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16 pages, 9897 KiB  
Article
Combination of High-Rate Ionosonde Measurements with COSMIC-2 Radio Occultation Observations for Reference Ionosphere Applications
by Iurii Cherniak, David Altadill, Irina Zakharenkova, Víctor de Paula, Víctor Navas-Portella, Douglas Hunt, Antoni Segarra and Ivan Galkin
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070804 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
Knowledge of ionospheric plasma altitudinal distribution is crucial for the effective operation of radio wave propagation, communication, and navigation systems. High-frequency sounding radars—ionosondes—provide unbiased benchmark measurements of ionospheric plasma density due to a direct relationship between the frequency of sound waves and ionospheric [...] Read more.
Knowledge of ionospheric plasma altitudinal distribution is crucial for the effective operation of radio wave propagation, communication, and navigation systems. High-frequency sounding radars—ionosondes—provide unbiased benchmark measurements of ionospheric plasma density due to a direct relationship between the frequency of sound waves and ionospheric electron density. But ground-based ionosonde observations are limited by the F2 layer peak height and cannot probe the topside ionosphere. GNSS Radio Occultation (RO) onboard Low-Earth-Orbiting satellites can provide measurements of plasma distribution from the lower ionosphere up to satellite orbit altitudes (~500–600 km). The main goal of this study is to investigate opportunities to obtain full observation-based ionospheric electron density profiles (EDPs) by combining advantages of ground-based ionosondes and GNSS RO. We utilized the high-rate Ebre and El Arenosillo ionosonde observations and COSMIC-2 RO EDPs colocated over the ionosonde’s area of operation. Using two types of ionospheric remote sensing techniques, we demonstrated how to create the combined ionospheric EDPs based solely on real high-quality observations from both the bottomside and topside parts of the ionosphere. Such combined EDPs can serve as an analogy for incoherent scatter radar-derived “full profiles”, providing a reference for the altitudinal distribution of ionospheric plasma density. Using the combined reference EDPs, we analyzed the performance of the International Reference Ionosphere model to evaluate model–data discrepancies. Hence, these new profiles can play a significant role in validating empirical models of the ionosphere towards their further improvements. Full article
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16 pages, 1113 KiB  
Article
Adapting The Mysteries of Udolpho’s Musicality into Real Music: An Impossible Task?
by Lucie Ratail
Humanities 2025, 14(5), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/h14050103 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 442
Abstract
The Mysteries of Udolpho was published at a time when poetry and music were being redefined, along with the notions of imitation and expression. From a precedence of word over music, theorists, musicians and composers started reconsidering the hierarchy of arts, which led [...] Read more.
The Mysteries of Udolpho was published at a time when poetry and music were being redefined, along with the notions of imitation and expression. From a precedence of word over music, theorists, musicians and composers started reconsidering the hierarchy of arts, which led to a new appreciation of both sung music and instrumental music. Ann Radcliffe’s novel is replete with pleasing sounds and mysterious melodies, working both as part of her décor and general soundscape and as a key element of the narrative. Given the novel’s musical profusion and versatility, one may wonder how to adapt its musicality into actual music. This paper, therefore, endeavors to define the balance of imitation and expression in The Mysteries of Udolpho and questions the ability of other media, especially those relying on sounds, to adapt its musical richness. It first focuses on the novel’s inscription in the larger context of musical theory, before delving into the limits of language’s sound mimesis and its counteracting expressivity. The final part is a case study of three artworks inspired by Radcliffe’s novel: John Bray’s song “Soft as yon’s silver ray that sleeps”, Catherine Czerkawska’s radio dramatization The Mysteries of Udolpho, and Marc Morvan and Benjamin Jarry’s album Udolpho. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music and the Written Word)
26 pages, 2940 KiB  
Review
Cosmic Ray Muon Navigation for Subsurface Environments: Technologies and Challenges
by Dongqing Zhao, Pengfei Li and Linyang Li
Particles 2025, 8(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8020046 - 22 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2029
Abstract
The global navigation satellite system (GNSS), using electromagnetic signals, enables continuous positioning throughout the entire surface of the Earth. However, underwater and underground environments significantly restrict the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The sole approach to aid positioning is the utilization of sound signals. [...] Read more.
