Search Results (361)

Light influence on shoot regeneration in Prunus salicina is a complex interaction that has been studied for the first time. Japanese plum plants were regenerated from calli and seeds of the scion cultivar ‘Victoria’. The effect of four different light spectra (white, blue, red, and mixed), along with three 6-benzyladenine (BA) concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2 mg L⁻¹), was studied in these two sources of explants. Organogenic calli were derived from the base of stem explants of the scion cultivar ‘Victoria’, whereas cotyledons and embryogenic axis slices were used as seed explants. Calli cultured with 2 mg L⁻¹ of BA and mixed light or 2.5 mg L⁻¹ of BA and control light showed the highest regeneration rates, with no significant differences compared to other treatments. Seed explants exposed to 2.5 mg L⁻¹ of BA and red light exhibited significantly higher organogenesis. In comparison, those in 1.5 mg L⁻¹ of BA with blue light or 2.5 mg L⁻¹ of BA with mixed/control light showed no regeneration. BA concentration did not have a significant effect in the induction of somatic shoots from any explant source. In contrast, a strong interaction between light and BA was noticed. This work presents a protocol that can be applied in transformation and editing research as light spectrum studies continue to advance. Full article

An efficient in vitro propagation protocol for Eulophia bicallosa was developed using asymbiotic seed germination and protocorm proliferation. The effect of light on seed germination and development was evaluated on Vacin and Went (VW) medium under five conditions: darkness, white, green, red, and blue light for 24 weeks. Blue and red light significantly accelerated seed development, allowing progression to stage 5 within 24 weeks. For protocorm proliferation, six semi-solid culture media were tested. Half-strength Murashige and Skoog (½MS) medium yielded the best results after 8 weeks, producing the highest numbers of shoots (1.0), leaves (1.1), and roots (4.2) per protocorm, with 100% survival. The effects of organic additives were also evaluated using coconut water and potato extract. A combination of 200 mL L⁻¹ coconut water and 50 g L⁻¹ potato extract enhanced shoot formation (1.7 shoots), while 150 mL L⁻¹ coconut water with 50 g L⁻¹ potato extract increased both leaf (1.9) and root (8.8) numbers. The effects of cytokinins (benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine), and thidiazuron (TDZ)) and auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)) were investigated using ½MS medium supplemented with each plant growth regulator individually at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg L⁻¹. Among the cytokinins, 0.1 mg L⁻¹ BA produced the highest survival rate (96%), while 1.0 mg L⁻¹ BA induced the greatest shoot formation (93%, 2.3 shoots). Among the auxins, 0.1 mg L⁻¹ IAA resulted in the highest survival (96%), and 1.0 mg L⁻¹ IAA significantly enhanced root induction (4.2 roots per protocorm). Acclimatization in pots containing a 1:1:1 (v/v) mixture of pumice, sand, and soil resulted in 100% survival. This protocol provides a reliable and effective approach for the mass propagation and ex situ conservation of E. bicallosa. Full article

Bananas and plantains, belonging to the Musa genus, are important food crops that sustain the livelihoods of countless smallholder farmers globally. However, their production is hindered by various challenges, including abiotic and biotic stresses, climate change, and poor access to clean planting materials, which negatively impact their yields. Addressing these constraints is essential for improving production and ensuring food security. This study investigated the influence of triploid genome background and exogenous growth regulators on the regeneration of Musa cultivars [Gros Michel (AAA genome), Obino l’Ewai and Silk (AAB genome), and Poteau Naine (ABB genome)]. Shoot tip explants of the AAA, AAB, and ABB triploid genomes were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with varying 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) hormones. Shoot induction was successfully achieved within 21.50 ± 2.00 days, with AAA exhibiting the highest shoot induction frequencies ranging from 30.00 ± 1.57% to 100% and shoot numbers per explant ranging from 3.00 ± 0.50 to 8.80 ± 0.80, followed by the ABB genome ranging from 20.00 ± 3.45% to 100% and from 2.00 ± 0.55 to 5.60 ± 0.50 shoots, and the AAB genome ranging from 17.50 ± 5.01% to 100% and from 2.00 ± 0.04 to 6.60 ± 0.25 shoots, respectively, in media amended with 1.2 to 6.0 mg.L⁻¹ BAP and 0.1 mg.L⁻¹ IAA. The highest rooting rate of 100% was recorded in all three genomes in media containing 1.4 mg.L⁻¹ IBA and 0.5 mg.L⁻¹ IAA, with the AAA genome producing the maximum number of 14.8 roots per explant. The results indicate the positive influence of the AAA genome background on in vitro regeneration and its potential utilization for genomic editing transformation protocols Full article

