Sign in to use this feature.

Years

Between: -

Subjects

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Journals

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Article Types

Countries / Regions

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Search Results (410)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = salivary cancers

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
28 pages, 1032 KiB  
Systematic Review
Oral and Dental Sequelae After Oncological Treatment in Children: A Systematic Review
by Lidia Torrecillas-Quiles, Inmaculada Gómez-Ríos, Irene Jiménez-García, Ildefonso Serrano-Belmonte, Antonio José Ortiz-Ruiz and Clara Serna-Muñoz
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5479; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155479 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Childhood cancer is considered one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. There is strong evidence of the oral toxic effects of oncologic treatments, but their incidence is difficult to determine. The novel therapeutic strategies in Pediatric Oncology have [...] Read more.
Background: Childhood cancer is considered one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. There is strong evidence of the oral toxic effects of oncologic treatments, but their incidence is difficult to determine. The novel therapeutic strategies in Pediatric Oncology have led to increased survival in this population, resulting in an increased incidence of long-term effects, which diminish the patient’s quality of life. Methods: The search for articles started on 5 November 2024 and ended on 5 December 2024. Following the PRISMA Statement, a total of 1266 articles were obtained, from which 13 were selected for review. All articles were considered to be of high quality. The antineoplastic treatments used in them were chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery and immune therapy. Results: Most articles were cohorts and case controls. Only one case report was obtained. The results revealed that the most prevalent sequelae in the pediatric population after antineoplastic treatment were enamel alterations, microdontia, dental caries, periodontal disease, gingivitis, hyposalivation, alteration of the oral microbiome, alteration of mandibular bone density and malocclusion. The lesions are different depending on the therapy used. Conclusions: Oncologic treatments in children with cancer cause multiple oral sequelae such as microdontia, dental caries, enamel alterations, salivary gland alterations, mucositis and root resorption. It cannot be concluded which therapy has the most detrimental effect as each has a different mechanism of action in the oral cavity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 454 KiB  
Article
The Evaluation of Blood Prooxidant–Antioxidant Balance Indicators and Cortisol Pre- and Post-Surgery in Patients with Benign Parotid Gland Tumors: A Preliminary Study
by Sebastian Bańkowski, Jan Pilch, Bartosz Witek, Jarosław Markowski, Wirginia Likus, Michał Rozpara and Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5425; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155425 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 223
Abstract
Background: The majority of parotid gland tumors are benign, e.g., pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and Warthin’s tumor (WT). From a biomedical point of view, oxidative stress is of significant importance due to its established association with the initiation and progression of various types of [...] Read more.
Background: The majority of parotid gland tumors are benign, e.g., pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and Warthin’s tumor (WT). From a biomedical point of view, oxidative stress is of significant importance due to its established association with the initiation and progression of various types of cancer, including parotid gland cancers. This study aimed to assess whether blood prooxidant–antioxidant markers could aid in diagnosing and guiding surgery for recurrent malignancies after parotid tumor treatment. Methods: We examined patients (n = 20) diagnosed with WT (n = 14) and PA (n = 6) using histopathological verification and computed tomography (CT) who qualified for surgical treatment. Blood samples were taken before the surgery and again 10 days later for biochemical analysis. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), the non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH and UA) and oxidative stress markers (MDA and TOS) were determined in the blood. The activities of CK and LDH and the concentrations of Cor and TAS were measured in the serum. Hb and Ht were determined in whole blood. Results: The patients’ SOD, CAT, and GPx activities after surgery did not differ significantly from their preoperative levels. However, following surgery, their serum TOS levels were significantly elevated in all the patients compared to baseline. In contrast, the plasma MDA concentrations were markedly reduced after surgery. Similarly, the GSH concentrations showed a significant decrease postoperatively. No significant changes were observed in the CK and LDH activities, TAS concentrations, or levels of Hb, Ht and Cor following surgery. Conclusions: The surgical removal of salivary gland tumors did not result in a reduction in oxidative stress at 10 days after surgery. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of endogenous defense mechanisms in counteracting the oxidative stress induced by salivary gland tumors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 425 KiB  
Review
Taste Dysfunction in Head and Neck Cancer: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management—A Comprehensive Review
