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Search Results (155)

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Keywords = rejuvenating factors

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13 pages, 1228 KiB  
Brief Report
Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Macrophages Suppress Cellular Senescence and Promote Rejuvenation in Human Dermal Fibroblasts
by Hiroyuki Inagawa, Chie Kohchi, Miyuki Uehiro and Gen-Ichiro Soma
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7061; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157061 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are essential for skin homeostasis. This study investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages affect senescence and rejuvenation in human dermal fibroblasts. Human monocytic THP-1 cells were stimulated with Pantoea agglomerans–derived LPS (1–1000 ng/mL), and culture supernatants were collected. These were applied [...] Read more.
Tissue-resident macrophages are essential for skin homeostasis. This study investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages affect senescence and rejuvenation in human dermal fibroblasts. Human monocytic THP-1 cells were stimulated with Pantoea agglomerans–derived LPS (1–1000 ng/mL), and culture supernatants were collected. These were applied to two NB1RGB fibroblast populations: young, actively dividing cells (Young cells) and senescent cells with high population doubling levels and reduced proliferation (Old cells). Senescence markers P16, P21, and Ki-67 were analyzed at gene and protein levels. Conditioned medium from Old cells induced senescence in Young cells, increasing P16 and P21 expression levels. This effect was suppressed by cotreatment with LPS-activated THP-1 supernatant. Old cells treated with the LPS-activated supernatant exhibited decreased P16 and P21 levels as well as increased Ki-67 expression, indicating partial rejuvenation. These effects were not observed following treatment with unstimulated THP-1 supernatants or LPS alone. Overall, these findings suggest that secretory factors from LPS-activated macrophages can suppress cellular senescence and promote human dermal fibroblast rejuvenation, highlighting the potential role of macrophage activation in regulating cellular aging and offering a promising strategy for skin aging intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipopolysaccharide in the Health and Disease)
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32 pages, 4684 KiB  
Article
Molecular Network Analysis and Effector Gene Prioritization of Endurance-Training-Influenced Modulation of Cardiac Aging
by Mingrui Wang, Samuhaer Azhati, Hangyu Chen, Yanyan Zhang and Lijun Shi
Genes 2025, 16(7), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16070814 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 624
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Cardiac aging involves the progressive structural and functional decline of the myocardium. Endurance training is a well-recognized non-pharmacological intervention that counteracts this decline, yet the molecular mechanisms driving exercise-induced cardiac rejuvenation remain inadequately elucidated. This study aimed to identify key effector genes [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Cardiac aging involves the progressive structural and functional decline of the myocardium. Endurance training is a well-recognized non-pharmacological intervention that counteracts this decline, yet the molecular mechanisms driving exercise-induced cardiac rejuvenation remain inadequately elucidated. This study aimed to identify key effector genes and regulatory pathways by integrating human cardiac aging transcriptomic data with multi-omic exercise response datasets. Methods: A systems biology framework was developed to integrate age-downregulated genes (n = 243) from the GTEx human heart dataset and endurance-exercise-responsive genes (n = 634) from the MoTrPAC mouse dataset. Thirty-seven overlapping genes were identified and subjected to Enrichr for pathway enrichment, KEA3 for kinase analysis, and ChEA3 for transcription factor prediction. Candidate effector genes were ranked using ToppGene and ToppNet, with integrated prioritization via the FLAMES linear scoring algorithm. Results: Pathway enrichment revealed complementary patterns: aging-associated genes were enriched in mitochondrial dysfunction and sarcomere disassembly, while exercise-responsive genes were linked to protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. TTN, PDK family kinases, and EGFR emerged as major upstream regulators. NKX2-5, MYOG, and YBX3 were identified as shared transcription factors. SMPX ranked highest in integrated scoring, showing both functional relevance and network centrality, implying a pivotal role in mechano-metabolic coupling and cardiac stress adaptation. Conclusions: By integrating cardiac aging and exercise-responsive transcriptomes, 37 effector genes were identified as molecular bridges between aging decline and exercise-induced rejuvenation. Aging involved mitochondrial and sarcomeric deterioration, while exercise promoted metabolic and structural remodeling. SMPX ranked highest for its roles in mechano-metabolic coupling and redox balance, with X-inactivation escape suggesting sex-specific relevance. Other top genes (e.g., KLHL31, MYPN, RYR2) form a regulatory network supporting exercise-mediated cardiac protection, offering targets for future validation and therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Genomics and Genetic Diseases)
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29 pages, 1189 KiB  
Review
Decoding Skin Aging: A Review of Mechanisms, Markers, and Modern Therapies
by Jorge Naharro-Rodriguez, Stefano Bacci, Maria Luisa Hernandez-Bule, Alfonso Perez-Gonzalez and Montserrat Fernandez-Guarino
Cosmetics 2025, 12(4), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12040144 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1710
Abstract
Skin aging is a multifactorial process driven by both intrinsic mechanisms—such as telomere shortening, oxidative stress, hormonal decline, and impaired autophagy—and extrinsic influences including ultraviolet radiation, pollution, smoking, and diet. Together, these factors lead to the structural and functional deterioration of the skin, [...] Read more.
