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Search Results (4,655)

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15 pages, 4435 KiB  
Article
An Ultra-Robust, Highly Compressible Silk/Silver Nanowire Sponge-Based Wearable Pressure Sensor for Health Monitoring
by Zijie Li, Ning Yu, Martin C. Hartel, Reihaneh Haghniaz, Sam Emaminejad and Yangzhi Zhu
Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080498 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Wearable pressure sensors have emerged as vital tools in personalized monitoring, promising transformative advances in patient care and diagnostics. Nevertheless, conventional devices frequently suffer from limited sensitivity, inadequate flexibility, and concerns regarding biocompatibility. Herein, we introduce silk fibroin, a naturally occurring protein extracted [...] Read more.
Wearable pressure sensors have emerged as vital tools in personalized monitoring, promising transformative advances in patient care and diagnostics. Nevertheless, conventional devices frequently suffer from limited sensitivity, inadequate flexibility, and concerns regarding biocompatibility. Herein, we introduce silk fibroin, a naturally occurring protein extracted from silkworm cocoons, as a promising material platform for next-generation wearable sensors. Owing to its remarkable biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, and structural tunability, silk fibroin serves as an ideal substrate for constructing capacitive pressure sensors tailored to medical applications. We engineered silk-derived capacitive architecture and evaluated its performance in real-time human motion and physiological signal detection. The resulting sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 18.68 kPa−1 over a broad operational range of 0 to 2.4 kPa, enabling accurate tracking of subtle pressures associated with pulse, respiration, and joint articulation. Under extreme loading conditions, our silk fibroin sensor demonstrated superior stability and accuracy compared to a commercial resistive counterpart (FlexiForce™ A401). These findings establish silk fibroin as a versatile, practical candidate for wearable pressure sensing and pave the way for advanced biocompatible devices in healthcare monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Biosensors and Health Monitoring)
22 pages, 3015 KiB  
Article
Determining Early Warning Thresholds to Detect Tree Mortality Risk in a Southeastern U.S. Bottomland Hardwood Wetland
by Maricar Aguilos, Jiayin Zhang, Miko Lorenzo Belgado, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty and John King
Forests 2025, 16(8), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16081255 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Prolonged inundations are altering coastal forest ecosystems of the southeastern US, causing extensive tree die-offs and the development of ghost forests. This hydrological stressor also alters carbon fluxes, threatening the stability of coastal carbon sinks. This study was conducted to investigate the interactions [...] Read more.
Prolonged inundations are altering coastal forest ecosystems of the southeastern US, causing extensive tree die-offs and the development of ghost forests. This hydrological stressor also alters carbon fluxes, threatening the stability of coastal carbon sinks. This study was conducted to investigate the interactions between hydrological drivers and ecosystem responses by analyzing daily eddy covariance flux data from a wetland forest in North Carolina, USA, spanning 2009–2019. We analyzed temporal patterns of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (RE) under both flooded and non-flooded conditions and evaluated their relationships with observed tree mortality. Generalized Additive Modeling (GAM) revealed that groundwater table depth (GWT), leaf area index (LAI), NEE, and net radiation (Rn) were key predictors of mortality transitions (R2 = 0.98). Elevated GWT induces root anoxia; declining LAI reduces productivity; elevated NEE signals physiological breakdown; and higher Rn may amplify evapotranspiration stress. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed critical early warning thresholds for tree mortality: GWT = 2.23 cm, LAI = 2.99, NEE = 1.27 g C m−2 d−1, and Rn = 167.54 W m−2. These values offer a basis for forecasting forest mortality risk and guiding early warning systems. Our findings highlight the dominant role of hydrological variability in ecosystem degradation and offer a threshold-based framework for early detection of mortality risks. This approach provides insights into managing coastal forest resilience amid accelerating sea level rise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Carbon Cycles and Their Coupling in Forest)
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16 pages, 2656 KiB  
Article
Plastic Film Mulching Regulates Soil Respiration and Temperature Sensitivity in Maize Farming Across Diverse Hydrothermal Conditions
by Jianjun Yang, Rui Wang, Xiaopeng Shi, Yufei Li, Rafi Ullah and Feng Zhang
Agriculture 2025, 15(15), 1667; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15151667 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Soil respiration (Rt), consisting of heterotrophic (Rh) and autotrophic respiration (Ra), plays a vital role in terrestrial carbon cycling and is sensitive to soil temperature and moisture. In dryland agriculture, plastic film mulching (PM) is widely used to regulate soil hydrothermal conditions, but [...] Read more.