Bombax ceiba is an important medicinal and ornamental tree widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. However, its seeds lose viability rapidly after harvest, which has created hurdles in large-scale propagation. Here, we describe the development of a rapid and efficient de novo organogenesis system for Bombax ceiba, incorporating both indirect and direct regeneration pathways. The optimal basal medium used throughout the protocol was ½ MS supplemented with 30 g/L glucose, with all cultures maintained at 26–28 °C. For the indirect pathway, callus was induced from both ends of each hypocotyl on basal medium supplemented with 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) under dark conditions. The induced calluses were subsequently differentiated into adventitious shoots on basal media containing 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 0.15 mg·L⁻¹ Kinetin (KIN), and 1 mg·L⁻¹ 6-BA under a 16 h photoperiod, resulting in a callus induction rate of 140% and a differentiation rate of 51%. For the direct regeneration pathway, shoot buds cultured on medium with 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ IBA and 1 mg·L⁻¹ 6-BA achieved a 100% sprouting rate with a regeneration coefficient of approximately 3.2. The regenerated adventitious shoots rooted successfully on medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ Naphthylacetic acid (NAA) and were acclimatized under greenhouse conditions to produce viable plantlets. This regeneration system efficiently utilizes sterile seedling explants, is not limited by seasonal or environmental factors, and significantly improves the propagation efficiency of Bombax ceiba. These optimized micropropagation methods also provide a robust platform for future genetic transformation studies using hypocotyls and shoot buds as explants. Full article

Longshan Lilium lancifolium is a well-known medicinal and edible lily and has been registered as a geographical indicator in China. Polyploidization confers many advantages in lily production; however, characteristics of Longshan L. lancifolium improved by polyploidization have not been reported. Here, polyploidization was induced in regenerated Longshan L. lancifolium shoots using colchicine, and the mutant plantlets were characterized by morphological observation, flow cytometry, and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker technology. The optimal medium for inducing shoot regeneration was Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 0.2 mg/L of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.4 mg/L of thidiazuron (TDZ). The greatest mutation induction effect was obtained after soaking the regenerated shoots in 0.10% colchicine for 48 h, for an 80.00% frequency of morphological variants. Forty-one mutant plantlets were subjected to flow cytometry, identifying one homozygous polyploid, ‘JD-12’, and one chimeric polyploid, ‘JD-37’. Additionally, 68 chromosomes were found in the ‘JD-12’ root tip cells. Compared with the control, both the tissue-cultured and field-generated ‘JD-12’ plantlets presented a slight decrease in plant height, a darker green leaf color, a rougher leaf surface, and a larger bulblet diameter; furthermore, the upper epidermal and guard cells of ‘JD-12’ were much larger with a significantly lower stomatal density. The ISSR marker detection indicated a genetic variation rate of 6.10% in ‘JD-12’. These results provide a basis for lily polyploidization breeding and the cultivation of superior Longshan L. lancifolium via shoot regeneration. Full article

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), a significant C4 model crop known for its exceptional photosynthetic efficiency and robust environmental adaptability, serves as an excellent model for investigating C4 photosynthesis and crop stress resilience. When subjected to abiotic stress, foxtail millet employs a sophisticated signal transduction network to regulate its physiological processes, ensuring sustained high photosynthetic efficiency and normal growth. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family plays a key role in plant growth, development, and stress response. Here, we identified and named a MAPK in S. italica as SiMPK6. Fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis revealed that SiMPK6 is mainly expressed in the leaves during the early shooting stage, with induction under various abiotic stresses such as low temperature, high osmotic pressure, high salt, high temperature, and high light. Overexpressing the SiMPK6 in Arabidopsis thaliana mitigated damage to photosystem II induced by stress, underscoring the gene’s crucial role in foxtail millet’s stress signal transduction and maintenance of high photosynthetic efficiency. Full article