by Luigi Sardellitti, Enrica Filigheddu, Giorgio Mastandrea, Armando Di Palma and Egle Patrizia Milia
Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1853; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081853 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 193
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Taste dysfunction is a highly prevalent yet underrecognized complication among patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), significantly impairing nutritional intake, treatment adherence, and quality of life (QoL). This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Taste dysfunction is a highly prevalent yet underrecognized complication among patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), significantly impairing nutritional intake, treatment adherence, and quality of life (QoL). This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management of taste dysfunction associated with HNC and its treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Methods: A structured literature search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library for articles published between January 2015 and February 2025. Studies were included if they investigated taste dysfunction related to HNC, focusing on pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. A total of 47 original studies were analyzed through a narrative synthesis due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes. Results: Taste dysfunction in HNC patients arises from tumor-related inflammation, cytotoxic injury from chemotherapy, and radiation-induced epithelial and neural damage. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy often exert synergistic negative effects on gustatory function. Management strategies identified include dietary counselling, nutritional supplementation (zinc, lactoferrin, monosodium glutamate, miraculin), pharmacological agents targeting salivary function, and non-pharmacological interventions such as acupuncture, photobiomodulation, and reconstructive surgery. However, the evidence is limited by small sample sizes, methodological variability, and the frequent exclusion of HNC patients from broader dysgeusia trials. Reported prevalence of taste dysfunction ranged from 39% to 97.4%, with higher rates observed among patients treated with radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. Conclusions: Taste dysfunction remains a critical yet unmet clinical challenge in HNC patients. High-quality, targeted research is urgently needed to develop standardized assessments and evidence-based management strategies to improve patient outcomes. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 555 KiB  
Article
Effect of a Probiotic Combination on Clinical and Microbiological Oral Parameters in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Randomised Clinical Trial
by Tanya Pereira Riveros, Enric Jané Salas, Alicia Lozano Borbalas, Felipe Rodrigo Aguilera and Teresa Vinuesa Aumedes
Cancers 2025, 17(15), 2459; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17152459 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 409
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of a probiotic combination on clinical and oral microbiological parameters in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 72 HNC patients who had received [...] Read more.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of a probiotic combination on clinical and oral microbiological parameters in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 72 HNC patients who had received radiotherapy within the past year. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either daily probiotic sachets or placebo for 30 days. Salivary parameters—including unstimulated and stimulated flow rates and pH—were evaluated alongside oral microbiota profiles, including total bacterial load and selected periodontopathogens. Assessments were performed at baseline and post-intervention using sialometry, pH analysis, bacterial culture, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Results: Sixty-one patients completed the study (31 in the probiotic group, 30 in the placebo group). Stimulated salivary flow increased significantly in the probiotic group (p = 0.0016), while unstimulated flow improved in both groups (p < 0.05). Salivary pH decreased significantly in the probiotic group (p = 0.0209); however, no intergroup differences were observed at the end of the intervention (p = 0.9839). qPCR showed significant reductions in total bacterial load (p = 0.0209) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (p = 0.0080). Culture confirmed the reduction of F. nucleatum (p = 0.0026), with a trend towards significance for total cultivable bacterial count (p = 0.0502). Conclusions: Daily supplementation with a probiotic combination may serve as a practical and well-tolerated adjunctive measure in clinical settings to improve salivary function and reduce key oral pathogens, particularly Fusobacterium nucleatum, in patients undergoing or recovering from radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. These findings support its potential integration into routine supportive care protocols to mitigate xerostomia and oral dysbiosis in this population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Survivorship and Quality of Life)
Show Figures

Figure 1

55 pages, 2394 KiB  
Review
Salivaomic Biomarkers—An Innovative Approach to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Oral Cancer
by Katarzyna Starska-Kowarska
Biology 2025, 14(7), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14070852 - 13 Jul 2025
Viewed by 550
Abstract