Soil respiration (Rt), consisting of heterotrophic (Rh) and autotrophic respiration (Ra), plays a vital role in terrestrial carbon cycling and is sensitive to soil temperature and moisture. In dryland agriculture, plastic film mulching (PM) is widely used to regulate soil hydrothermal conditions, but its effects on Rt components and their temperature sensitivity (Q10) across regions remain unclear. A two-year field study was conducted at two rain-fed maize sites: Anding (warmer, semi-arid) and Yuzhong (colder, drier). PM significantly increased Rt, Rh, and Ra, especially Ra, due to enhanced root biomass and improved microclimate. Yield increased by 33.6–165%. Peak respiration occurred earlier in Anding, aligned with maize growth and soil temperature. PM reduced Q10 of Rt and Ra in Anding, but only Ra in Yuzhong. Rh Q10 remained stable, indicating microbial respiration was less sensitive to temperature changes. Structural equation modeling revealed that Rt and Ra were mainly driven by soil temperature and root biomass, while Rh was more influenced by microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Despite increased CO2 emissions, PM improved carbon emission efficiency (CEE), particularly in Yuzhong (+67%). The application of PM is recommended to enhance yield while optimizing carbon efficiency in dryland farming systems. Full article
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21 pages, 1538 KiB  
Article
Soil Fungal Activity and Microbial Response to Wildfire in a Dry Tropical Forest of Northern Colombia
by Eliana Martínez Mera, Ana Carolina Torregroza-Espinosa, Ana Cristina De la Parra-Guerra, Marielena Durán-Castiblanco, William Zapata-Herazo, Juan Sebastián Rodríguez-Rebolledo, Fernán Zabala-Sierra and David Alejandro Blanco Alvarez
Diversity 2025, 17(8), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080546 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Wildfires can significantly alter soil physicochemical conditions and microbial communities in forest ecosystems. This study aimed to characterize the culturable soil fungal community and evaluate biological activity in Banco Totumo Bijibana, a protected dry tropical forest in Atlántico, Colombia, affected by a wildfire [...] Read more.
Wildfires can significantly alter soil physicochemical conditions and microbial communities in forest ecosystems. This study aimed to characterize the culturable soil fungal community and evaluate biological activity in Banco Totumo Bijibana, a protected dry tropical forest in Atlántico, Colombia, affected by a wildfire in 2014. Twenty soil samples were collected for microbiological (10 cm depth) and physicochemical (30 cm) analysis. Basal respiration was measured using Stotzky’s method, nitrogen mineralization via Rawls’ method, and fungal diversity through culture-based identification and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. Diversity was assessed using Simpson, Shannon–Weaver, and ACE indices. The soils presented low organic matter (0.70%) and nitrogen content (0.035%), with reduced biological activity as indicated by basal respiration (0.12 kg C ha−1 d−1) and mineralized nitrogen (5.61 kg ha−1). Four fungal morphotypes, likely from the genus Aspergillus, were identified. Simpson index indicated moderate dominance, while Shannon–Weaver values reflected low diversity. Correlation analysis showed Aspergillus-3 was positively associated with moisture, whereas Aspergillus-4 correlated negatively with pH and sand content. The species accumulation curve reached an asymptote, suggesting an adequate sampling effort. Although no control site was included, the findings provide a baseline characterization of post-fire soil microbial structure and function in a dry tropical ecosystem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections)
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15 pages, 2400 KiB  
Article
Robust Prediction of Cardiorespiratory Signals from a Multimodal Physiological System on the Upper Arm
by Kimberly L. Branan, Rachel Kurian, Justin P. McMurray, Madhav Erraguntla, Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna and Gerard L. Coté
Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080493 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
Many commercial wearable sensor systems typically rely on a single continuous cardiorespiratory sensing modality, photoplethysmography (PPG), which suffers from inherent biases (i.e., differences in skin tone) and noise (e.g., motion and pressure artifacts). In this research, we present a wearable device that provides [...] Read more.