The Orchidaceae family is of significant decorative, pharmaceutical, alimentary, and cultural importance worldwide. This family is very vulnerable due to illegal looting, habitat destruction, and climate change. The development of new hybrids helps meet the demand for specimens that possess outstanding appearance, fragrance, and resistance characteristics and may reduce illegal looting. The objective of this research was to investigate the in vitro propagation of the hybrid Rhyncattleanthe Queen Bee JLA 1 (Rth. Queen Bee JLA 1). Shoot induction was performed with germinated seedlings that were 1 cm in length on semi-solid MS medium with different 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA), and 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentrations. Micropropagation was conducted using a temporary immersion system (TIS), a liquid continuous immersion system (CIS), and a conventional semi-solid system (SSS). Afterwards, all regenerated seedlings underwent an acclimatization stage. The highest numbers of shoots (7.04) and leaves (14.28) were obtained with the combination of 1.5 mg L⁻¹ BAP and 0.4 mg L⁻¹ NAA, while the addition of 0.4 mg L⁻¹ IBA in combination with 1.5 mg L⁻¹ BAP enhanced the length of stems (2.12 cm) and leaves (1.88 cm). TIS produced the highest number of shoots (15.68), leaves (22.92), stem length (5.94 cm), and number of leaves (3.50) in seedlings analyzed. The combination of growth regulators BAP and NAA together with the temporary immersion system influenced both the development of the vitroplants and their vegetative development after acclimatization of the hybrid Rth. Queen Bee JLA1 orchid. Full article

Plant-specific WUSCHEL (WUS)-related homeobox (WOX) family of transcription factors are involved in apical meristem maintenance, embryogenesis, lateral organ development, and hormone signaling. Among the members of this family, WOX1 is known to play essential roles in many species. However, the function of the peony ‘Feng Dan’ (Paeonia ostii L.) WOX1 (PoWOX1) remains unknown. The initial bioinformatic analysis revealed that PoWOX1 belongs to the modern clade of the WOX gene family and has a highly conserved homeodomain (HD), the WUS motif, the STF-box, and the MAEWEST/WOX4-box. Subsequent heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that PoWOX1 promotes root growth, early shoot initiation, and flowering. The root vascular tissues, especially the arrangement and size of xylem cells, were different between the PoWOX1-overexpressing transgenics and the wild-type plants, and the pericycle cells adjacent to the xylem divided more easily in the transgenics than in the wild type. Furthermore, under in vitro conditions, the transgenic leaf explants exhibited more callus induction and differentiation than the wild-type leaf explants. Thus, the study’s findings provide novel insights into the role of PoWOX1 in promoting root development and callus tissue induction and differentiation, serving as a reference for developing an efficient regeneration system for the peony. Full article

Interspecific and intersectional crosses have introduced valuable genetic traits for blueberry (Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus) cultivar improvement. Introgression from Vaccinium species at the diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid levels has been found in cultivated blueberries. Continued efforts to integrate wild blueberry genetic resources into blueberry breeding are essential to broaden the genetic diversity of cultivated blueberries. However, performing heteroploid crosses among Vaccinium species is challenging. Polyploid induction through tissue culture has been useful in bridging ploidy barriers. Mixoploid or chimeric shoots often are produced, along with solid polyploid mutants. These chimeras are mostly discarded because of their genome instability and the difficulty in identifying periclinal mutants carrying germline mutations. Since induced polyploidy in blueberries often results in a low frequency of solid mutant lines, it is important to recover solid polyploids through chimera dissociation. In this study, two vegetative propagation methods, i.e., axillary and adventitious shoot induction, were evaluated for their efficiency in chimera dissociation. Significantly higher rates of chimera dissociation were found in adventitious shoot induction compared to axillary shoot induction. Approximately 89% and 82% of the adventitious shoots induced from mixoploid lines 145.11 and 169.40 were solid polyploids, respectively, whereas only 25% and 53% of solid polyploids were recovered through axillary shoot induction in these lines. Effective chimera dissociation provides useful and stable genetic materials to enhance blueberry breeding. Full article

