and platelet counts, serum albumin, total protein, sodium, potassium, creatinine, and urea, were analyzed preoperatively and on postoperative day 14 using standard clinical methods. Results: Anemia was observed in over 90% of patients, irrespective of sex or procedure type. Electrolyte imbalances (notably hyponatremia and hypokalemia) and indicators of nutritional deficit (hypoalbuminemia, low creatinine) were highly prevalent, with a greater frequency among female patients. Total gastrectomy was associated with more severe biochemical and nutritional alterations compared to subtotal procedures. Conclusions: Total gastrectomy significantly exacerbates early postoperative metabolic and nutritional derangements. These findings reinforce the need for proactive, personalized postoperative nutritional and electrolyte management strategies to support recovery and reduce complication risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Nutrition, Supplements and Integrative Oncology in Cancer Care)
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