Many commercial wearable sensor systems typically rely on a single continuous cardiorespiratory sensing modality, photoplethysmography (PPG), which suffers from inherent biases (i.e., differences in skin tone) and noise (e.g., motion and pressure artifacts). In this research, we present a wearable device that provides robust estimates of cardiorespiratory variables by combining three physiological signals from the upper arm: multiwavelength PPG, single-sided electrocardiography (SS-ECG), and bioimpedance plethysmography (BioZ), along with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) providing 3-axis accelerometry and gyroscope information. We evaluated the multimodal device on 16 subjects by its ability to estimate heart rate (HR) and breathing rate (BR) in the presence of various static and dynamic noise sources (e.g., skin tone and motion). We proposed a hierarchical approach that considers the subject’s skin tone and signal quality to select the optimal sensing modality for estimating HR and BR. Our results indicate that, when estimating HR, there is a trade-off between accuracy and robustness, with SS-ECG providing the highest accuracy (low mean absolute error; MAE) but low reliability (higher rates of sensor failure), and PPG/BioZ having lower accuracy but higher reliability. When estimating BR, we find that fusing estimates from multiple modalities via ensemble bagged tree regression outperforms single-modality estimates. These results indicate that multimodal approaches to cardiorespiratory monitoring can overcome the accuracy–robustness trade-off that occurs when using single-modality approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Biosensors for Health Monitoring)
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13 pages, 1482 KiB  
Article
Effect of Surrounding Detritus on Phragmites australis Litter Decomposition: Evidence from Laboratory Aquatic Microcosms
by Franca Sangiorgio, Daniela Santagata, Fabio Vignes, Maurizio Pinna and Alberto Basset
Limnol. Rev. 2025, 25(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev25030034 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025
Abstract
The availability of detritus is a key factor influencing aquatic biota and can significantly affect decomposition processes. In this study, we investigated how varying quantities of surrounding detritus impact leaf litter decay rates. It was tested in flowing and still-water microcosms to highlight [...] Read more.
The availability of detritus is a key factor influencing aquatic biota and can significantly affect decomposition processes. In this study, we investigated how varying quantities of surrounding detritus impact leaf litter decay rates. It was tested in flowing and still-water microcosms to highlight context-dependent effects of surrounding detritus on leaf litter decomposition. To isolate the effect of detritus amount, experiments were conducted in laboratory microcosms simulating lotic and lentic ecosystems, each containing leaf fragments for decomposition assessments. Four detritus quantities were tested, with invertebrates either allowed or restricted from moving among detritus patches. Leaf decomposition rates were influenced by the amount of surrounding detritus, with slower decay observed at higher detritus conditions, regardless of invertebrate mobility. Detritivore distribution responded to both detritus quantity and oxygen availability, showing a preference for high detritus conditions. Additionally, detritus quantity affected microbial activity with a quadratic response, as indicated by leaf respiration rates. Overall, our findings indicate that the amount of surrounding detritus modulates leaf litter decomposition independently of invertebrate density, by influencing oxygen dynamics and, consequently, the activity of biological decomposers. Full article
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29 pages, 3958 KiB  
Article
Impact of Manganese on Neuronal Function: An Exploratory Multi-Omics Study on Ferroalloy Workers in Brescia, Italy
by Somaiyeh Azmoun, Freeman C. Lewis, Daniel Shoieb, Yan Jin, Elena Colicino, Isha Mhatre-Winters, Haiwei Gu, Hari Krishnamurthy, Jason R. Richardson, Donatella Placidi, Luca Lambertini and Roberto G. Lucchini
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(8), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15080829 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: There is growing interest in the potential role of manganese (Mn) in the development of Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias (ADRD). Methods: In this nested pilot study of a ferroalloy worker cohort, we investigated the impact of chronic occupational Mn exposure on [...] Read more.