Triadica sebifera, an economically and medicinally valuable tree species native to China, was investigated for its in vitro regeneration potential using leaf explants from nodal cuttings of young stems and sprouts. This study evaluated the effects of basal media, plant growth regulators (PGRs), explant sources, and incision methods on adventitious shoot induction, supplemented by histological analysis. The highest shoot regeneration frequency (98.89%) and maximum shoot number (72) were achieved via direct organogenesis using sucker-derived nodal cuttings cultured on MS medium with 2 mg/L 6- benzyladenine (6-BA), 0.3 mg/L kinetin (KT), and 0.2 mg/L α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Under identical conditions, branch-derived explants showed lower regeneration (84.44%, 64 shoots). Transverse midvein incision proved most effective, with sucker-derived leaves exhibiting superior regeneration. Shoots elongated completely (100%) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.3 mg/L 6-BA, 0.03 mg/L NAA, and activated charcoal. Rooting was optimal on MS medium with 0.3 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), yielding a 98% acclimatization survival rate. Histological analysis revealed de novo meristem formation from parenchyma cells, confirming direct organogenesis without callus intermediation, further validating the enhanced regenerative capacity of sprout-derived explants. This efficient in vitro regeneration system provides a foundation for large-scale propagation and germplasm conservation of T. sebifera, while offering insights for woody plant regeneration studies. Full article

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L. cv. Trang 1), a high-value cultivar known for its elevated curcuminoid and volatile oil content, holds significant potential in pharmaceutical and food applications. However, its commercial propagation is constrained by low rhizome productivity and the limitations of conventional vegetative propagation. This study aimed to improve the propagation efficiency of turmeric cv. Trang 1 by developing optimized protocols for explant sterilization, shoot proliferation, root induction, and acclimatization. Sprouted rhizome buds were sterilized and cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators, including cytokinins (benzyladenine [BA], thidiazuron [TDZ], and meta-topolin [mT]) and auxins (indole-3-butyric acid [IBA] and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid [NAA]). The shoot induction (4.60 ± 1.47 shoots per explant) and shoot height (2.34 ± 0.61 cm) were observed on the MS medium with 3.0 mg/L BA, while the TDZ, at 0.5 mg/L, also induced a high number of shoots (5.22 ± 0.64). When using single shoots derived from bud explants, mT at 1.5 mg/L significantly enhanced the shoot formation. For the root induction, 2.0 mg/L IBA yielded the highest number of roots (7.33 ± 1.49), while NAA was less effective. The plantlets acclimatized in a 1:1 soil and peat moss mixture showed the highest survival rate (86.67%). This improved protocol enables the efficient production of turmeric plantlets, supporting commercial deployment. Full article

Philodendron ‘White Knight’ is a popular climbing evergreen plant typically propagated through stem cuttings. However, this method is slow and inefficient, making it challenging to meet the rising market demand. In vitro propagation could enhance the multiplication of this cultivar. However, research on its in vitro propagation is limited. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to establish an efficient micropropagation technique to mass-produce Philodendron ‘White Knight’ to meet the market demand. We investigate the impact of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on the surface sterilization of Philodendron ‘White Knight’ petioles, the role of plant growth regulators in adventitious shoot regeneration and shoot multiplication, and the effect of auxins on the rooting ability of Philodendron ‘White Knight’ microshoots. There are few stages in plant micropropagation. The establishment of aseptic culture is the first and most important stage. For Philodendron ‘White Knight’, aseptic petiole explants (100%) were obtained after treatment with 40 mg L⁻¹ Ag NPs for 60 min. This was followed by adventitious shoot induction, and the highest rate of adventitious shoot induction (52.6%) and the maximum shoot number (13.9 shoots per petiole) were achieved on Murashige and Skoog shoot multiplication B (MS-B) medium with 20 µM of 2-isopentenyl adenine (2-IP) and 5.0 µM of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The shoot multiplication stage was achieved with the highest number of shoots (34 shoots per shoot tip) with a length of 5.1 cm, which was obtained on MS-B medium with 5.0 µM 2-IP and 2.5 µM NAA. All the microshoots produced roots during the root induction stage with the maximum root number (8.2 roots per shoot), and the greatest plantlet height (9.1 cm) was achieved on half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium containing indole-3-butyric acid (10.0 μM). The rooted plantlets of Philodendron ‘White Knight’ were transplanted into a substrate composed of 10% peat moss, 50% orchid stone, and 40% coconut husk chips and acclimatized in a greenhouse environment, achieving a survival rate of 100%. This micropropagation protocol can be used for the commercial production of Philodendron ‘White Knight’. Full article