The global navigation satellite system (GNSS), using electromagnetic signals, enables continuous positioning throughout the entire surface of the Earth. However, underwater and underground environments significantly restrict the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The sole approach to aid positioning is the utilization of sound signals. Signal blockage in underground and indoor environments demands the accurate location of anchor points for local positioning, which requires previous deployment. Unlike radio waves, the cosmic ray muons are highly reliable natural signal sources for positioning, remaining immune to spoofing and interference. Starting from the standpoint of navigation and positioning, this paper briefly introduces the physical properties of cosmic ray muons and outlines the measurements and positioning principles of muon navigation, including trilateral localization based on the time of flight (TOF) and angular localization based on the angle of arrival (AOA). It subsequently presents the pertinent studies conducted and analyzes the findings. Finally, the challenges of muon navigation are explored from three perspectives: positioning signals, positioning models, and application scenarios. This will offer some new ideas for the domain of localization for further research on muon positioning. Full article
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21 pages, 2351 KiB  
Article
On the Design of Effective New Radio Sounding Reference Signal-Based Channel Estimation: Linear Regression with Channel Impulse Response Refinement
by Yoon-Seok Choi, Ji-Young Hwang and Sang-Won Choi
Electronics 2025, 14(7), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071374 - 29 Mar 2025
Viewed by 521
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a robust framework for linear regression–based channel estimation (CE) designed for multipath channel environments within a new radio (NR) sounding reference signal (SRS) system. The main contribution of this study is to show that integrating channel impulse response [...] Read more.
In this paper, we introduce a robust framework for linear regression–based channel estimation (CE) designed for multipath channel environments within a new radio (NR) sounding reference signal (SRS) system. The main contribution of this study is to show that integrating channel impulse response (CIR) refinement with existing CE schemes significantly improves CE performance in terms of normalized mean squared error (NMSE). Specifically, our approach employs thresholding-based CIR refinement to eliminate noise tap components effectively, discern the lengths of dominant tap elements, and augment linear regression–based CE’s efficacy. Specifically, it is shown that increasing the number of channel taps for threshold setting further enhances the performance of regression–based CE by leveraging CIR refinement. By utilizing an optimized threshold design, our results reveal close performance compared to both ideal tap information-based regression and the theoretical performance of linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) estimation, whose findings are substantiated by numerical analyses employing our proposed polynomial regression–based channel estimation (PRCE) and DFT regression–based channel estimation (DRCE) schemes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Signals and Systems Research)
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15 pages, 10377 KiB  
Article
A Case Study of a Wintertime Low-Level Jet Associated with a Downslope Wind Event at the Tiksi Observatory (Laptev Sea, Siberia)
by Günther Heinemann
Meteorology 2025, 4(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology4010007 - 18 Mar 2025
Viewed by 758
Abstract
Low-level jets (LLJs) are important features in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). In the present paper, a LLJ event during winter 2014/15 is investigated, which was observed at the Tiksi observatory (71.586° N, 128.918° E, 7 m asl) in the Laptev Sea [...] Read more.
Low-level jets (LLJs) are important features in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). In the present paper, a LLJ event during winter 2014/15 is investigated, which was observed at the Tiksi observatory (71.586° N, 128.918° E, 7 m asl) in the Laptev Sea region. Besides the routine synoptic observations, data from a meteorological tower and SODAR/RASS (sound detection and ranging/radio acoustic sounding system) were available. The latter yielded vertical profiles of wind and temperature in the ABL with a vertical resolution of 10 m and a temporal resolution of 20 min. In addition to the measurements, simulations were performed using the regional climate model CCLM with a 5 km resolution. CCLM was run with nesting in ERA5 data in a forecast mode, and the ABL measurements were used for comparison with a LLJ occurring from 31 December 2014 to 1 January 2015. The CCLM simulations agreed well with near-surface and SODAR observations and represented the LLJ development very well. The simulations showed that the LLJ at Tiksi was part of a downslope wind event and that LLJ structures were present over a large region. The flow was preconditioned by a barrier wind and channeling in the Lena Valley in the initial phase, but synoptic forcing from a low over the Laptev Sea dominated the mature and dissipation phases of the LLJ. High turbulence intensity occurred in the mature phase of the LLJ, which seemed to be associated with wave breaking. Downslope wind events are likely the reason for most LLJs at Tiksi. Full article
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25 pages, 10446 KiB  
Article
Designing an Adaptive Underwater Visible Light Communication System
by Sana Rehman, Yue Rong and Peng Chen
Sensors 2025, 25(6), 1801; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061801 - 14 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1277
Abstract
The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) has attracted significant attention from researchers due to the fact that seventy percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. Reliable underwater communication is the enabler of IoUT. Different carriers, such as electromagnetic waves, sound, and [...] Read more.