Background: There is growing interest in the potential role of manganese (Mn) in the development of Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias (ADRD). Methods: In this nested pilot study of a ferroalloy worker cohort, we investigated the impact of chronic occupational Mn exposure on cognitive function through β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and multi-omics profiling. We evaluated six male Mn-exposed workers (median age 63, exposure duration 31 years) and five historical controls (median age: 60 years), all of whom had undergone brain PET scans. Exposed individuals showed significantly higher Aβ deposition in exposed individuals (p < 0.05). The average annual cumulative respirable Mn was 329.23 ± 516.39 µg/m3 (geometric mean 118.59), and plasma Mn levels were significantly elevated in the exposed group (0.704 ± 0.2 ng/mL) compared to controls (0.397 ± 0.18 in controls). Results: LC-MS/MS-based pathway analyses revealed disruptions in olfactory signaling, mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, biogenic amine synthesis, transmembrane transport, and choline metabolism. Simoa analysis showed notable alterations in ADRD-related plasma biomarkers. Protein microarray revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in antibodies targeting neuronal and autoimmune proteins, including Aβ (25–35), GFAP, serotonin, NOVA1, and Siglec-1/CD169. Conclusion: These findings suggest Mn exposure is associated with neurodegenerative biomarker alterations and disrupted biological pathways relevant to cognitive decline. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Bench to Bedside: Motor–Cognitive Interactions—2nd Edition)
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7 pages, 266 KiB  
Communication
Respiratory Failure in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Intraventricular Hemorrhage Extension: A Retrospective Study
by Min Cheol Chang, Michael Y. Lee, Sang Gyu Kwak and Ah Young Lee
Healthcare 2025, 13(15), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151876 - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to identify the risk factors for respiratory failure in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accompanied by intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) extension. Methods: We retrospectively included 208 patients with ICH accompanied by IVH extension. Respiratory failure was defined as carbon [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to identify the risk factors for respiratory failure in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accompanied by intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) extension. Methods: We retrospectively included 208 patients with ICH accompanied by IVH extension. Respiratory failure was defined as carbon dioxide levels > 45 mmHg with a pH < 7.35 in arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) or the application of a ventilator due to respiratory dysfunction. We measured the severity of IVH extension using the Graeb scale, and ICH volume was assessed for each patient. Results: Of the 208 included patients, 83 had respiratory failure. There were no significant differences in age, sex ratio, or Graeb scale score between patients with and without respiratory failure (p > 0.05). However, ICH volume was significantly larger in patients with respiratory failure (42.0 ± 42.5 mL) than in those without (26.4 ± 25.7 mL) (p = 0.003). In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the area under the ROC curve for ICH volume predicting respiratory failure was 0.612. The optimal threshold for detecting respiration failure in patients with ICH and IVH dilatation, based on the Youden index, was >63.2 mL, with a sensitivity of 30.12% and a specificity of 89.60%. Approximately 40% of patients experienced respiratory failure following ICH accompanied by IVH extension. Conclusions: A large ICH volume was associated with the occurrence of respiratory failure. Therefore, caution is required in patients with an ICH volume > 63.2 mL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Community Care)
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32 pages, 6657 KiB  
Article
Mechanisms of Ocean Acidification in Massachusetts Bay: Insights from Modeling and Observations
by Lu Wang, Changsheng Chen, Joseph Salisbury, Siqi Li, Robert C. Beardsley and Jackie Motyka
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(15), 2651; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152651 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Massachusetts Bay in the northeastern United States is highly vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA) due to reduced buffering capacity from significant freshwater inputs. We hypothesize that acidification varies across temporal and spatial scales, with short-term variability driven by seasonal biological respiration, precipitation–evaporation balance, [...] Read more.