(1) Background: Oral cancer (OC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed human cancers and remains a challenge for biologists and clinicians. More than 90% of OC cases are squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Despite the use of modern diagnostic and prognostic methods, the [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Oral cancer (OC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed human cancers and remains a challenge for biologists and clinicians. More than 90% of OC cases are squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Despite the use of modern diagnostic and prognostic methods, the 5-year survival rate remains unsatisfactory due to the late diagnosis of the neoplastic process and its resistance to treatment. This comprehensive review aims to present the latest literature data on the use and effectiveness of saliva as a non-invasive biomarker in patients with oral cancer. (2) Methods: The article reviews the current literature on the use of salivary omics biomarkers as an effective method in diagnosing and modifying treatment in patients with OSCC; the research corpus was acquired from the PubMed/Google/Scopus/Cochrane Library/Web of Science databases in accordance with the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. (3) Results: The identification of salivary omics biomarkers involved in carcinogenesis and neoplastic transformation may be a potential alternative to traditional invasive diagnostic methods. Saliva, being both an abundant reservoir of organic and inorganic components derived from epithelial cells as well as a cell-free environment, is becoming an interesting diagnostic material for studies in the field of proteomics, genomics, metagenomics, and metabolomics. (4) Conclusions: Saliva-based analysis is a modern and promising method for the early diagnosis and improvement of treatment outcomes in patients with OSCC and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), with high diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Cancer Genetics—2nd Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 700 KiB  
Article
MicroRNA Profiles Distinguishing Metastatic from Non-Metastatic Salivary Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
by Maria Eduarda Salles Trevizani, Fabio Albuquerque Marchi, Daniela Bizinelli, Katia Klug Oliveira, Fernanda Viviane Mariano, Cibele Pidorodeski Nagano, Felipe D’Almeida Costa, Clóvis Antonio Lopes Pinto, Luiz Paulo Kowalski, Silvia Vanessa Lourenço and Cláudia Malheiros Coutinho-Camillo
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 4957; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144957 - 13 Jul 2025
Viewed by 334
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands. Metastatic spread occurs in up to 80% of high-grade tumors; however, the mechanisms underlying this process are largely unknown. Large-scale microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling studies of human cancers have [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands. Metastatic spread occurs in up to 80% of high-grade tumors; however, the mechanisms underlying this process are largely unknown. Large-scale microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling studies of human cancers have demonstrated that dysregulation of miRNA is frequently associated with many cancer types. This study aimed to investigate the miRNA profiles of metastatic and non-metastatic MECs. Methods: Using real-time RT-PCR (qPCR), we analyzed the expression of 377 miRNAs in four non-metastatic MECs, three MECs with lymph node metastasis, three MECs with distant metastasis, and two non-neoplastic human salivary glands. To identify differentially expressed miRNAs, bioinformatics analysis was performed using hierarchical clustering analysis. Results: The miRNA profile discriminated between non-neoplastic and tumor samples and between metastatic and non-metastatic tumors. Twelve miRNAs were differentially expressed between non-neoplastic and non-metastatic MECs. MEC analysis of non-neoplastic and lymph node metastases demonstrated that 10 miRNAs were differentially expressed. In non-neoplastic versus distant metastatic MECs, three miRNAs were differentially expressed: one downregulated and two upregulated. By comparing non-metastatic MECs with lymph node metastatic MECs, we identified 17 upregulated miRNAs. Considering non-metastatic MECs versus distant metastatic MECs, two miRNAs were upregulated. One miRNA was differentially expressed between lymph node metastatic and distant metastatic MECs. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that miRNA profiles may serve as valuable biomarkers for distinguishing the metastatic potential of salivary MECs, warranting further investigation to validate their utility in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeted Treatment of Oral Cancer)
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1561 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Commercially Available Kits for Parallel DNA and microRNA Isolation Suitable for Epigenetic Analyses from Cell-Free Saliva and Salivary Extracellular Vesicles
by Iqra Yousaf, Ulrike Kegler, Manuela Hofner and Christa Noehammer
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6365; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136365 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 426
Abstract
Circulating cell-free nucleic acids (NAs), in particular plasma-derived cell-free DNA, have evolved into promising clinical analytes for prenatal diagnostics, cancer analysis, and cancer surveillance and therapy monitoring. Nevertheless, salivary extracellular and extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived DNA and microRNA have recently gained attention as potential [...] Read more.