Skin aging is a multifactorial process driven by both intrinsic mechanisms—such as telomere shortening, oxidative stress, hormonal decline, and impaired autophagy—and extrinsic influences including ultraviolet radiation, pollution, smoking, and diet. Together, these factors lead to the structural and functional deterioration of the skin, manifesting as wrinkles, pigmentation disorders, thinning, and reduced elasticity. This review provides an integrative overview of the biological, molecular, and clinical dimensions of skin aging, emphasizing the interplay between inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation, and senescence-associated signaling pathways. We examine histopathological hallmarks and molecular markers and discuss the influence of genetic and ethnic variations on aging phenotypes. Current therapeutic strategies are explored, ranging from topical agents (e.g., retinoids, antioxidants, niacinamide) to procedural interventions such as lasers, intense pulsed light, photodynamic therapy, microneedling, and injectable biostimulators. Special attention is given to emerging approaches such as microneedle delivery systems, with mention of exosome-based therapies. The review underscores the importance of personalized anti-aging regimens based on biological age, phototype, and lifestyle factors. As the field advances, integrating mechanistic insights with individualized treatment selection will be key to optimizing skin rejuvenation and preserving long-term dermal health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2025)
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18 pages, 2518 KiB  
Article
Injectable PEG-PCL-PEG Copolymers for Skin Rejuvenation: In Vitro Cell Studies to in Vivo Collagen Induction
by Seunghwa Lee, Aram Kim, Jimo Koo, Yunsik Kim, Sunglim Choi and Jin Cheol Cho
Polymers 2025, 17(14), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141892 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 482
Abstract
In this study, we designed an injectable skin-rejuvenating formulation based on polyethylene glycol–polycaprolactone–polyethylene glycol (PEG-PCL-PEG) copolymers to provide a synergistic combination of biocompatibility, antioxidative capacity, and regenerative potential. Through the systematic optimization of the precursor molar ratio and molecular weight, well-defined PEG-PCL-PEG copolymers [...] Read more.
In this study, we designed an injectable skin-rejuvenating formulation based on polyethylene glycol–polycaprolactone–polyethylene glycol (PEG-PCL-PEG) copolymers to provide a synergistic combination of biocompatibility, antioxidative capacity, and regenerative potential. Through the systematic optimization of the precursor molar ratio and molecular weight, well-defined PEG-PCL-PEG copolymers were synthesized and structurally characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. An optimized precipitation and drying protocol effectively reduced residual solvents, as confirmed by gas chromatography (GC). Idebenone was incorporated as an antioxidant to prevent skin aging, while hyaluronic acid (HA), L-arginine, and glycerin were included to promote collagen regeneration. In vitro assays demonstrated that idebenone-loaded samples exhibited prolonged intracellular antioxidant activity with low cytotoxicity. The collagen-promoting formulation, containing HA, glycerin, and L-arginine, enhanced the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and type III collagen (COL3) while suppressing inflammatory genes, suggesting a favorable environment for extracellular matrix remodeling. In vivo evaluation corroborated these outcomes, showing angiogenesis, collagen reorganization, and progressive dermal thickness. Histological analysis further confirmed sustained matrix regeneration and tissue integration. These results highlight the potential of PEG-PCL-PEG-based injectables as a multifunctional platform for collagen regeneration, offering a promising strategy for both cosmetic and clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyester-Based Materials: 3rd Edition)
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31 pages, 6707 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review of Hot In-Place Recycling Technology: Classification, Factors Affecting Performance of Asphalt Mixtures, and Benefits Analysis
by Chengwei Xing, Haozongyang Li, Zhibin Chang, Huailei Cheng, Hengji Zhang, Shixian Tang and Bohan Zhu
Coatings 2025, 15(7), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070794 - 6 Jul 2025
Viewed by 449
Abstract
The application of hot in-place recycling asphalt mixtures (HIRAMs) is gaining increasing attention in highway maintenance due to its environmental and economic benefits. This paper comprehensively reviews and discusses the state-of-the-art studies in the field of hot in-place recycling (HIR). Firstly, different HIR [...] Read more.