Massachusetts Bay in the northeastern United States is highly vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA) due to reduced buffering capacity from significant freshwater inputs. We hypothesize that acidification varies across temporal and spatial scales, with short-term variability driven by seasonal biological respiration, precipitation–evaporation balance, and river discharge, and long-term changes linked to global warming and river flux shifts. These patterns arise from complex nonlinear interactions between physical and biogeochemical processes. To investigate OA variability, we applied the Northeast Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Model (NeBEM), a fully coupled three-dimensional physical–biogeochemical system, to Massachusetts Bay and Boston Harbor. Numerical simulation was performed for 2016. Assimilating satellite-derived sea surface temperature and sea surface height improved NeBEM’s ability to reproduce observed seasonal and spatial variability in stratification, mixing, and circulation. The model accurately simulated seasonal changes in nutrients, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, and pH. The model results suggest that nearshore areas were consistently more susceptible to OA, especially during winter and spring. Mechanistic analysis revealed contrasting processes between shallow inner and deeper outer bay waters. In the inner bay, partial pressure of pCO2 (pCO2) and aragonite saturation (Ωa) were influenced by sea temperature, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and total alkalinity (TA). TA variability was driven by nitrification and denitrification, while DIC was shaped by advection and net community production (NCP). In the outer bay, pCO2 was controlled by temperature and DIC, and Ωa was primarily determined by DIC variability. TA changes were linked to NCP and nitrification–denitrification, with DIC also influenced by air–sea gas exchange. Full article
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14 pages, 923 KiB  
Article
Mitigating Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil and Sugar Beet Pulp on Immune Response and Growth Performance of Heat-Stressed Lambs
by Maria Giovanna Ciliberti, Rosaria Marino, Mariangela Caroprese, Cristina Stango, Agostino Sevi and Marzia Albenzio
Animals 2025, 15(15), 2241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152241 - 30 Jul 2025
Abstract
Dietary supplementation under high ambient temperatures can be considered crucial for supporting immune responses in livestock. In the present paper, Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (REO) alone and in combination with dried sugar beet pulp (REO + B) was included in the diet of [...] Read more.
Dietary supplementation under high ambient temperatures can be considered crucial for supporting immune responses in livestock. In the present paper, Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (REO) alone and in combination with dried sugar beet pulp (REO + B) was included in the diet of lambs during the fattening period under heat stress conditions. Environmental conditions and physiological and growth parameters of lambs were monitored throughout the trial. Plasma samples were collected to evaluate cytokine secretion (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10). Notably, REO inclusion reduced rectal temperature and respiration rate while increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) at the same time, suggesting an enhanced immune response without compromising growth performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)
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28 pages, 9760 KiB  
Article
Metabolic Imprint of Poliovirus on Glioblastoma Cells and Its Role in Virus Replication and Cytopathic Activity
by Martin A. Zenov, Dmitry V. Yanvarev, Olga N. Ivanova, Ekaterina A. Denisova, Mikhail V. Golikov, Artemy P. Fedulov, Roman I. Frykin, Viktoria A. Sarkisova, Dmitry A. Goldstein, Peter M. Chumakov, Anastasia V. Lipatova and Alexander V. Ivanov
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7346; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157346 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 174
Abstract
Poliovirus represents an oncolytic agent for human glioblastoma—one of the most aggressive types of cancer. Since interference of viruses with metabolic and redox pathways is often linked to their pathogenesis, drugs targeting metabolic enzymes are regarded as potential enhancers of oncolysis. Our goal [...] Read more.
Poliovirus represents an oncolytic agent for human glioblastoma—one of the most aggressive types of cancer. Since interference of viruses with metabolic and redox pathways is often linked to their pathogenesis, drugs targeting metabolic enzymes are regarded as potential enhancers of oncolysis. Our goal was to reveal an imprint of poliovirus on the metabolism of glioblastoma cell lines and to assess the dependence of the virus on these pathways. Using GC-MS, HPLC, and Seahorse techniques, we show that poliovirus interferes with amino acid, purine and polyamine metabolism, mitochondrial respiration, and glycolysis. However, many of these changes are cell line- and culture medium-dependent. 2-Deoxyglucose, the pharmacologic inhibitor of glycolysis, was shown to enhance the cytopathic effect of poliovirus, pointing to its possible repurposing as an enhancer of oncolysis. Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis, pyruvate import into mitochondria, and fatty acid oxidation exhibited antiviral activity, albeit in a cell-dependent manner. We also demonstrate that poliovirus does not interfere with the production of superoxide anions or with levels of H2O2, showing an absence of oxidative stress during infection. Finally, we showed that a high rate of poliovirus replication is associated with fragmentation of the mitochondrial network, pointing to the significance of these organelles for the virus. Full article
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29 pages, 5407 KiB  
Article
Noncontact Breathing Pattern Monitoring Using a 120 GHz Dual Radar System with Motion Interference Suppression
by Zihan Yang, Yinzhe Liu, Hao Yang, Jing Shi, Anyong Hu, Jun Xu, Xiaodong Zhuge and Jungang Miao
Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080486 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 257
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of respiratory patterns is essential for disease diagnosis and daily health care. Contact medical devices enable reliable respiratory monitoring, but can cause discomfort and are limited in some settings. Radar offers a noncontact respiration measurement method for continuous, real-time, high-precision monitoring. [...] Read more.
