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14 pages, 9534 KB  
Article
Failure Analysis of Gear on Rail Transit
by An-Xia Pan, Chao Wen, Haoyu Wang, Ping Tao, Xuedong Liu, Yi Gong and Zhen-Guo Yang
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4773; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204773 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025
Abstract
The gear transmission system is a safety-critical component in rail transit, typically designed for a service life exceeding 20 years. Failure analysis of such systems remains a key focus for railway engineers. This study systematically investigates four representative cases of premature gear failure [...] Read more.
The gear transmission system is a safety-critical component in rail transit, typically designed for a service life exceeding 20 years. Failure analysis of such systems remains a key focus for railway engineers. This study systematically investigates four representative cases of premature gear failure in high-speed trains using a standardized analytical procedure that includes visual inspection, chemical analysis, metallographic examination, scanning electron microscopy, and hardness testing. The results identify four primary root causes: subsurface slag inclusions in raw materials, inadequate heat treatment leading to a non-martensitic layer (∼60 μm) at the tooth root, grinding-induced temper burns (crescent-shaped "black spots") accompanied by a hardness drop of ∼100–150 HV, and insufficient lubrication. The interdependencies between these factors and failure mechanisms, e.g., fatigue cracking, spalling, and thermal scuffing, are analyzed. This work provides an evidence-based framework for improving gear reliability and proposes targeted countermeasures, such as ultrasonic inclusion screening and real-time grinding temperature control, to extend operational lifespans. Full article
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14 pages, 2098 KB  
Article
Can Pulsed Electric Fields Be an Alternative for Disinfection in Endodontic Treatment?
by Zeliha Ugur Aydın, Demet Erdönmez and Gulsun Akdemir Evrendilek
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11133; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011133 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 27
Abstract
Persistent Enterococcus faecalis infections represent a major cause of endodontic treatment failure, highlighting the need for innovative disinfection strategies beyond conventional irrigation. This in vitro study evaluated the antimicrobial potential of pulsed electric fields (PEF) as a non-thermal and non-chemical adjunctive method for [...] Read more.
Persistent Enterococcus faecalis infections represent a major cause of endodontic treatment failure, highlighting the need for innovative disinfection strategies beyond conventional irrigation. This in vitro study evaluated the antimicrobial potential of pulsed electric fields (PEF) as a non-thermal and non-chemical adjunctive method for root canal disinfection. Fifty-two extracted mandibular premolars with single canals were standardized to 16 ± 0.1 mm, inoculated with E. faecalis, and incubated for 28 days to establish mature biofilms. The teeth were subsequently exposed to PEF under varying electrical parameters using sterile water as the irrigant, and bacterial viability and metabolic activity were assessed post-treatment. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was performed to visualize bacterial distribution within dentinal tubules, with particular attention to the apical region, which is most resistant to disinfection. PEF application significantly reduced bacterial viability and metabolic activity compared with baseline (p < 0.05), although complete elimination was not achieved. CLSM images revealed both red-stained non-viable cells, reflecting irreversible electroporation, and green-stained viable cells, indicating reversible electroporation and residual bacterial survival. These findings demonstrate that PEF can inactivate microorganisms through electroporation while maintaining tissue compatibility, and its antimicrobial effect may be enhanced when combined with sodium hypochlorite. Optimization of electrical parameters and evaluation in polymicrobial biofilm models are warranted to establish clinical relevance and support translation into practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Dentistry and Oral Sciences)
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19 pages, 4754 KB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of SLA and DLP 3D Printing in Dental Implant Guides: Impact on Fabrication Accuracy, Speed, and Resin Usage
by Michel Beyer, Lena Scheller, Alexandru Victor Burde, Sead Abazi, Adelita Sommacal, Lukas Seifert, Neha Sharma and Florian Markus Thieringer
Dent. J. 2025, 13(10), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13100471 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 190
Abstract
Background: Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies such as Stereolithography (SLA) and Digital Light Processing (DLP) are widely used in dental implantology for the fabrication of surgical guides. While both methods offer clinical viability, their comparative accuracy, efficiency, and material consumption remain subjects of [...] Read more.