The application of hot in-place recycling asphalt mixtures (HIRAMs) is gaining increasing attention in highway maintenance due to its environmental and economic benefits. This paper comprehensively reviews and discusses the state-of-the-art studies in the field of hot in-place recycling (HIR). Firstly, different HIR technologies are introduced, including surface recycling, remixing, and repaving. Then, this paper provides a detailed description of the key factors influencing the road performance of HIRAMs in terms of both materials and production, such as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), rejuvenators, virgin asphalt, virgin asphalt mixtures, preheating temperature, and mixing time. Furthermore, the environmental and economic benefits of HIR are compared with other preventative maintenance and recycling technologies. Finally, some challenges for the investigation of HIR are further discussed, and the corresponding suggestions are recommended for future investigation. Full article
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20 pages, 5017 KiB  
Article
Poly-L-Lactic Acid Filler Increases Adipogenesis and Adiponectin in Aged Subcutaneous Tissue
by Seyeon Oh, Nala Shin, Sang Ju Lee, Kuk Hui Son and Kyunghee Byun
Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1826; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131826 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 550
Abstract
Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) filler, which increases volume and collagen synthesis, is used for skin rejuvenation. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) contains precursors that differentiate into mature adipocytes that secrete adiponectin, which modulates SAT function and increases adipogenesis. During aging, adiponectin and precursor cell functions [...] Read more.
Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) filler, which increases volume and collagen synthesis, is used for skin rejuvenation. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) contains precursors that differentiate into mature adipocytes that secrete adiponectin, which modulates SAT function and increases adipogenesis. During aging, adiponectin and precursor cell functions decrease, reducing adipogenesis and facial volume. Adiponectin also increases collagen synthesis by stimulating fibroblasts. After hydrogen peroxide treatment to induce senescent adipocytes (3T3-L1) and aged skin, follow-up PLLA treatment increased adipogenesis by stimulating the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)/CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) pathway. This resulted in increased adiponectin secretion, which promoted collagen synthesis and mitigated the loss of SAT volume. In the senescent adipocyte, PLLA increased NRF2/PPARγ/C/EBPα, adipogenesis factors (fatty acid binding protein 4, lipoprotein lipase, and cluster of differentiation 36), lipogenesis factors (ATP citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase), adiponectin, and lipid droplet size. Treatment of senescent fibroblasts with conditioned medium from PLLA-treated adipocytes increased collagen1 and 3 and decreased matrix metalloproteinase1 and 3 expressions. Similarly, PLLA increased NRF2/PPARγ/C/EBPα, adipogenesis, and lipogenesis factors in aged mouse SAT. Also, PLLA increased adiponectin and adipocyte numbers without hypertrophy and increased collagen accumulation and dermal thickness. In summary, PLLA increased adipogenesis and adiponectin, which increased the volume of SAT and collagen synthesis, thereby rejuvenating aged skin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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37 pages, 5930 KiB  
Article
The Effectiveness of a Topical Rosehip Oil Treatment on Facial Skin Characteristics: A Pilot Study on Wrinkles, UV Spots Reduction, Erythema Mitigation, and Age-Related Signs
by Diana Patricia Oargă (Porumb), Mihaiela Cornea-Cipcigan, Silvia Amalia Nemeș and Mirela Irina Cordea
Cosmetics 2025, 12(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12030125 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 3026
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex process influenced by several factors, including UV exposure, environmental stressors, and lifestyle choices. The demand for effective, natural skincare products has driven research into plant-based oils rich in bioactive compounds. Rosehip oil has garnered attention for its high [...] Read more.