The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) has attracted significant attention from researchers due to the fact that seventy percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. Reliable underwater communication is the enabler of IoUT. Different carriers, such as electromagnetic waves, sound, and light, are used to transmit data through the water. Among these, optical waves are considered promising due to their high data rates and relatively good bandwidth efficiency, as water becomes transparent to light in the visible spectrum (400–700 nm). However, limitations such as link range, path loss, and turbulence lead to low power and, consequently, a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. In this article, we present the design of a smart transceiver for bidirectional communication. The system adapts the divergence angle of the optical beam from the transmitter based on the power of the signal received. This paper details the real-time data transmission process, where the transmitting station consists of a light fidelity (Li-Fi) transmitter with a 470 nm blue-light-emitting diode (LED) and a software-defined radio (SDR) for underwater optical communication. The receiving station is equipped with a Li-Fi receiver, which includes a photodetector with a wide field of view and an SDR. Furthermore, we use pulse position modulation (PPM), which demonstrates promising results for real-time transmission. A key innovation of this paper is the integration of the Li-Fi system with the SDR, while the system adapts dynamically using a servo motor and an Arduino microcontroller assembly. The experimental results show that this approach not only increases throughput but also enhances the robustness and efficiency of the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Networks: Signal Processing and Communications)
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14 pages, 7357 KiB  
Article
Electronic Playback Devices to Reduce Ungulates’ Attendance in an Olive Grove Farm in the Province of Florence (Italy)
by Leonardo Conti, Giulia Angeloni, Piernicola Masella, Caterina Sottili, Ferdinando Corti, Stefano Camiciottoli, Veronica Racanelli, Agnese Spadi, Francesco Garbati Pegna and Alessandro Parenti
AgriEngineering 2025, 7(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7010020 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 790
Abstract
(1) Background: Human–wildlife conflict can lead to adverse consequences for both parties, particularly in areas with a high concentration of wild ungulates. Ungulates cause frequent, severe plant damage by stripping the bark or browsing on the youngest plants. In the latter case, they [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Human–wildlife conflict can lead to adverse consequences for both parties, particularly in areas with a high concentration of wild ungulates. Ungulates cause frequent, severe plant damage by stripping the bark or browsing on the youngest plants. In the latter case, they damage vegetative sprouts and leaves, which can cause a delay in growth or the plant’s death. Tuscany is notable for its significant population of wild boar, which cause substantial damage to vineyards and cereal crops, costing farmers millions annually. In Tuscany, given the highly cultivated landscape of olive trees, damage has also been recorded in these plants. Balancing human and wildlife needs is crucial for minimizing damage and ensuring coexistence. (2) Methods: This study tested innovative electronic playback devices using long-range radio technology (LoRa) to deter wild ungulates and prevent crop damage. These devices use sounds and lights to induce wild animals to be afraid and thus run away from the cultivated plot to be protected. The experiment was conducted on a farm in Chianti, Tuscany, involving four plots of land planted with olive trees: in two test areas, four playback devices and four camera traps were installed, and in the two control areas, only camera traps were installed. Playback devices aimed to deter wild ungulates and camera traps aimed to test their effectiveness. Data from the camera traps were analyzed statistically and behaviorally. (3) Results: Playback devices significantly reduced wild animal activity in the equipped areas. Statistical analysis revealed that the use of acoustic–luminous deterrent devices (PDs) significantly reduced wildlife visits to the olive groves. (4) Conclusion: The study’s findings, supported by heatmaps and frequency analyses, provide insights into wildlife activity patterns and guide the development of targeted, effective wildlife management strategies. Full article
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38 pages, 1609 KiB  
Article
Advanced Technologies from and Through a Prototype Radio Lesson with Budding Journalists: The Views and Attitudes of Xers, Millennials, and Zoomers
by Constantinos Nicolaou
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020588 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 947
Abstract
In this research article, budding journalists’ views and attitudes toward a prototype radio lesson that was designed and implemented utilizing advanced technologies are explored. These budding journalists hail from Greece, were studying in higher education or adult education at the time of the [...] Read more.