Background: Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies such as Stereolithography (SLA) and Digital Light Processing (DLP) are widely used in dental implantology for the fabrication of surgical guides. While both methods offer clinical viability, their comparative accuracy, efficiency, and material consumption remain subjects of debate. Objectives: To compare the dimensional accuracy, printing time, and material consumption of dental surgical guides fabricated using an SLA printer (Formlabs Form 3B) and a DLP printer (NextDent 5100) at various printing orientations. Methods: A standardized surgical guide was designed and printed on both printers across seven orientations (0–90°). Five guides per angle were fabricated per technology (n = 35 per printer), scanned, and compared with the CAD reference to evaluate dimensional accuracy. Printing time and resin consumption were recorded. Statistical analyses included the Shapiro–Wilk test and Mann–Whitney U test (α = 0.05). Results: Within the evaluated printers and resins, SLA-printed guides demonstrated slightly lower Root Mean Square (RMS) values in most regions, especially in occlusal and drill hole surfaces, while DLP guides tended to undersize Optimal accuracy was observed at 45° for SLA and 60° for DLP. Material consumption was lower for the SLA printer compared with the DLP printer, but SLA required longer printing time (90–200 min vs. 25–75 min for DLP). Conclusions: Both technologies produced clinically acceptable guides under the tested conditions. The tested SLA printer tended to offer slightly higher accuracy and material efficiency, whereas the DLP printer achieved shorter printing times, supporting its use in high-throughput workflows. Printing orientation significantly influenced accuracy and resource use. Full article
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13 pages, 2548 KB  
Article
Unveiling Genetic Loci for Root Morphology and Salt Response at Rice Seedling Stage via Genome-Wide Association Studies
by Zifan Xue, De Hao, Zheyu Lu, Jie Yang, Ziteng Geng, Chengsheng Meng and Yanru Cui
Life 2025, 15(10), 1595; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15101595 - 13 Oct 2025
Viewed by 341
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a salt-sensitive crop, where even moderate soil salinity (electrical conductivity ≥ 3.5 dS/m) can cause significant yield reduction. During the seedling stage, the underdeveloped root system has limited capacity for salt uptake and translocation, making root system [...] Read more.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a salt-sensitive crop, where even moderate soil salinity (electrical conductivity ≥ 3.5 dS/m) can cause significant yield reduction. During the seedling stage, the underdeveloped root system has limited capacity for salt uptake and translocation, making root system architecture (RSA) a crucial trait for enhancing salinity tolerance. In this study, we used 165 individuals from the 3K Rice Genome Project to comprehensively measure multidimensional root morphological traits at the early seedling stage under salt stress, thereby overcoming the limitations of conventional methods that mainly rely on root length and biomass. We identified 78 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with eight root morphological traits through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 3VmrMLM. Among these, 12 QTNs co-localized within genomic regions of previously cloned salt tolerance-related genes. Additionally, six salt-tolerant lines were selected based on significantly increased root volume (RV) and surface area (SA), suggesting that their adaptive mechanism under salinity involves optimized spatial root distribution rather than radial thickening. Our findings show that high-resolution root scanning-based phenotyping provides a reliable platform for screening and breeding salt-tolerant rice varieties, offering valuable indicators for assessing seedling-stage salt tolerance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Crop Genetics and Breeding)
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12 pages, 1728 KB  
Article
Effectiveness of an AI-Assisted Digital Workflow for Complete-Arch Implant Impressions: An In Vitro Comparative Study
by Marco Tallarico, Mohammad Qaddomi, Elena De Rosa, Carlotta Cacciò, Silvio Mario Meloni, Ieva Gendviliene, Wael Att, Rim Bourgi, Aurea Maria Lumbau and Gabriele Cervino
Dent. J. 2025, 13(10), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13100462 - 9 Oct 2025
Viewed by 305
Abstract
Background: The accuracy and consistency of complete-arch digital impressions are fundamental for long-term success of implant-supported rehabilitations. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted tools, such as SmartX (Medit Link v3.4.2, MEDIT Corp., Seoul, South of Korea), have been introduced to enhance scan body recognition [...] Read more.
