Search Results (877)

As the world’s largest developing and carbon-emitting country, China is accelerating its greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction process, and it is of vital importance in achieving the goals set out in the Paris Agreement. This paper examines the historical development and current operation of China’s carbon emissions trading market (CETM). The current progress of research on the implementation of carbon emissions trading policy (CETP) is described in four dimensions: environment, economy, innovation, and society. The results show that CETP generates clear environmental and social benefits but exhibits mixed economic and innovation effects. Furthermore, this paper analyses the challenges of China’s carbon market, including the green paradox, the low carbon price, the imperfections in cap setting and allocation of allowances, the small scope of coverage, and the weakness of the legal supervision system. Ultimately, this paper proposes recommendations for fostering China’s CETM with the anticipation of offering a comprehensive outlook for future research. Full article

Against the backdrop of the energy revolution, global energy demands are rising. Solar–wind hybrid energy storage plants (SWHESPs) are undoubtedly a research hotspot in this field for enhancing energy efficiency. However, the primary challenge in constructing SWHESPs is site selection. This paper aims to comprehensively investigate the site selection process for SWHESPs and determine the optimal site scientifically and objectively by considering various aspects, including technology, society, environment, and economy. This study employs a literature review and the Delphi method to establish the site selection index system of SWHESPs. The triangular fuzzy number (TFN) is used in relative similarity as an objective weight, while the Decision-Making Test and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) is used as a subjective weight. The comprehensive weights are computed using the Lagrange optimization method. Additionally, the options are ranked and evaluated using Geographic Information System (GIS) and the VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) methods based on prospect theory. The study also performs comparative and sensitivity analyses to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Proper siting can optimize the efficiency of resource use, which not only helps achieve more efficient use of clean energy but also promotes local economic development and job creation. Full article

The gradual recovery of the economy has positioned the digital economy as a vital force driving global economic growth. However, the sustainability of this emerging economic sector is being tested by unexpected systemic shocks. There is a scarcity of research on the factors influencing the sustainable development of the digital economy. Therefore, developing a framework to assess the sustainability of the digital economy is significant. Building on previous research, this study established an evaluation system that extracts key indicators across four dimensions: society, the economy, the environment, and technology. Data were then collected through questionnaires and in-depth interviews with experts. Subsequently, this study employed the fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory–Analytical Network Process (fuzzy DANP) method to determine the weight of each indicator and used the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method to evaluate the sustainability of the digital economy in three cities. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate this comprehensive evaluation method. The results indicate that society and the economy are the two most crucial dimensions, while the regional economic development level, enterprise innovation culture, and digital divide are the top three indicators affecting the sustainable development of the digital economy industry. This work suggests that the digital economy industry should enhance regional economic levels, strengthen technological and innovative corporate cultures, and narrow the digital divide to achieve the goal of sustainable development in the digital economy sector. Full article

This study examined urban vulnerability in the three northeastern provinces of China—Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning—from 2000 to 2020, addressing challenges such as resource shortages, harsh environments, and inadequate education and healthcare. Using the weighted summation method and geographic detector model, this study analyzes the temporal and spatial evolution of urban vulnerability in 34 prefecture-level cities. The results show that overall vulnerability initially increased and then decreased, while economic vulnerability continued to rise. Spatially, vulnerability shifted from weak agglomeration to dispersion by 2020. Key drivers include new fixed assets, local fiscal revenue, and altitude. The findings highlight the need for tailored, coordinated development strategies to reduce urban vulnerability and promote sustainable regional growth, emphasizing the importance of balancing resources, environment, economy, society, and nature. Full article

In order to promote the green and low-carbon transformation of the economy and society, as the economic center of the western region of China, Chengdu actively promotes the national green and low-carbon policies. Some specific measures are proposed to develop Chengdu’s low-carbon economy, such as increasing the ownership of new energy vehicles, promoting the development of park cities and increasing the proportion of clean energy and non-fossil energy, etc. So, in order to accurately evaluate Chengdu’s low-carbon economy-development achievements, firstly, this paper uses literature research to construct an evaluation indicator system for the low-carbon economy development of Chengdu city from five dimensions: economy, energy, technology, environment, and transportation. Then, an improved Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method based on judgment matrices is proposed to determine subjective weights of indicators, while Entropy Weight Method (EWM) and Variation Coefficient (VC) method are used to determine objective weights of the evaluation indicators. Finally, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is used for the multi-indicator comprehensive evaluation of Chengdu’s low-carbon economy development. The evaluation results show that the comprehensive performance of Chengdu’s low-carbon economy has continued to improve from 2018 to 2023, simultaneously, the main influencing factors and weak links are analyzed, and targeted suggestions and strategies for improvement are put forward to promote the low-carbon economy development of Chengdu city. Full article