Skin aging is a complex process influenced by several factors, including UV exposure, environmental stressors, and lifestyle choices. The demand for effective, natural skincare products has driven research into plant-based oils rich in bioactive compounds. Rosehip oil has garnered attention for its high content of carotenoids, phenolics, and antioxidants, which are known for their anti-aging, photoprotective, and skin-rejuvenating properties. Despite the growing interest in rosehip oil, limited studies have investigated its efficacy on human skin using advanced imaging technologies. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the efficacy of cold-pressed Rosa canina seed oil on facial skin characteristics, specifically wrinkles, ultraviolet (UV) spot reduction, and erythema mitigation, using imaging technologies (the VISIA analysis system). Seed oil pressed from R. canina collected from the Băișoara area of Cluj County has been selected for this study due to its high carotenoid, phenolic, and antioxidant contents. The oil has also been analyzed for the content of individual carotenoids (i.e., lutein, lycopene, β Carotene, and zeaxanthin) using HPLC-DAD (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography—Diode Array Detector), along with lutein and zeaxanthin esters and diesters. After the preliminary screening of multiple Rosa species for carotenoid, phenolic, and antioxidant contents, the R. canina sample with the highest therapeutic potential was selected. A cohort of 27 volunteers (aged 30–65) underwent a five-week treatment protocol, wherein three drops of the selected rosehip oil were topically applied to the face daily. The VISIA imaging was conducted before and after the treatment to evaluate changes in skin parameters, including the wrinkle depth, UV-induced spots, porphyrins, and texture. Regarding the bioactivities, rosehip oil showed a significant total carotenoids content (28.398 μg/mL), with the highest levels in the case of the β-carotene (4.49 μg/mL), lutein (4.33 μg/mL), and zexanthin (10.88 μg/mL) contents. Results indicated a significant reduction in mean wrinkle scores across several age groups, with notable improvements in individuals with deeper baseline wrinkles. UV spots also showed visible declines, suggesting ideal photoprotective and anti-pigmentary effects attributable to the oil’s high vitamin A and carotenoid content. Porphyrin levels, often correlated with bacterial activity, decreased in most subjects, hinting at an additional antimicrobial or microbiome-modulatory property. However, skin responses varied, possibly due to individual differences in skin sensitivity, environmental factors, or compliance with sun protection. Overall, the topical application of R. canina oil appeared to improve the facial skin quality, reduce the appearance of age-related markers, and support skin health. These findings reinforce the potential use of rosehip oil in anti-aging skincare formulations. Further long-term, large-scale studies are warranted to refine dosing regimens, investigate mechanisms of action, and explore synergistic effects with other bioactive compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Anti-Aging Strategies)
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23 pages, 2112 KiB  
Article
Applicability of Evapotranspiration Models and Water Consumption Characteristics Across Different Croplands
by Jing Zhang, Li Wang, Gong Cheng and Liangliang Jia
Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061441 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Estimating the actual evapotranspiration (ETc act) of cropland in arid areas, exploring the time trend, and analyzing periodic variation are the key to long-term assessment of water resource availability and regional drought. The Penman formula has a strong ability to characterize [...] Read more.
Estimating the actual evapotranspiration (ETc act) of cropland in arid areas, exploring the time trend, and analyzing periodic variation are the key to long-term assessment of water resource availability and regional drought. The Penman formula has a strong ability to characterize reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo). However, the application of this formula may be limited in the absence of a complete set of climate data. While previous studies have investigated Kc act in China, few have employed localized Kc values to systematically analyze long-term periodic fluctuations in ETc act under climate variability conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the applicability of nine ETo estimation models in the Loess Plateau of China, calculate actual crop coefficients (Kc act) for spring maize and winter wheat, and examine the temporal trend and periodicity of ETc act for long-term (1961–2018) continuous cropping of spring maize and winter wheat in the study area. The Mann–Kendall test and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) were used to obtain the temporal trend and periodicity of ETc act. The results were as follows: (1) Priestley–Taylor (Prs–Tylr), based on radiation, and the 1985 Hargreaves–Samani (Harg), based on temperature, can be used when meteorological data are limited. It should be noted that among the models evaluated in this study, except for FAO56-PM, only the Harg equation is compatible with Kc-ETo due to established conversion factors. (2) The Kc act of spring maize at the seeding–jointing stage and the earning–filling stage was 12% and 10% lower than the value recommended by FAO, respectively. For Kc act of winter wheat, it was 65% higher, 31% lower, and 85% higher than the FAO experience values in the rejuvenation–jointing stage, heading–grouting stage, and grouting–harvest stage. (3) Winter wheat, through its ETc act cycle synchronized with precipitation and excellent water balance, can effectively alleviate regional drought. It is recommended to be included in the promotion of drought resistance policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)
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20 pages, 1865 KiB  
Article
Trophoblast Extracellular Vesicles as Modulators of Keratinocyte Stress Response and Senescence
by Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić, Andrea Pirković, Aleksandra Vilotić, Maja Kosanović, Dragana Dekanski, Janko Legner and Milica Jovanović Krivokuća
Life 2025, 15(6), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15060918 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 727
Abstract
Keratinocyte stress, caused by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors, contributes to the overall aging process. D-galactose-induced metabolic/oxidative stress is a commonly used in vitro model for studying premature aging. Due to their rich composition of bioactive molecules that influence critical pathways in cellular [...] Read more.