Background: The accuracy and consistency of complete-arch digital impressions are fundamental for long-term success of implant-supported rehabilitations. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted tools, such as SmartX (Medit Link v3.4.2, MEDIT Corp., Seoul, South of Korea), have been introduced to enhance scan body recognition and data alignment during intraoral scanning. Objective: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the impact of SmartX on impression accuracy, consistency, operator confidence, and technique sensitivity in complete-arch implant workflows. Methods: Seventy-two digital impressions were recorded on edentulous mandibular models with four dummy implants, using six experimental subgroups based on scan body design (double- or single-wing), scanning technique (occlusal or combined straight/zigzag), and presence/absence of SmartX tool. Each group was scanned by both an expert and a novice operator (n = 6 scans per subgroup). Root mean square (RMS) deviation and scanning time were assessed. Data were tested for normality (Shapiro–Wilk). Parametric tests (t-test, repeated measures ANOVA with Greenhouse–Geisser correction) or non-parametric equivalents (Mann–Whitney U, Friedman) were applied as appropriate. Post hoc comparisons used Tukey HSD or Dunn–Bonferroni tests (α = 0.05). Results: SmartX significantly improved consistency and operator confidence, especially among novices, although it did not yield statistically significant differences in scan accuracy (p > 0.05). The tool mitigated early scanning errors and reduced dependence on operator technique. SmartX also enabled successful library alignment with minimal data; however, scanning time was generally longer with its use, particularly for beginners. Conclusions: While SmartX did not directly enhance trueness, it substantially improved scan reliability and user experience in complete-arch workflows. Its ability to minimize technique sensitivity and improve reproducibility makes it a valuable aid in both training and clinical settings. Further clinical validation is warranted to support its integration into routine practice. Full article
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17 pages, 1178 KB  
Article
A Machine-Learning-Based Prediction Model for Total Glycoalkaloid Accumulation in Yukon Gold Potatoes
by Saipriya Ramalingam, Diksha Singla, Mainak Pal Chowdhury, Michele Konschuh and Chandra Bhan Singh
Foods 2025, 14(19), 3431; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193431 - 7 Oct 2025
Viewed by 390
Abstract
Potatoes are the most extensively cultivated vegetable crop in Canada and rank as the fifth largest primary agricultural commodity. Given their diverse end uses and significant market value, particularly in processed forms, ensuring consistent quality from harvest to consumption is of critical importance. [...] Read more.
Potatoes are the most extensively cultivated vegetable crop in Canada and rank as the fifth largest primary agricultural commodity. Given their diverse end uses and significant market value, particularly in processed forms, ensuring consistent quality from harvest to consumption is of critical importance. Total glycoalkaloids (TGA) are nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites that are known to accumulate in the tuber as an effect of greening in-field or elsewhere in the supply chain. In this study, 210 Yukon Gold (YG) potatoes were exposed to a constant light source to green over a period of 14 days and sampled in 7-day intervals. The samples were scanned using a short-wave infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging camera in the 900–2500 nm wavelength range. Once individually scanned, pixel-wise spectral data was extracted and averaged for each tuber and matched with its respective ground truth TGA values which were obtained using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system. Prediction models using the partial least squares regression technique were developed from the extracted hyperspectral data and reference TGA values. Wavelength selection techniques such as competitive adaptive re-weighted sampling (CARS) and backward elimination (BE) were deployed to reduce the number of contributing wavelengths for practical applications. The best model resulted in a correlation coefficient of cross-validation (R2cv) of 0.72 with a root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSEcv) of 51.50 ppm. Full article
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28 pages, 9915 KB  
Article
Mechanism of Herbaceous Plant Root Disturbance on Yongning Fortress Rammed Earth Heritage: A Case Study
by Xudong Chu, Xinliang Ji and Weicheng Han
Buildings 2025, 15(19), 3491; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193491 - 27 Sep 2025
Viewed by 295
Abstract
This study investigated the Yongning Fortress ruins in Taiyuan through a comprehensive analytical approach employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), laser particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and ion chromatography (IC). The research focused on elucidating [...] Read more.