Circulating cell-free nucleic acids (NAs), in particular plasma-derived cell-free DNA, have evolved into promising clinical analytes for prenatal diagnostics, cancer analysis, and cancer surveillance and therapy monitoring. Nevertheless, salivary extracellular and extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived DNA and microRNA have recently gained attention as potential non-invasive biomarkers for a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. Our goal in this study was therefore to evaluate and optimize commercially available approaches for cell-free nucleic acid isolation, focusing specifically on DNA and miRNA present in cell-free saliva or saliva-derived EVs. Along these lines, we investigated various commercially available kits, which enable parallel isolation of cell-free DNA and RNA in separate fractions from cell-free saliva and salivary EVs, respectively, and compared them to single analyte extraction kits. The efficiency of all tested nucleic acid extraction methods was determined by comparing DNA and RNA fluorescence spectroscopy measurements and quantitative PCR values obtained from a selection of different DNA- and microRNA targets. We found the Norgen Plasma/Serum RNA/DNA Purification Mini kit in combination with the miRCURY exosome isolation kit to work best in our hands and to provide the highest yields of EV-derived nucleic acids. Having tested and identified effective protocols for isolating salivary extracellular nucleic acids, we present with this comparison study, among others, a sound basis for future circulating small nucleic acid and epigenetic biomarker research aiming for early disease diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction from cell-free saliva, representing an easy-to-collect and readily available diagnostic fluid. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1081 KiB  
Article
HPV Knowledge, Vaccination Uptake, and Salivary Diagnostics Among Dental Students in Romania
by Sergiu Baranga, Doina Chioran, Octavia Balean, Ramona Dumitrescu, Roxana Popescu, Daniela Jumanca, Roxana Oancea, Ruxandra Sava-Rosianu, Vanessa Bolchis and Atena Galuscan
Vaccines 2025, 13(6), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13060658 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 648
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a key cause of cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. Despite available vaccines, uptake remains low in Romania due to limited awareness and hesitancy. This study assessed HPV knowledge, vaccination status, and the presence of high-risk strains (16 and 18) [...] Read more.
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a key cause of cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. Despite available vaccines, uptake remains low in Romania due to limited awareness and hesitancy. This study assessed HPV knowledge, vaccination status, and the presence of high-risk strains (16 and 18) in the saliva of dental students from Victor Babeș University in Timișoara. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between February and March 2024, enrolling 199 dental students. Participants completed a 15-item questionnaire addressing HPV-related knowledge, vaccination status, lifestyle factors, and health history. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed using real-time PCR for the detection of HPV types 16 and 18. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify predictors of vaccination uptake. Results: Only 10.6% of participants had received the HPV vaccine, although 96.9% acknowledged its safety and efficacy. Awareness was higher among females (88.1%) than males (84.3%), and vaccination rates were significantly greater among students under 25 years old (p = 0.0312). A total of 16.6% reported the presence of papillomas or warts. HPV DNA was detected in 10% of saliva samples. Conclusions: Although awareness of HPV was high, vaccination rates remained low, revealing a gap between knowledge and preventive action. Saliva-based screening shows promise as a non-invasive diagnostic tool, and integrating targeted education and advocacy into dental curricula may enhance public health outcomes in Romania. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 401 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Radioiodine (131I) Therapy of Thyroid Disease on Salivary Glands Function and Inflammation: A Comprehensive Review
by Pietro Bellini, Francesco Dondi, Carlo Cappelli, Elisa Gatta, Davide Lombardi, Claudio Casella, Riccardo Morandi, Gianluca Viganò, Luca Camoni, Michela Cossandi, Valentina Zilioli and Francesco Bertagna
Biomedicines 2025, 13(6), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061404 - 7 Jun 2025
Viewed by 887
Abstract
Radioactive iodine therapy has been a well-established treatment for various thyroid conditions since the 1940s, targeting both benign diseases and malignancies. Treatment for benign conditions typically involves low doses of 131I, often requiring no more than two treatments, with the dose either fixed [...] Read more.