Keratinocyte stress, caused by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors, contributes to the overall aging process. D-galactose-induced metabolic/oxidative stress is a commonly used in vitro model for studying premature aging. Due to their rich composition of bioactive molecules that influence critical pathways in cellular aging and rejuvenation, placental derivatives have a well-established history in anti-aging skincare and therapy. However, trophoblast-derived extracellular vesicle (TEV) effects on D-galactose-induced premature aging in keratinocytes have not been investigated yet. TEV pretreatment for 24 h enhanced cellular resilience against D-galactose-induced stress, judging by the downregulated expression of senescence- and stress-associated markers (p19 and p21, HIF-1α, mTOR), and reduced production of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Additionally, TEV pretreatment enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and integrin-β1 subunit expression upon D-galactose exposure, most likely contributing to more efficient wound closure. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of TEVs to modify expression of stress- and senescence-related proteins in keratinocytes and improve their wound healing properties. Their regenerative and protective characteristics position TEVs as promising candidates for developing innovative procedures to address skin conditions related to premature aging. Full article
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27 pages, 2819 KiB  
Review
Bone Marrow Niche Aging: Are Adipocytes Detrimental Cells in the Bone Marrow?
by Urban Švajger, Patrik Milić and Primož J. Rožman
Cells 2025, 14(11), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14110814 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 1092
Abstract
Aging disrupts the bone marrow (BM) niche, a complex microenvironment crucial for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance. A key, yet debated, hallmark of this aging process is the accumulation of bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds). This review explores the evolving role of BMAds in [...] Read more.
Aging disrupts the bone marrow (BM) niche, a complex microenvironment crucial for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance. A key, yet debated, hallmark of this aging process is the accumulation of bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds). This review explores the evolving role of BMAds in the aging BM, particularly their influence on HSC regulation via metabolic, endocrine, and inflammatory pathways. Aging BMAds exhibit altered secretory profiles, including reduced leptin and adiponectin and increased pro-inflammatory signals, which skew hematopoiesis toward myeloid over lymphoid lineage production. Additionally, shifts in fatty acid composition and lactate signaling from BMAds may impair stem cell function. These changes, alongside aging-associated alterations in vascular, neural, and stromal components of the niche, contribute to diminished immune resilience in older adults. We discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting BMAd-derived factors, such as DPP4 inhibition or the modulation of β-adrenergic signaling, aimed at creating a more youthful BM environment. By summarizing current insights into the aging BM niche and the central role of BMAds, this review highlights mechanisms that could be targeted to rejuvenate hematopoiesis and improve immune function in the elderly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cell Microenvironment)
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18 pages, 5145 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Patterns and Sentiment Analysis of Ting, Tai, Lou, and Ge Ancient Chinese Architecture Buildings
by Jinghan Xie, Jinghang Wu and Zhongyong Xiao
Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101652 - 14 May 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 426
Abstract
Ting, Tai, Lou, and Ge are types of ancient buildings that represent traditional Chinese architecture and culture. They are primarily constructed using mortise and tenon joints, complemented by brick and stone foundations, showcasing traditional architectural craftsmanship. However, research aimed at conserving, inheriting, and [...] Read more.