This study investigated the Yongning Fortress ruins in Taiyuan through a comprehensive analytical approach employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), laser particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and ion chromatography (IC). The research focused on elucidating the disturbance mechanisms and environmental impacts induced by the root systems of five representative herbaceous species on rammed earth structures. The results demonstrated distinct, species-specific disturbance patterns. Melica roots created three-dimensional network damage, Artemisia capillaris primarily caused deep root penetration, Fallopia aubertii exhibited coupled physical–chemical effects, Convolvulus arvensis induced shallow horizontal expansion damage, while Cirsium formed a heterogeneous structure characterized by dense taproots and loose lateral roots. Environmental conditions, particularly moisture content, significantly influenced disturbance intensity. All root activities led to common deterioration processes, including particle rounding, gradation degradation, and formation of organic–mineral composites. Notably, vegetation markedly altered soluble salt distribution patterns, with Cirsium increasing total salt content to 3.7 times that of undisturbed rammed earth (0.48%), while sulfate ion concentration (1.16 × 10−3) approached hazardous thresholds. The study established a theoretical framework linking plant traits, disturbance mechanisms, and environmental response, and proposed risk-based zoning strategies for preservation. These outcomes provide significant theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the scientific conservation of rammed earth heritage sites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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15 pages, 7341 KB  
Article
Inspection and Modeling Analysis of Locking Pins in the Penultimate-Stage Blades of a 600 MW Steam Turbine
by Ke Tang, Weiwen Chen, Jiang Zhu, Binhao Yi, Qing Hao, Jiashun Gao, Zhilong Xu, Bicheng Guo and Shiqi Chen
Materials 2025, 18(19), 4487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194487 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 319
Abstract
The fracture behavior of a locking pin used in the penultimate-stage blades of a 600 MW steam turbine in a thermal power plant was investigated through microstructural and microhardness characterization, fracture surface and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, as well as finite element load [...] Read more.
The fracture behavior of a locking pin used in the penultimate-stage blades of a 600 MW steam turbine in a thermal power plant was investigated through microstructural and microhardness characterization, fracture surface and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, as well as finite element load simulation. The microhardness values measured on the cross-section of the service pins ranged from 528 to 541 HV0.1, showing little difference from the unused pins. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that approximately 70% of the fracture surfaces exhibited an intergranular “rock candy” morphology. The results indicate that pin failure was primarily caused by the combined effects of fretting wear and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Specifically, vibration at the blade root, impeller, and pins due to start–stop cycles and load variations led to fretting wear, forming pits approximately 75 μm in size. Under the combined effects of weakly corrosive wet steam environments and shear stresses, SCC initiated at the high stress concentration points of these pits. Early crack propagation primarily followed original austenite grain boundaries, while later stages mainly extended along martensite plate boundaries. As cracks advanced, the cross-sectional area gradually decreased, causing the effective shear stress to increase until it exceeded the shear strength, ultimately leading to fracture. These findings not only provide a scientific basis for enhancing the reliability of steam turbine locking pins and extending their service life, but also contribute to a broader understanding of the failure mechanisms of key components operating under corrosive and fluctuating load environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
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17 pages, 2183 KB  
Article
Compressive, Dimensional, and Antimicrobial Characteristics of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Following Dental Disinfection
by Nafij Bin Jamayet, Aparna Barman, Chong Terng Yaw, Khoo Yi Xuan, Farah Rashid, Abhishek Parolia, James Dudley and Taseef Hasan Farook
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10428; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910428 - 25 Sep 2025
Viewed by 332
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the compressive, dimensional, and antimicrobial properties of thermoplastic Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) 3D printed hollow blocks following chemical disinfection. Methods: Forty-two 3D printed ABS cubes were immersed in tap water, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, 3% hydrogen peroxide, 5% sodium bicarbonate, 0.5% [...] Read more.
Objective: To investigate the compressive, dimensional, and antimicrobial properties of thermoplastic Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) 3D printed hollow blocks following chemical disinfection. Methods: Forty-two 3D printed ABS cubes were immersed in tap water, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, 3% hydrogen peroxide, 5% sodium bicarbonate, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and commercial Potassium Caroate (Polident) for 28 days (4 cycles). Linear Outer (OM) and Inner (IM) dimensions, Root Mean Square (RMS), and mass were recorded before and after each immersion cycle. An additional set of seven cubes was untreated and served as a control. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was executed on one randomly selected sample from each group before and after immersion. Following the completion of the immersion cycles, an evaluation of compressive strength was performed using a universal testing machine. Subsequently, from each group, a single ABS cube was randomly selected for the introduction of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, followed by a 14-day incubation period with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) evaluation. Results: There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between OM, IM, and compressive strength measurements (F = 1.036, p = 0.443) across all groups. RMS values increased for OM and decreased for IM. Notably, cubes that underwent immersion in a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate solution displayed considerable changes in mass (p < 0.05), exhibiting a low positive correlation (ρ = 0.339). The 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate group exhibited the emergence of a new OH peak (3000–3500) in FTIR, whereas the 3% hydrogen peroxide group experienced the disappearance of the styrene peak (1300–1500). Exposure of ABS to C. albicans and S. mutans demonstrated clear surfaces under SEM with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and Polident. Conclusions: Disinfection with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and Potassium Caroate produced minimal mechanical changes and resisted growth of C. albicans and S. mutans. 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate and 3% hydrogen peroxide altered dimensional and chemical compositions of 3D printed ABS following disinfection. Full article
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15 pages, 431 KB  
Article
A Retrospective Study of the Prevalence of Maxillary Sinus Cysts Incidentally Detected on MRI Among Non-Symptomatic Caucasian Population
by Piotr Rot, Sandra Krzywdzińska, Paweł Rozbicki, Marta Aleksandra Kwiatkowska, Marta Kania-Pudło, Arkadiusz Zegadło, Dariusz Jurkiewicz, Karolina Dżaman and Maria Sobol
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(19), 6756; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14196756 - 24 Sep 2025
Viewed by 522
Abstract
Maxillary sinus abnormalities, including retention cysts and mucosal thickening, are often incidental findings and may be present in up to 35.6%, depending on imaging modality and population characteristics. To date, few studies have explored the appearance of maxillary sinus retention cysts using MRI. [...] Read more.