Continuous monitoring of respiratory patterns is essential for disease diagnosis and daily health care. Contact medical devices enable reliable respiratory monitoring, but can cause discomfort and are limited in some settings. Radar offers a noncontact respiration measurement method for continuous, real-time, high-precision monitoring. However, it is difficult for a single radar to characterize the coordination of chest and abdominal movements during measured breathing. Moreover, motion interference during prolonged measurements can seriously affect accuracy. This study proposes a dual radar system with customized narrow-beam antennas and signals to measure the chest and abdomen separately, and an adaptive dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm is used to effectively suppress motion interference. The system is capable of reconstructing respiratory waveforms of the chest and abdomen, and robustly extracting various respiratory parameters via motion interference. Experiments on 35 healthy subjects, 2 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 1 patient with heart failure showed a high correlation between radar and respiratory belt signals, with correlation coefficients of 0.92 for both the chest and abdomen, a root mean square error of 0.80 bpm for the respiratory rate, and a mean absolute error of 3.4° for the thoracoabdominal phase angle. This system provides a noncontact method for prolonged respiratory monitoring, measurement of chest and abdominal asynchrony and apnea detection, showing promise for applications in respiratory disorder detection and home monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wearable Biosensors)
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31 pages, 2338 KiB  
Review
ROS Regulation and Antioxidant Responses in Plants Under Air Pollution: Molecular Signaling, Metabolic Adaptation, and Biotechnological Solutions
by Muhammad Junaid Rao, Mingzheng Duan, Muhammad Ikram and Bingsong Zheng
Antioxidants 2025, 14(8), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080907 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 464
Abstract
Air pollution acts as a pervasive oxidative stressor, disrupting global crop production and ecosystem health through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hazardous pollutants impair critical physiological processes—photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient uptake—triggering oxidative damage and yield losses. This review synthesizes current knowledge [...] Read more.
Air pollution acts as a pervasive oxidative stressor, disrupting global crop production and ecosystem health through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hazardous pollutants impair critical physiological processes—photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient uptake—triggering oxidative damage and yield losses. This review synthesizes current knowledge on plant defense mechanisms, emphasizing the integration of enzymatic (SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GPX, GR) and non-enzymatic (polyphenols, glutathione, ascorbate, phytochelatins) antioxidant systems to scavenge ROS and maintain redox homeostasis. We highlight the pivotal roles of transcription factors (MYB, WRKY, NAC) in orchestrating stress-responsive gene networks, alongside MAPK and phytohormone signaling (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene), in mitigating oxidative stress. Secondary metabolites (flavonoids, lignin, terpenoids) are examined as biochemical shields against ROS and pollutant toxicity, with evidence from transcriptomic and metabolomic studies revealing their biosynthetic regulation. Furthermore, we explore biotechnological strategies to enhance antioxidant capacity, including overexpression of ROS-scavenging genes (e.g., TaCAT3) and engineering of phenolic pathways. By addressing gaps in understanding combined stress responses, this review provides a roadmap for developing resilient crops through antioxidant-focused interventions, ensuring sustainability in polluted environments. Full article
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16 pages, 2047 KiB  
Article
Caseinate–Carboxymethyl Chitosan Composite Edible Coating with Soybean Oil for Extending the Shelf Life of Blueberry Fruit
by Amal M. A. Mohamed and Hosahalli S. Ramaswamy
Foods 2025, 14(15), 2598; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152598 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 302
Abstract
Utilizing edible films/coatings promises to extend the shelf life of fruits by controlling various physiological parameters (e.g., respiration and transpiration rates), maintaining firmness, and delaying fruit senescence. The influence of composite-based edible coatings made from sodium or calcium caseinate: carboxymethyl chitosan (75:25) on [...] Read more.