Higher-education institutions are increasingly embracing digital transformation to meet the evolving expectations of students, academics, and administrators. The smart campus paradigm offers a strategic framework for this shift, yet most existing assessment models originate from high-income contexts and remain largely untested in the Global South, where infrastructural and technological conditions differ substantially. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the contextual relevance of a comprehensive smart campus assessment framework at the Papua New Guinea University of Technology (PNGUoT). A questionnaire survey of 278 participants—students and staff—was conducted using a 5-point Likert scale to assess the perceived importance of performance indicators across four key dimensions: Smart Economy, Smart Society, Smart Environment, and Smart Governance. A hybrid methodology combining the Best–Worst Method (BWM) and Public Opinion (PO) data was used to prioritise framework components. The research hypothesises that contextual factors predominantly influence the framework’s relevance in developing countries and asks: To what extent is the smart campus assessment framework relevant and adaptable in the Global South? The study aims to measure the framework’s relevance and identify contextual influences shaping its application. The findings confirm its overall applicability while revealing significant variations in stakeholder priorities, emphasising the need for context-sensitive and adaptable assessment tools. This research contributes to the refinement of smart campus frameworks and supports more inclusive and responsive digital transformation strategies in developing country higher education institutions. Full article

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat that affects humans, animals, plants, the environment, societies, and economies—requiring urgent coordinated action. In May 2015, the World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted the Global Action Plan (GAP) on AMR, urging member states to develop and implement their own National Action Plans (NAPs) using a One Health approach. Objective: Both South Africa and Eswatini have developed NAPs and are currently in the implementation phase. However, no study has explored policymakers’ perceptions regarding NAP implementation particularly concerning coordination, accountability, resourcing, regulation and ownership. Methods: This qualitative study employed a narrative approach to explore these perceptions in South Africa and Eswatini. A total of 36 key informants were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data was collected between November 2018 and March 2019 and transcribed verbatim. Results: Findings revealed that while governance structures for implementing NAPs exist in South Africa and Eswatini, several critical areas require urgent attention. These include limited accountability across One Health sectors, the absence of dedicated national budgets for NAP implementation, poor intra- and inter- ministerial coordination, weak medicine regulation and enforcement, and delayed multisectoral ownership of the NAPs. Conclusions: To address AMR effectively, both countries must allocate dedicated budgets, improve multisectoral integration, and strengthen regulatory frameworks regarding antimicrobial access and use across all One Health sectors. A firm commitment from all sectors is required—not just formal endorsement of the NAPs—to ensure sustainable implementation and ownership. Full article

This perspective paper examines the research and development challenges faced by plant factories with artificial lighting (plant factories hereafter). The global and local challenges facing our planet can be divided into the following four categories: (1) food and agriculture; (2) environment and ecosystems; (3) depletion, uneven distribution, and the overuse of nonrenewable resources; and (4) society, economy, and quality of life. All of the aspects of this four-way deadlock problem must be resolved simultaneously, since solving only one of them could exacerbate one or more of the remaining three. In this paper, the role of plant factories in solving the four-way deadlock problem is discussed from the following perspectives: (1) civilization and culture, (2) participatory science, and (3) the integration of biotechnology and the latest nonbiological technology, such as artificial intelligence (AI). The relationship and interactions between the environment and plant ecosystems are easily observed in the plant factories’ cultivation room. Thus, it is easy to analyze their relationship and interactions. The findings from such observations can also be applied to increase the yield in plant factories, with minimum resource inputs. Moreover, if the electricity generated by renewable energy sources is used, it will become an energy-autonomous plant factory. This means that the plant factory can be operated with the minimum contribution of greenhouse gas emissions to global warming and land area use. Full article