Maxillary sinus abnormalities, including retention cysts and mucosal thickening, are often incidental findings and may be present in up to 35.6%, depending on imaging modality and population characteristics. To date, few studies have explored the appearance of maxillary sinus retention cysts using MRI. Aim: This study provides the first large-scale MRI-based assessment of these lesions, with the aim of evaluating the prevalence and characteristics of maxillary sinus abnormalities detected incidentally on head MRI scans, particularly focusing on retention cysts and mucosal changes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 3092 head MRI scans obtained between 2023 and 2024 was conducted to assess the prevalence and characteristics of maxillary sinus abnormalities. The mean patient age was 54.5 ± 18.6 years (median 56; range 18–99 years), with 1,825 women (59%). Statistical power exceeded 83% to detect differences of at least 10% in the prevalence of cysts between age groups (α = 0.05). A simplified MRI-based sinus assessment scale was used to categorize findings. Results: Out of 3092 scans, 1995 (64.5%) showed normal sinuses, 817 (26.4%) had mucosal thickening < 5 mm, 116 (3.8%) presented with retention cysts without other pathology, 100 (3.2%) exhibited moderate changes, and 64 (2.1%) had severe changes. Cysts were significantly more frequent in men (7.5%) than in women (4.4%) (p < 0.001). Additionally, maxillary sinus involvement differed significantly between sexes, with a higher prevalence in men. Conclusions: Incidental maxillary sinus findings are common and often benign. A comprehensive diagnostic approach is essential, especially for unilateral lesions near tooth roots. Conservative management remains appropriate for asymptomatic patients, but ongoing monitoring and patient education are key to preventing complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Otolaryngology)
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25 pages, 5657 KB  
Article
A Pectin Polysaccharide from Arnebia szechenyi Kanitz and Its Digestion Product: Physicochemical Properties and Immunostimulatory and Antioxidant Activities
by Surina Bo, Peng Zhao, Sarangua Ochir, Huiwen Pang, Mu Dan, Wenming Bai, Man Zhang and Jingkun Lu
Molecules 2025, 30(19), 3852; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30193852 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 319
Abstract
The root of Arnebia szechenyi Kanitz, known as “Mongolia Zicao,” has been widely used in traditional Chinese and Mongolia medicine. Herein, we aimed to characterize a pectin polysaccharide extracted from A. szechenyi Kanitz root (ASP), elucidate its structure, and evaluate potential immunomodulatory activities [...] Read more.