Ting, Tai, Lou, and Ge are types of ancient buildings that represent traditional Chinese architecture and culture. They are primarily constructed using mortise and tenon joints, complemented by brick and stone foundations, showcasing traditional architectural craftsmanship. However, research aimed at conserving, inheriting, and rejuvenating these buildings is limited, despite their status as Provincial Cultural Relic Protection Units of China. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the spatial distribution of Ting, Tai, Lou, and Ge buildings across China, as well as the factors driving differences in their spatial distribution. Tourist experiences and building popularity were also explored. The spatial analysis method (e.g., Standard deviation ellipse and Geographic detector), Word cloud generation, and sentiment analysis, which uses Natural Language Processing techniques to identify subjective emotions in text, were applied to investigated the research issues. The key findings of this study are as follows. The ratio of Ting, Tai, Lou, and Ge buildings in Southeast China to that in Northwest China divided by the “Heihe–Tengchong” Line, an important demographic boundary in China with the ratio of permanent residents in the two areas remaining stable at 94:6, was 94.6:5.4. Geographic detector analysis revealed that six of the seven natural and socioeconomic factors (topography, waterways, roads, railways, population, and carbon dioxide emissions) had a significant influence on the spatial heterogeneity of these cultural heritage buildings in China, with socioeconomic factors, particularly population, having a greater influence on building spatial distributions. All seven factors (including the normalized difference vegetation index, an indicator used to assess vegetation health and coverage) were significant in Southeast China, whereas all factors were non-significant in Northwest China, which may be explained by the small number of buildings in the latter region. The average rating scores and heat scores for Ting, Tai, Lou, and Ge buildings were 4.35 (out of 5) and 3 (out of 10), respectively, reflecting an imbalance between service quality and popularity. According to the percentages of positive and negative reviews, Lou buildings have much better tourism services than other buildings, indicating a need to improve services to attract more tourists to Ting, Tai, and Ge buildings. Four main types of words were used with high frequency in the tourism reviews collected form Ctrip, a popular online travel platform in China: (1) historical stories; (2) tourism; (3) culture; and (4) cities/provinces. Ting and Tai buildings showed similar word clouds, as did Lou and Ge buildings, with only the former including historical stories. Conversely, landmark was a high-frequency word only in the reviews of Lou and Ge buildings. Specific suggestions were proposed based on the above findings to promote tourism and revive ancient Chinese architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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18 pages, 504 KiB  
Article
Left Behind in Lockdown: How COVID-19 Deepened the Crisis in K-12 Physical Education
by Da’Shay Templeton, Ruslan Korchagin and Bree Valla
Children 2025, 12(5), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050603 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 512
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has notably disrupted K–12 education globally, significantly impacting physical education and student health outcomes. This qualitative study investigates how the pandemic affected student physical fitness, motivation, and equitable access to fitness opportunities, particularly from the perspective of physical education [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has notably disrupted K–12 education globally, significantly impacting physical education and student health outcomes. This qualitative study investigates how the pandemic affected student physical fitness, motivation, and equitable access to fitness opportunities, particularly from the perspective of physical education teachers. Guided by the Social Ecological Model, the research addresses how intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy factors collectively influenced student physical fitness outcomes post-pandemic. Methods: A phenomenological methodology was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews conducted via Zoom with eleven K–12 physical education teachers in Ventura County, Southern California. Participants were selected using criterion sampling, targeting educators experienced in teaching before, during, and after the pandemic. Thematic analysis with initial in vivo coding was used to authentically capture participant perspectives, supported by strategies like peer debriefing and member checking to enhance analytical rigor. Results: Findings highlighted significant declines in student physical fitness post-pandemic, including reduced endurance, flexibility, and strength, accompanied by increased sedentary behaviors. Teachers reported pronounced decreases in student motivation and engagement, with heightened resistance to structured physical activities. Socioeconomic disparities deepened, disproportionately impacting economically disadvantaged students’ access to fitness opportunities and nutrition. Additionally, physical education experienced systemic undervaluation, resulting in inadequate resources, inconsistent policy enforcement, and difficulties in accurately assessing students’ fitness levels. Conclusions: This study underscores the urgent necessity for systemic reforms to rejuvenate physical education programs and promote equitable health outcomes. Recommendations include increased funding, improved facilities, reduced class sizes, consistent policy enforcement, and enhanced administrative support. Full article
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21 pages, 15228 KiB  
Article
Residential and Social Vulnerability in the San Francisco Neighbourhood of Villena (Alicante, Spain)
by Francisco José Morales Yago, José Manuel Jurado Almonte and María José Cuesta Aguilar
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020020 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1372
Abstract
Residential vulnerability in urban spaces is a complex phenomenon subject to a variety of social and economic factors. An example of this scenario is the San Francisco neighbourhood in Villena (Alicante, Spain). This is an area of residential vulnerability because of low levels [...] Read more.