Drought is one of the most impactful natural disasters, and it significantly impacts three main sectors of a country: the environment, society, and the economy. Therefore, drought assessment and monitoring are essential for reducing vulnerability and risk. However, insufficient and sparse long-term in situ rainfall data limit drought assessment in developing countries. Recently developed satellite-based rainfall products, available at different temporal and spatial resolutions, offer a valuable alternative in data-poor regions like Sri Lanka, where rain gauge networks are sparse and maintenance issues are prevalent. This study evaluates the accuracy of satellite-based rainfall estimates compared to in situ observations for drought assessment within the Mi Oya River Basin, Sri Lanka. We assessed the performance of various satellite-based rainfall products, including IMERG, GSMaP, CHIRPS, PERSIANN, and PERSIANN-CDR, by comparing them with ground-based observations over 20 years, from 2003 to 2022. Our methodology involved checking detection accuracy using the False Alarm Ratio (FAR), Probability of Detection (POD), and Critical Success Index (CSI), and assessing accuracy through metrics such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Pearson Correlation Coefficient (CC), Percentage Bias (PBias), and Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). The two best-performing satellite-based rainfall products were used for meteorological and hydrological drought assessment. In the accuracy detection metrics, the results indicate that while products like IMERG and GSMaP generally provide reliable rainfall estimates, others like PERSIANN and PERSIANN-CDR tend to overestimate rainfall. For instance, IMERG shows a CSI range of 0.04–0.25 for moderate and heavy rainfall and 0.10–0.30 for light rainfall. On a monthly scale, IMERG and CHIRPS showed the highest performance, with CC (NSE) values of 0.81–0.94 (0.53–0.83) and 0.79–0.86 (0.54–0.74), respectively. However, GSMaP showed the lowest bias, with a range of −17.1–13.2%. Recorded drought periods over 1981–2022 (1998–2022) were reasonably well captured by CHIRPS (IMERG) products in the Mi Oya River Basin. Our results highlighted uncertainties and discrepancies in the capability of different rainfall products to assess drought conditions. This research provides valuable insights for optimizing the use of satellite rainfall products in hydrological modeling and disaster preparedness in the Mi Oya River Basin. Full article

The Yangtze River Basin, the largest river basin in China, faces complex challenges in population, economy and water issues. This study builds a Systemic Deduction Model of the Development of Yangtze River Basin (SDMY), which is based on system dynamics coupled with the water environmental model. It generalizes the Yangtze River Basin into five subsystems at the province level as well as two subsystems at the river basin level, quantifying the interaction and feedback relationships within and among each subsystem through functions. SDMY has passed the feasibility verification and the sensitivity analysis. The application results from 2000 to 2100 of SDMY show the positive development trend of gross domestic product (GDP), grain production, energy consumption, and forest coverage, as well as the significant risk of population decline. The water pollutants chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP), the water security level, and the river longitudinal connectivity of the Yangtze River Basin show reasonable and meaningful development trends, as the results indicate. This paper proves that SDMY could be a quantitative simulation tool for analyzing the long-term mutual feedback and evolution of the human–water relationship and society–economy–environment system in a large river basin. Full article

Against the backdrop of increasing urban population and continuous expansion of urban scales, achieving “people-centered” urban sustainable development, namely building livable and sustainable cities, faces formidable challenges. Under the shared global vision of achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), existing research has rarely explored the alignment between the construction of livable cities and the SDGs. This study constructs a scientific and universally applicable evaluation system for urban livability to clarify that building livable cities is a crucial pathway to promoting urban sustainable development. This study integrates the core principles of the three pillars of the United Nations’ sustainable development, the five-dimensional classification logic of the Global Urban Monitoring Framework, and the performance evaluation key points of ISO/TC 268 standards for SC1 “smart community infrastructure” to construct a six-dimensional livable city evaluation system covering society, economy, culture, environment, governance, and infrastructure. Starting from theoretical research on the connotation of livable cities and their alignment with the SDGs, and based on the research team’s evaluation experience and assessment paradigm of SDGs progress at the urban level, this study uses the “Indicator Library for Cities’ Sustainable Development (ILCSD)” as a technical tool to explore the technical methods for establishing an evaluation index system for livable cities. Meanwhile, combining qualitative research and statistical analysis with China’s development strategic needs, it selects 24 sample cities to analyze the level differences among different types of cities under the proposed index system and to identify the key factors and mechanisms influencing the sustainable development of livable cities. Through theoretical research and empirical analysis, this study has derived a set of evaluation indicators for livable cities oriented towards the SDGs, offering urban management stakeholders a reasonable and comprehensive universal evaluation technical tool to enhance urban livability and promote the implementation of the SDGs. Full article