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for billions of people globally. Rice cultivar RD43 has been recognized for its health benefits but has faced declining productivity due to climate change. Plant tissue culture serves as a powerful tool for studying and improving rice cultivars, yet a standardized protocol for rice cv. RD43 is lacking. This study aims to establish an efficient plant tissue culture protocol for rice cv. RD43 by evaluating concentrations of plant growth regulators for callus induction, proliferation, and regeneration. Callus induction was most effective with 4.0 mg/L of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), while callus proliferation was effective with 2.0 mg/L of 2,4-D. Furthermore, 2.0 mg/L of 6-benzyladenine (BA) yielded the highest plant regeneration, achieving a 50% regeneration rate and producing 9.60 shoots per callus. These findings lay the groundwork for a robust tissue culture protocol for rice cv. RD43 as a means for advanced breeding studies and contributing to global food security amid climate change challenges. Full article

Populus species are important resources for ecological conservation and certain industry productions, and are also considered model tree species for scientific research. For tree species, in vitro plant regeneration is an important method of propagation due to the advantage of high multiplication rate. Although many molecular determinants for poplar regeneration have been investigated, the complete regulatory hierarchy network remains unclear. In this study, we tracked the temporal changes of endogenous hormone contents, physiological characteristics and transcriptional profiles during callus induction and adventitious organogenesis in a stem of Populus alba L. to explore the regulatory dynamics of in vitro regeneration in poplars. The results imply that auxin may promote the formation of callus in P. alba by activating the expression of WOX11/12. By up-regulating the expression of CUC1/2, the development of callus begins to initiate apical meristem (SAM) at day 12. The cytokinin-mediated pathway regulates the adventitious shoot formation by ESR1 and WUS. The precursors of active gibberellin GA1, GA53 and GA19 were accumulated in the early stage of callus induction, and then they continued to decrease. JA may function on adventitious shoot regeneration due to its accumulation after 12 days of induction. The dominant hormonal components and regulatory factors during regeneration were identified. Based on the results, a regeneration pathway regulated by auxin and cytokinin for poplars is proposed. The key regulators identified in this study will accelerate the exploration and understanding of the asexual reproduction mechanism of poplar trees. Full article

Globally, people are cultivating finger millet, an important cereal, to improve food availability and health benefits for humans. However, the biotechnological research on this millet is limited and insufficient in this field. The primary focus of this study is to optimize an efficient regenerated protocol for initiating further plant transformation studies, using the shoot apex as an explant and various growth regulators. For example, three cytokinins (BAP, TDZ, and Kin) at different concentrations were used to induce multiple shoots of finger millet. Among these, TDZ (4.5 µM) provided the maximum number (17.3) of shoots as compared to BAP and Kin. IBA (2.46 µM), along with MS medium, was used for the induction of roots, where 5.6 roots were produced in an individual shoot and the length of the root was longer with a size of 8.2 cm after two weeks of incubation. The clonal fidelity of the in vitro regenerated plantlets of finger millet was confirmed by ISSR primers. Overall, the present work developed a robust and reliable procedure for the establishment of efficient and reproducible regeneration through the shoot apex that will be useful for the genetic improvement of this crop. The genetic enhancement of these millets as well as the successful creation of transgenic plant varieties modified for resistance to biotic and abiotic challenges in the near future would be aided by this study. Full article