Radioactive iodine therapy has been a well-established treatment for various thyroid conditions since the 1940s, targeting both benign diseases and malignancies. Treatment for benign conditions typically involves low doses of 131I, often requiring no more than two treatments, with the dose either fixed or personalized based on thyroid tissue mass and iodine uptake. In contrast, differentiated thyroid cancer treatment often requires higher doses and multiple administrations, especially for metastatic cases. Recent guidelines and studies have proposed more conservative management strategies, including careful follow-up, due to concerns over the high risk–benefit ratio in selected cases with a low risk of disease recrudescence. Despite its possible efficacy, radioiodine therapy is associated with dose-dependent side effects, the most common of which is salivary gland dysfunction or inflammation, affecting approximately 30% of adult patients. These effects pose significant challenges in nuclear medicine practice. This review aims to summarize the latest evidence on the incidence, impact on quality of life, prevention strategies and the role of these side effects in the decision-making process regarding RAI therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Disease: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Approaches)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1190 KiB  
Article
Eleven-Year Incidence of Salivary Gland Tumors—A Retrospective, Single-Centered Study in Croatia
by Anđela Modrić, Mirko Gabelica, Ante Mihovilović, Stipe Dumančić, Ana Dunatov Huljev and Ivana Medvedec Mikić
Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(6), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15060104 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 576
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of salivary gland tumors based on age, gender, histological type, and localization over an eleven-year period at the University Hospital of Split. Methods: The medical records of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology with [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of salivary gland tumors based on age, gender, histological type, and localization over an eleven-year period at the University Hospital of Split. Methods: The medical records of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology with Head and Neck Surgery and the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery at the University Hospital of Split regarding salivary gland tumors were searched from January 2012 to December 2022. The current fifth World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Head and Neck Tumors and its criteria were considered during that process. Results: Out of 404 patients, 211 (52.20%) were female and 193 (47.77%) male. The mean age was 60. There were four pediatric patients. Six patients had a combination of two different histological types of salivary gland tumors present simultaneously at the exact localization. Therefore, there were 410 histological types in total, 214 related to females and 196 to males. A total of 361 (88.05%) benign and 49 (11.95%) malignant primary salivary gland tumors were detected. The parotid gland was the predominant location (N = 361, 87.8%). There were no cases affecting the sublingual gland. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign histological type (N = 169, 41.2%). The most common malignant histological types were adenoid cystic carcinoma (N = 9, 2.2%) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (N = 9, 2.2%). The average incidences of salivary gland tumors in the 11 years for the four Dalmatian counties and the Republic of Croatia were 4.45/100,000 and 0.9/100,000, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study, primarily the ones concerning histological types and localization, do not deviate from general knowledge about salivary gland tumors. Simultaneous and ipsilateral occurrence of different histological types is a rare and extremely valuable finding. The average incidence for Dalmatian counties and the Republic of Croatia is within the range of the International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1035 KiB  
Article
Comorbidity Patterns Among Patients Diagnosed with Sialolithiasis: A Retrospective Analysis
by Rimah Abdullah Saleem, Hatouf Husni Sukkarieh, Rana K. Alkattan, Hana M. A. Fakhoury, Ahmad Aljada, Abdulrahman Theyab and Khansa Taha Ababneh
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(11), 3795; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113795 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 571
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sialolithiasis is a common disorder of the major salivary glands characterized by the formation of salivary stones, known as sialoliths. It is predominantly observed in patients in their fourth to sixth decades of life. Several potential factors have been associated with the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Sialolithiasis is a common disorder of the major salivary glands characterized by the formation of salivary stones, known as sialoliths. It is predominantly observed in patients in their fourth to sixth decades of life. Several potential factors have been associated with the development of sialolithiasis, including obesity, smoking, medication use, and several systemic diseases such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Despite extensive research into the pathogenesis of sialolithiasis, it remains elusive. Therefore, this study aims to explore the characteristics of sialolithiasis among patients residing in Saudi Arabia and to detect the possible role of systemic disorders in the development of sialolithiasis. Methods: This study