Residential vulnerability in urban spaces is a complex phenomenon subject to a variety of social and economic factors. An example of this scenario is the San Francisco neighbourhood in Villena (Alicante, Spain). This is an area of residential vulnerability because of low levels of education among the population, low income, precarious housing and public insecurity. The main goal in this study was to analyse the profile of the neighbourhood using a mixed methodology based on statistical consultations with several official bodies and a qualitative method derived from surveys conducted with experts and interviews with focus groups made up of specialists, politicians and residents. The most significant results included the demographic stagnation of the local population and, conversely, a rejuvenation of the population thanks to foreign immigration, shaping a multicultural space not free of conflict, exclusion and residential precariousness. New challenges for integration towards a more participatory and safer coexistence emerged, with strategies aimed at curbing abandonment, preventing unlawful occupation of properties and contributing to residential and social regeneration. Full article
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13 pages, 1356 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Impact of Surfactant-Based Warm-Mix Additives on the Performance of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures
by Hao Xiang, Desheng Yang, Shunxian Peng and Wei Gao
Materials 2025, 18(8), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081732 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 436
Abstract
This investigation aimed to assess the influence of warm-mix additives on the performance characteristics of recycled asphalt mixtures. Pressure-aging vessels were employed to simulate the aging of asphalt binders. Warm-mix recycled asphalt (WMRA) and mixtures were prepared by incorporating self-developed plant-oil-based rejuvenators and [...] Read more.
This investigation aimed to assess the influence of warm-mix additives on the performance characteristics of recycled asphalt mixtures. Pressure-aging vessels were employed to simulate the aging of asphalt binders. Warm-mix recycled asphalt (WMRA) and mixtures were prepared by incorporating self-developed plant-oil-based rejuvenators and surfactant-based warm-mix additives. The rheological properties of asphalt were tested by a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Furthermore, the pavement performance of the asphalt mixture was evaluated by a rutting test, beam bending test, Marshall stability test, and freeze–thaw splitting test. The experimental results demonstrated that the addition of warm-mix additives reduces the penetration and softening point of recycled asphalt while enhancing its ductility. Performance improvement was quantitatively evaluated using a recovery index. The complex modulus and rutting factor of the WMRA were found to be lower than those of recycled asphalt, indicating a decrease in the asphalt’s resistance to deformation owing to the surfactant. Both the hot-mix and warm-mix recycled asphalt mixtures met the specified requirements for various performance indicators. The warm-mix rejuvenator outperformed the regular rejuvenator in evaluating water stability using the soaked Marshall residual stability method, whereas the evaluation based on the freeze–thaw splitting strength ratio demonstrated the opposite trend. Full article
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14 pages, 1413 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Regeneration Effects of Different Rejuvenators on Aged Asphalt
by Jian Wang, Song Xu, Jiang Chen, Weibin Xie, Xuehong Cheng, Jiahao Wang and Yunbin Ke
Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071171 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 400
Abstract
As a polymer-like organic material, asphalt often undergoes aging during service life. Regeneration technology is the main approach to achieve its recycling; therefore, the rejuvenator is an important factor affecting the regeneration effect. In order to evaluate the rejuvenation effects of rejuvenators on [...] Read more.
As a polymer-like organic material, asphalt often undergoes aging during service life. Regeneration technology is the main approach to achieve its recycling; therefore, the rejuvenator is an important factor affecting the regeneration effect. In order to evaluate the rejuvenation effects of rejuvenators on aged asphalt, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) slurry and a penetrant containing epoxy functional groups were used to prepare conventional rejuvenators (CR1 and CR2) and a penetrable rejuvenator (PR). The impact of the penetrant on the physical properties of the rejuvenator was investigated, and the rejuvenation effects of different rejuvenators on mild and severe aged asphalt were evaluated through physical and rheological tests. Results show that the penetrant effectively lubricates the movement of rejuvenator molecules, improving the high temperature stability and aging resistance of the rejuvenator. CR1 and CR2 are more suitable for mild aged asphalt, as mild aging has a relatively minimal effect on the chemical composition and colloidal structure of asphalt. At a 25% dosage, the PR significantly restores the physical properties of severe aged asphalt, while CR1 and CR2 still fail to meet specifications. The PR is more effective for severe aged asphalt because it not only dissolves and disperses asphaltenes but also weakens interactions between asphaltenes, which facilitates a more effective restoration of the colloidal structure and significantly enhances the rejuvenation effect. The findings of this study provide insights into the design of penetrable rejuvenators for a more efficient utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Asphalt and Asphalt Mixtures: 2nd Edition)
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