In this research article, budding journalists’ views and attitudes toward a prototype radio lesson that was designed and implemented utilizing advanced technologies are explored. These budding journalists hail from Greece, were studying in higher education or adult education at the time of the survey, and belong to one of the three youngest generational cohorts within adults (i.e., 18 years old and older); Generation X where their members are now known as Xers, Generation Y where their members are already known as Millennials, and Generation Z where their members are also known as Zoomers—XYZ Generations. The survey’s research data were collected after six interactive teachings from and through advanced technologies, via a specially designed written questionnaire, as case study experiments that applied qualitative action research with quasi-experiments. Analysis, descriptive, and inductive statistics were then applied to them from and through Internet applications and services. This is essentially empirical qualitative research that incorporates the approach of the quantitative analysis process. The resulting survey findings and results mainly contribute to the quality of higher education and adult education, especially in the field of media studies. Likewise, they align with or confirm previous contemporary empirical studies and research papers on the genealogical characteristics, habits, and ethos of the XYZ Generations, and particularly regarding the similarities among Xers and Zoomers, as well as that Generation Z can also be characterized as a “Sound Generation”. An important conclusion of this research article is that the success of a lesson or even a lecture seems to depend (a) on the good design and/or development of the lesson plan itself, as well as (b) on the communication classroom where the educational praxis takes place. Finally, these survey findings and results are also considered encouraging and could be utilized (a) for any audiovisual-supported teaching–learning procedure for adult learners; (b) across various educational levels and disciplines; or even (c) for members other generational cohorts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies Applied in Digital Media Era)
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27 pages, 2443 KiB  
Article
The Domestic Acoustic Environment in Online Education—Part 2: Different Interference Perception of Sound Sources and While Conducting Academic Tasks
by Virginia Puyana-Romero, Angela María Díaz-Márquez, Christiam Garzón and Giuseppe Ciaburro
Buildings 2025, 15(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15010093 - 30 Dec 2024
Viewed by 992
Abstract
Noise is increasingly recognized as a factor impacting health, including its effects on online education. However, differences in the perception of acoustic environmental factors have been scarcely analyzed. This study aimed to evaluate perceived differences in the interference of five types of sound [...] Read more.
Noise is increasingly recognized as a factor impacting health, including its effects on online education. However, differences in the perception of acoustic environmental factors have been scarcely analyzed. This study aimed to evaluate perceived differences in the interference of five types of sound (traffic, voices, TV/radio/household appliances, music, and animals) while conducting autonomous and synchronous activities during online learning. It is also aimed to identify which activities are more affected by the domestic acoustic environment among a group of 4 synchronous and 6 autonomous activities. The data were obtained from an online survey distributed online among the students of the Universidad de las Américas in Quito, Ecuador. The differences between acoustical variables were evaluated using frequentist and inferential analysis. Findings indicated that traffic noise was the least disruptive sound for autonomous activities, likely due to reduced vehicle circulation during the COVID-19 lockdown. In contrast, voices were identified as the most disturbing noise source, underscoring that background speech can significantly disrupt concentration. Additionally, domestic noise is more disturbing while taking exams than during solving problem tasks, comprehensive reading, or group work, probably because during the exams students cannot control unwanted sound sources. These outcomes underscore the need for acoustic strategies in domestic educational settings to reduce noise-related distractions. Full article
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35 pages, 2553 KiB  
Article
The Domestic Acoustic Environment in Online Education—Part 1: Differences by Gender, Perceived Academic Quality, and Self-Rated Performance
by Virginia Puyana-Romero, Angela María Díaz-Márquez, Christiam Garzón and Giuseppe Ciaburro
Buildings 2025, 15(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15010084 - 30 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 941
Abstract
The domestic environment plays a critical role in online education, particularly its acoustic aspect. This study investigates whether there are differences in the perception of acoustic variables between students who perceive their academic performance as negative (G1) and those who rate it positively [...] Read more.