included 375 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of sialolithiasis between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2024, at the National Guard Health Affairs centers in Saudi Arabia. Demographic information, body mass index (BMI), presence of systemic disorders (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, asthma, cancer), and the age at diagnosis of each disease were collected for data analysis. Results: A total of 55.5% of the patients were male, with a mean age of 39.8 and a mean BMI of 28. Dyslipidemia represented the most prevalent systemic condition (32.9%), followed by diabetes mellitus (23.5%) and hypertension (20.3%). Moreover, 74.4% and 74.2% of the patients developed hypertension and diabetes mellitus before sialolithiasis, respectively. Furthermore, dyslipidemia was associated with a higher risk profile compared with diabetes mellitus and other systemic disorders. Conclusions: This exploratory study indicates that the incidence pattern of sialolithiasis among both genders likely depends on lifestyle factors and other underlying systemic conditions. Elevated BMI may be a contributing characteristic, and the development of systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus could be linked to the formation of salivary stones. Furthermore, these findings support a multifactorial pathophysiology of sialolithiasis. The aforementioned factors may play a role in the formation of salivary stones through hyposalivation, whether disease-related or medication-induced hyposalivation, potentially serving as a common mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Challenges in Clinical Dentistry: 2nd Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 3902 KiB  
Article
Potassium Iodide Induces Apoptosis in Salivary Gland Cancer Cells
by Maksym Skrypnyk, Tetiana Yatsenko, Oleksandra Riabets, Olga Zuieva, Iryna Rodionova, Margarita Skikevych, Yousef Salama, Taro Osada, Morikuni Tobita, Satoshi Takahashi, Nobutaka Hattori, Kazuhisa Takahashi, Koichi Hattori and Beate Heissig
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(11), 5199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115199 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 3295
Abstract
Salivary gland cancers (SGCs) pose a therapeutic challenge due to their aggressive nature and limited treatment options. Ion transporters, particularly the sodium/iodide symporter (SLC5A5), which transport iodine in the form of iodide anion (I) into cells, have emerged as potential therapeutic [...] Read more.
Salivary gland cancers (SGCs) pose a therapeutic challenge due to their aggressive nature and limited treatment options. Ion transporters, particularly the sodium/iodide symporter (SLC5A5), which transport iodine in the form of iodide anion (I) into cells, have emerged as potential therapeutic targets in tumors of glandular origin. Our research indicates that SLC5A5 is expressed predominantly in ductal cells of human and murine SGC cells. We assessed the effects of potassium iodide (KI), a source of iodide ions. KI treatment reduced SGC cell proliferation and viability without impacting migration. KI increased ROS levels and triggered caspase-dependent apoptosis, as indicated by the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAX, downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and induction of SGC cell shrinkage. KI did not affect NF-κB or TNF-α and SLC5A5 expression. Adding the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine reversed KI-induced growth inhibition, underscoring ROS-induced oxidative stress’s crucial role in growth inhibition. While KI administered in drinking water to mice increased epidermal growth factor (EGF) expression in non-malignant salivary gland tissues, KI decreased EGF receptor (EGFR) expression in malignant SGC cell cultures, where EGFR signaling is frequently dysregulated in SGCs but promoted AKT phosphorylation. Combining KI and anti-EGFR treatment did not yield synergistic anti-SGC cell effects. The study underscores the therapeutic potential of KI as a standalone treatment in vitro for SGC cells. However, the upregulation of EGF in non-malignant tissues and, therefore, the possibility to enhance EGFR-driven signals and AKT phosphorylation after KI treatment in cancer patients could indicate a risk of rendering SGC cells more drug resistant, warranting further investigation to optimize its clinical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in “Molecular Biology”)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 776 KiB  
Article
Methylation Status of the Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Promoter in Parotid Tumours and Adjacent Parotid Gland Tissue: A Pilot Study on the Implications for Recurrence and Development of Malignancy
by António Paiva-Correia, Joana Apolónio, Alfons Nadal, José Ricardo Brandão, Nádia Silva, Bianca Machado, Ivan Archilla, Pedro Castelo-Branco and Henrik Hellquist
Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060312 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 405