Utilizing edible films/coatings promises to extend the shelf life of fruits by controlling various physiological parameters (e.g., respiration and transpiration rates), maintaining firmness, and delaying fruit senescence. The influence of composite-based edible coatings made from sodium or calcium caseinate: carboxymethyl chitosan (75:25) on the postharvest quality of fresh blueberries was assessed over a 28-day storage period, on the basis of weight loss and changes in pH, firmness, color, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, mold and yeast count, and respiration rate. The pH of the blueberries increased over the period of storage, with significant differences observed between uncoated and coated (e.g., pH was 3.89, 3.17, and 3.62 at the end of the storage time for uncoated, Ca 75-1% SO, and Na 75-1% SO, respectively. Desirable lower pH values at the end of storage were obtained with the calcium caseinate formulations. Over the duration of storage, other quality parameters (e.g., firmness) were better retained in coated fruits compared to the uncoated (control) one. At the last storage day, the firmness of the uncoated sample was 0.67 N·mm−1 while the sodium and calcium caseinate was 0.63 and 0.81 N.mm−1, respectively. Moreover, the microbial growth was reduced in coated fruits, indicating the effectiveness of coatings in preserving fruit quality. The mold /yeast count was 1.4 and 2.3 log CFU/g for CaCa 75-1% SO and NaCa 75-1% SO compared with uncoated with 4.2 log CFU/g. Adding soybean oil to the caseinate–carboxymethyl chitosan composite edible coating has the potential to positively influence retention of various quality parameters of blueberries, thereby extending their shelf life and maintaining overall quality. Further research could explore the optimization of coating formulations and application methods to enhance their effectiveness in preserving fruit quality during storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Packaging and Preservation)
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15 pages, 882 KiB  
Article
Effects of Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Postharvest Physiology and Quality of ‘Meizao’ Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.)
by Jianchao Cui, Xiaohui Jia, Wenhui Wang, Liying Fan, Wenshi Zhao, Limin He and Haijiao Xu
Agronomy 2025, 15(8), 1774; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081774 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 343
Abstract
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is becoming increasingly popular in China, but its postharvest quality deteriorates significantly during harvest storage and transport. Here, we investigated the efficiency of different modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatments on the quality and physiology of ‘Meizao’ sweet [...] Read more.
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is becoming increasingly popular in China, but its postharvest quality deteriorates significantly during harvest storage and transport. Here, we investigated the efficiency of different modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatments on the quality and physiology of ‘Meizao’ sweet cherry during 60 days of cold storage (0 ± 0.5 °C). Fruits were sealed in four types of MAP low-density polyethylene (LDPE) liners (PE20, PE30, PE40, and PE50), with unsealed 20 μm LDPE packaging bags used as the control. Our findings demonstrated that PE30 packaging established an optimal gas composition (7.0~7.7% O2 and 3.6~3.9% CO2) that effectively preserved ‘Meizao’ sweet cherry quality. It maintained the fruit color, firmness, soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and vitamin C (Vc) content while simultaneously delaying deteriorative processes such as weight loss, pedicel browning, and fruit decay. These results indicate that PE30 was the most suitable treatment for preserving the quality of ‘Meizao’ sweet cherries during cold storage. Furthermore, physiological research showed that significant inhibition of respiration rate was achieved by PE30, accompanied by maintained activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, and SOD), which consequently led to reduced accumulations of ethanol and malondialdehyde (MDA) during cold storage. To date, no systematic studies have investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of ‘Meizao’ to different thickness-dependent LDPE-MAP conditions. These observations highlight the power of the optimized PE30 packaging as an effective method for extending the fruit storage life, delaying postharvest senescence, and maintaining fruit quality of ‘Meizao’ sweet cherry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)
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