The sustainability of the natural gas-to-methanol (NGTM) and methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) processes are assessed in this systematic review as a potential substitute in the global energy transition. Methanol offers itself as a versatile and less carbon-intensive substitute for conventional gasoline in light of growing environmental concerns and the demand for cleaner fuels. This review’s rationale is to assess MTG’s ability to lessen environmental impact while preserving compatibility with current fuel infrastructure. The goal is to examine methanol and gasoline’s effects on the environment, society, and economy throughout their life cycles. This review used a two-phase systematic literature review methodology, filtering and evaluating studies that were indexed by Scopus using bibliometric and thematic analysis. A total of 25 documents were reviewed, in which 22 documents analyzed part of this study, and 68% employed LCA or techno-economic analysis, with the U.S. contributing 35% of the overall publications. A comparative analysis of the reviewed literature indicates that methanol-based fuels offer significantly lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and life cycle environmental impacts than gasoline, particularly when combined with carbon capture and renewable feedstocks. This review also highlights benefits, such as improved safety and energy security, while acknowledging challenges, including high production costs, infrastructure adaptation, and toxicity concerns. Several drawbacks are high manufacturing costs, the necessity to adjust infrastructure, and toxicity issues. The report suggests investing in renewable methanol production, AI-driven process optimization, and robust legislative frameworks for integrating green fuels. The life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) of NGTM and MTG systems should be investigated in future studies, particularly in light of different feedstock and regional circumstances. The findings emphasize NGTM and MTG’s strategic role in aligning with several UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and add to the worldwide conversation on sustainable fuels. A strong transition necessitates multi-stakeholder cooperation, innovation, and supporting policies to fully realize the sustainability promise of cleaner fuels like methanol. Full article

In today’s evolving society, meaningful development cannot be fully realized without acknowledging the vital role of the electronics sector, especially as it functions within informal markets. These markets have become more than just centers of commerce; they serve as informal learning grounds where many young people acquire entrepreneurial skills, develop resilience, and find alternatives to social vices. For many, informal entrepreneurship is not just an option but a means of survival and self-empowerment. Despite their growing relevance, the link between the entrepreneurial abilities nurtured in these informal markets and actual business performance has not been adequately examined. This study, therefore, aimed to explore how informal electronics entrepreneurs in a developing economy navigate their environment, overcome challenges, and create wealth through vision, innovation, and calculated risk-taking. Anchored in institutional theory, the research employed a qualitative approach, using cluster, purposive, and simple random sampling to select participants from key informal business units. Interviews were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed using QSR NVivo 12, allowing for deep insight into the lived experiences of the entrepreneurs. Findings revealed that 78% of participants emphasized practical suggestions that aid informal business survival, such as customer-driven innovations, adaptive strategies, and avoiding confrontations with regulatory agencies. Key attributes such as foresight, adaptability, and risk management accounted for 66% of the variance in corporate success. Strategic and innovative approaches are enabling informal firms to endure and prosper, since 61% of respondents associated these competencies with organizational success. The new BSP framework, which integrates institutional and contingency theories, illustrates how informal enterprises endure by conforming to or opposing institutional pressures and adjusting to environmental changes. The results indicate that, when properly understood and supported, the informal electronics sector may develop sustainably. This study demonstrates that informal entrepreneurship is influenced by formal regulations, informal norms, and local enforcement mechanisms, therefore enhancing institutional theory and elucidating business behavior in developing nations. The Business Survival Paradigm [BSP] illustrates how informal enterprises navigate institutional obstacles to endure. It advocates for policies that integrate the official and informal sectors while fostering sustainable development. The paper advocates for ongoing market research to assist informal firms in remaining up-to-date. It implores authorities to acknowledge the innovative potential of the informal sector and to provide supportive frameworks for sustainable growth and formal transition where feasible. Full article

There is a sizeable amount of sawdust produced from wood industries such as timber and furniture. In the past, sawdust has been utilized as a fuel source and in the manufacturing of furniture. Based on the limited use of sawdust, there is plenty of sawdust accessible from the industries. Sawdust is the material of choice due to its cost effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and biodegradability. However, if sawdust is not appropriately disposed or utilized better, it may have negative impact on the aquatic life and organic products. Hence, this review paper discusses the best possible methods or proper routes for the utilization of sawdust to benefit the environment, society, and the economy at large. Sawdust possesses superior capabilities as a reinforcing filler in various polymer matrices for advanced applications. This paper provides an in-depth discussion on sawdust hybrid composites in comparison to other natural fibres hybrid composites. The applications of various sawdust hybrid polymer composites for specific systems are also mentioned. Furthermore, the morphology and preparation of the sawdust/polymer composites and/or sawdust hybrid polymers composites are also discussed since it is well known that the properties of the natural fibre composites are affected by the preparation method and the resultant morphology. Based on the above, the current paper also plays a critical role in providing more information about waste to value added products. Full article