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The methylation of the hypermethylated oncological region (THOR) of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) may forecast tumour aggressiveness. This pilot study aimed to evaluate THOR methylation as a potential biomarker for recurrence/malignant transformation in salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas (PA). Methods: THOR methylation [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The methylation of the hypermethylated oncological region (THOR) of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) may forecast tumour aggressiveness. This pilot study aimed to evaluate THOR methylation as a potential biomarker for recurrence/malignant transformation in salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas (PA). Methods: THOR methylation was assessed by quantitative pyrosequencing in 96 parotid tissue samples (benign and malignant), including non-neoplastic parotid tissue, PA, recurrent PA (rPA), and carcinomas, along with their adjacent tissues. TERT promoter mutations (TPMs) were analysed by Sanger sequencing. Results: THOR methylation significantly differed across the seven groups. Malignant tissues showed higher THOR methylation than non-neoplastic tissues, whereas benign tumours showed no significant difference from non-neoplastic tissue. THOR methylation in rPA was closer to carcinoma than to normal tissue, similar in rPA and tissues adjacent to rPA, and higher in tissues adjacent to carcinomas than in non-neoplastic tissues. A subset of PA-adjacent tissues showed epigenetic alterations, suggesting an increased risk of recurrence or malignant transformation (5–15%). No TPMs were detected. Conclusions: THOR methylation may add information to differentiate normal from carcinogenic tissues and, as such, may be included in a biomarkers panel. Epigenetic alterations in PA-adjacent tissues with normal histology highlight the need for improved diagnostic markers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

23 pages, 3043 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Healing Powers of Histatins: From Oral Health to Therapeutics
by Saima Usman, Yvonne You and Ahmad Waseem
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(11), 5019; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115019 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 787
Abstract
Histatin peptides are a family of small histidine-rich cationic polypeptides produced by two genes, HTN1 and HTN3. They are found in salivary secretions from the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands. These peptides undergo proteolytic cleavages to produce different histatin fragments which [...] Read more.
Histatin peptides are a family of small histidine-rich cationic polypeptides produced by two genes, HTN1 and HTN3. They are found in salivary secretions from the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands. These peptides undergo proteolytic cleavages to produce different histatin fragments which play multiple roles including wound healing, maintenance of enamel, and regulation of balance in the oral microbiome. In this review, we explored the expression, structural characteristics, and metal-ion-binding capacities of these peptides and how their functions are modulated by their structure. We also provide here an insight into the potential use of histatins as biomarkers and therapeutic peptides in the management of oral and non-oral diseases including cancer. Potential gaps in the current understanding of histatins that warrant further research have also been highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

49 pages, 1032 KiB  
Review
Balancing the Oral Redox State: Endogenous and Exogenous Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species and the Antioxidant Role of Lamiaceae and Asteraceae
by Caterina Nela Dumitru, Lupoae Mariana, Cristian Constantin Budacu, Gabriela Mitea, Marius Daniel Radu, Alina Oana Dumitru, Andreea Lupoae, Alin Tatu and Gabi Topor
Dent. J. 2025, 13(5), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13050222 - 21 May 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1169
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Oral health is a complex concept involving physical, psychological, emotional, and social components. A key factor in maintaining oral tissue integrity is redox balance, which is disrupted by oxidative stress (OS) through an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Oral health is a complex concept involving physical, psychological, emotional, and social components. A key factor in maintaining oral tissue integrity is redox balance, which is disrupted by oxidative stress (OS) through an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses. This study examines the contribution of endogenous and exogenous sources to OS and explores the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants from the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families in restoring redox homeostasis and improving oral health. Methods: A literature review was conducted, analyzing the role of OS in oral diseases and the antioxidant mechanisms of selected Asteraceae species. Special attention was given to their phytochemical contents—polyphenols, flavonoids, and essential oils—and their biological relevance to oral health. Results: OS plays a critical role in the onset and progression of oral conditions such as caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, aphthous ulcers, abscesses, precancerous lesions, and oral cancers. ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) cause inflammation, tissue breakdown, and salivary gland dysfunction. Asteraceae plants like Matricaria chamomilla, Calendula officinalis, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Arctium lappa, Achillea millefolium, and Solidago virgaurea demonstrate notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties that help counteract OS and support oral homeostasis. Conclusions: Asteraceae and Lamiaceae species show high therapeutic potential in addressing OS-related oral disorders. Their bioactive compounds aid in restoring redox balance and protecting oral tissues. These findings support the integration of phytotherapeutic agents into oral healthcare and call for further clinical validation of plant-based strategies for disease prevention and management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Back to TopTop