The root of Arnebia szechenyi Kanitz, known as “Mongolia Zicao,” has been widely used in traditional Chinese and Mongolia medicine. Herein, we aimed to characterize a pectin polysaccharide extracted from A. szechenyi Kanitz root (ASP), elucidate its structure, and evaluate potential immunomodulatory activities through in vitro assays. Sugar composition analysis and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) revealed that ASP is predominantly composed of GalA (45.44%), Gal (22.13%), and Ara (19.86%) with a homogenous molecular weight of 18.4 kD. ASP was identified as a typical pectin-like polysaccharide containing linear HG domains and potentially linked to complex branches with Ara and Glu residues. The monosaccharide analysis of the digestion product, D-ASP, supported this hypothesis. The Congo red test indicated the absence of a triple-helix structure in ASP and its digestion product D-ASP. ASP exhibited an irregular structure due to the branching fork, which disappeared after digestion, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, ASP and D-ASP had certain antioxidant activities and significantly stimulated the release of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a, NO), macrophage proliferation and phagocytic capability in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These findings outline the chemical and biological foundation for the development of novel drug candidates in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Full article
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22 pages, 2809 KB  
Article
Radiation Pattern Recovery from Tilted Orbital Sampling Measurements via Sparse Spherical Harmonic Expansion
by Miguel Labodía and Arturo Mediano
Electronics 2025, 14(19), 3755; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14193755 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 189
Abstract
This paper proposes a reconstruction framework for estimating the far-field (FF) radiation patterns of large, heavy, or non-rotatable wireless-enabled systems. The method combines a tilted orbital sampling (ToS) strategy with sparse spherical harmonic (SH) expansion, compressed sensing (CS), and convex optimization (CO), thereby [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a reconstruction framework for estimating the far-field (FF) radiation patterns of large, heavy, or non-rotatable wireless-enabled systems. The method combines a tilted orbital sampling (ToS) strategy with sparse spherical harmonic (SH) expansion, compressed sensing (CS), and convex optimization (CO), thereby linking a mechanically constrained acquisition scheme with a mathematically efficient recovery process. The purpose of this integration is not only to reduce the number of measurements but also to retrieve the radiation information most relevant to Internet of Things (IoT) devices and bulky equipment that cannot be easily rotated within anechoic chambers. The framework is validated on two representative cases: a canonical half-wave dipole and a commercial Wi-Fi-enabled device. In the latter and more challenging case, accurate reconstruction is achieved with fewer than 30 SH coefficients and using less than 20% of the measurements required by a conventional full-sphere scan, with the normalized root-mean-square error remaining below 5%. Although inaccessible angular regions may be partially uncharacterized, such directions are of minor relevance for the intended operational coverage. The resulting SH-based representation can be seamlessly integrated into ray-tracing propagation simulators and electromagnetic optimization workflows, enabling efficient and application-oriented OTA characterization under realistic chamber constraints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microwave and Wireless Communications)
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16 pages, 6465 KB  
Article
The Feasibility of Combining 3D Cine bSSFP and 4D Flow MRI for the Assessment of Local Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity
by Renske Merton, Daan Bosshardt, Gustav J. Strijkers, Aart J. Nederveen, Eric M. Schrauben and Pim van Ooij
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10272; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810272 - 21 Sep 2025
Viewed by 498
Abstract
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a key marker of aortic stiffness and cardiovascular risk, yet current methods typically offer only global or regional estimates and lack the possibility to measure local variations along the thoracic aorta. This study aimed to develop and evaluate [...] Read more.
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a key marker of aortic stiffness and cardiovascular risk, yet current methods typically offer only global or regional estimates and lack the possibility to measure local variations along the thoracic aorta. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a pipeline for assessing local aortic PWV using the flow–area (QA) method (PWVQA) by combining high-resolution 4D MRI techniques. A 3D cine balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence was used to capture dynamic changes in aortic geometry, while 4D flow MRI measured time-resolved blood flow. The QA method was applied during the reflection-free early systolic phase. Scan–rescan reproducibility was assessed in six healthy volunteers, and feasibility was additionally explored in Marfan syndrome patients. The mean ± SD values of the Pearson correlation coefficients for per-slice maximum area, velocity, flow, and PWVQA were 0.99 ± 0.00, 0.82 ± 0.11, 0.96 ± 0.01, and 0.20 ± 0.35, respectively. The median (Q1–Q3) average PWVQA was 6.6 (5.4–9.4) m/s for scan 1 and 9.1 (6.7–11.3) m/s for scan 2 (p = 0.16) in healthy volunteers and 7.1 (6.9–8.0) m/s in Marfan patients. Combining 4D bSSFP and 4D flow MRI is technically feasible, but the derived PWVQA maps show high variability, particularly in the aortic root and descending aorta, requiring further optimization. Full article
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13 pages, 1008 KB  
Article
Does the Position of the Mandibular Third Molar Have an Effect on the Lingual Bone Morphology? A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation
by Ezgi Yüceer-Çetiner, Özgür Sakarya, Attila Vural and Dilara Kazan
Diagnostics 2025, 15(18), 2401; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15182401 - 20 Sep 2025
Viewed by 367
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between the position of impacted mandibular third molars and the morphology of the lingual cortical bone using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and to determine how impaction depth and angulation influence the risk of lingual [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between the position of impacted mandibular third molars and the morphology of the lingual cortical bone using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and to determine how impaction depth and angulation influence the risk of lingual cortical perforation. Methods: CBCT scans of 120 impacted mandibular third molars from 71 adult patients were retrospectively evaluated. Teeth were classified based on Pell & Gregory’s and Winter’s classifications. Lingual cortical morphology was categorized as undercut, parallel, slanted, or round. The relationship between the root apex and the lingual plate was classified as non-contact, contact, or perforating. Linear measurements included cortical lingual bone thickness and the distance from the apex to the outer surface of the lingual cortex. Results: Lingual bone morphology showed significant associations with both impaction depth and angulation, with parallel morphology more common in deeper and more angulated impactions. Lingual cortical perforation was observed in approximately 30% of the teeth, predominantly at the apex, with horizontal and deeply impacted molars (Class II, Level C) representing the highest-risk configurations. Although cortical thickness and apex-to-cortex distance were significantly smaller in apically perforated cases, no definitive threshold could be established, and these parameters were insufficient as standalone predictors at the cementoenamel junction or mid-root levels. Conclusions: Tooth angulation and impaction depth are significant predictors of lingual bone morphology and perforation risk. CBCT imaging is therefore recommended beyond low-risk cases (Level A, Class I, vertical) to improve preoperative planning, strengthen informed consent, and guide surgical strategies aimed at minimizing complications and enhancing patient safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)
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36 pages, 17646 KB  
Article
Multifractal Characteristics of Heterogeneous Pore-Throat Structure and Insight into Differential Fluid Movability of Saline-Lacustrine Mixed Shale-Oil Reservoirs
by Wei Yang, Ming Xie, Haodong Hou, Zhenxue Jiang, Yan Song, Shujing Bao, Yingyan Li, Yang Gao, Shouchang Peng, Ke Miao and Weihao Sun
Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(9), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9090604 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 435
Abstract
The root causes forcing the differential pore-throat performances and crude oil recoverability in heterogeneous shale lithofacies of saline-lacustrine fine-grained mixed sedimentary sequences are still debated. Especially application cases of fractal theory in characterizing pore-throat heterogeneity are still lacking and the significance of differential [...] Read more.
The root causes forcing the differential pore-throat performances and crude oil recoverability in heterogeneous shale lithofacies of saline-lacustrine fine-grained mixed sedimentary sequences are still debated. Especially application cases of fractal theory in characterizing pore-throat heterogeneity are still lacking and the significance of differential multifractal distribution patterns on reservoir assessment remains controversial. This present study focuses on the shale-oil reservoirs in saline-lacustrine fine-grained mixed depositional sequences of the Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation (southern Junggar Basin, NW China), and presents a set of new results from petrographical investigation, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) imaging, fluid injection experiments (low-pressure N2 adsorption and high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry (HMIP)), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and T1-T2 mapping, directional spontaneous imbibition, as well as contact angle measurements. Our results demonstrated that the investigated lithofacies are mainly divided into a total of five lithofacies categories: felsic siltstones, sandy dolomitic sandstones, dolarenites, micritic dolomites, and dolomitic mudstones, respectively. More importantly, the felsic siltstone and sandy dolomitic siltstones can be identified as the most advantageous lithofacies categories exhibiting the strongest movable oil-bearing capacity owing to an acceptable complexity and heterogeneity of mesopore-throat structures, as evidenced by the corresponding moderate fractal dimension of mesopores (D2) from HMIP and apparently lower fractal dimension of movable fluids’ pores (D2) from NMR results. Particularly noteworthy is the relatively poor shale-oil movability recognized in the dolarenites, micritic dolomites, and dolomitic mudstones due to heterogeneous and unfavorable pore-throat systems, even though an acceptable micro-connectivity and a more oleophilic interfacial wettability prevails in crucial dolomitic components. Finally, a comprehensive and conceptual model is established for an effective and characteristic parameter system for assessing differential reservoir petrophysical properties, interfacial wettability, and shale-oil movability concerning heterogeneous lithofacies categories. Our achievements can serve as an analog for investigating saline-lacustrine mixed shale-oil reservoirs to gain a more comprehensive understanding of differential recoverability of dessert reservoir intervals, and to guide the assessment of “sweet spots” distribution and optimization of engineering technique schemes for commercial exploitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Geological Pore Structure Based on Fractal Theory)
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