The domestic environment plays a critical role in online education, particularly its acoustic aspect. This study investigates whether there are differences in the perception of acoustic variables between students who perceive their academic performance as negative (G1) and those who rate it positively (G2). It also explores differences between students who assess the quality of education as positive or negative, along with gender distinctions. Data were collected through an online survey conducted by Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador, during the COVID-19 lockdown. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in the perception of noise between groups G1 and G2: Students who rated their academic performance negatively experienced higher noise interference from sources like voices and household appliances. Similar patterns were observed when assessing educational quality. Gender differences also emerged, with women reporting higher levels of noise interference caused by sound sources (voices, TV/Radio/household appliances, and animals), and in the development of autonomous and synchronous tasks than men. The differences between the groups evaluated in pairs suggest that these aspects should be taken into account when designing domestic spaces and strategies to improve the quality of the acoustic environment for students. Full article
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25 pages, 3822 KiB  
Article
Doppler Compensation Techniques for M-Ary Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals Based on Correlation Cost Factors in Mobile Underwater Acoustic Communication
by Yubo Han, Shuping Han, Heng Zhao, Yaohui Hu, Jingfeng Xu and Gang Yang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2151; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122151 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1083
Abstract
Unlike terrestrial radio, the speed of sound in the ocean is relatively slow, which results in mobile underwater M-ary spread spectrum communication typically exhibiting significant and variable multipath effects along with strong Doppler effects, leading to rapid carrier phase shifts in the received [...] Read more.
Unlike terrestrial radio, the speed of sound in the ocean is relatively slow, which results in mobile underwater M-ary spread spectrum communication typically exhibiting significant and variable multipath effects along with strong Doppler effects, leading to rapid carrier phase shifts in the received signal that severely impact decoding accuracy. This study aims to address the issue of rapid carrier phase shifts caused by significant time-varying Doppler shifts during mobile underwater M-SS communication. This paper innovatively proposes a method for updating matched filters based on correlation cost factors. By calculating the correlation cost factors for each received symbol, the method guides the direction of Doppler estimation and updates the matched filters. After identifying the optimal match, the received symbols are shifted, correlated, and decoded. Simulation and sea trial results indicate that this method demonstrates higher computational efficiency and improved decoding accuracy compared to traditional Doppler estimation matched filters under low signal-to-noise ratio conditions, and exhibits greater robustness under complex motion conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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9 pages, 4045 KiB  
Article
A Laterally Excited Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator Based on LiNbO3 with Arc-Shaped Electrodes
by Jieyu Liu, Wenjuan Liu, Zhiwei Wen, Min Zeng and Chengliang Sun
Micromachines 2024, 15(11), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15111367 - 12 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2323
Abstract
High frequency and large bandwidth are growing trends in communication radio-frequency devices. The LiNbO3 thin film material is expected to become the preferred piezoelectric material for high coupling resonators in the 5G frequency band due to its ultra-high piezoelectric coefficient and low [...] Read more.
High frequency and large bandwidth are growing trends in communication radio-frequency devices. The LiNbO3 thin film material is expected to become the preferred piezoelectric material for high coupling resonators in the 5G frequency band due to its ultra-high piezoelectric coefficient and low loss characteristics. The main mode of laterally excited bulk acoustic wave resonators (XBAR) have an ultra-high sound velocity, which enables high-frequency applications. However, the interference of spurious modes is one of the main reasons hindering the widespread application of XBAR. In this paper, a Z-cut LiNbO3 thin film-based XBAR with arc-shaped electrodes is presented. We investigate the electric field distribution of the XBAR, while the irregular boundary of the arc-shaped electrodes affects the electric field between the existing interdigital transducers (IDTs). The mode shapes and impedance response of the XBAR with arc-shaped electrodes and the XBARs with traditional IDTs are compared in this work. The fabricated XBAR on a 350 nm Z-cut LiNbO3 thin film with arc-shaped electrodes operating at over 5 GHz achieves a high effective electromechanical coupling coefficient of 29.8% and the spurious modes are well suppressed. This work promotes an XBAR with an optimized electrode design to further achieve the desired performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Devices and System in Micromachines)
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15 pages, 779 KiB  
Article
BWSAR: A Single-Drone Search-and-Rescue Methodology Leveraging 5G-NR Beam Sweeping Technologies for Victim Localization
by Ming He, Keliang Du, Haoran Huang, Qi Song and Xinyu Liu
Electronics 2024, 13(21), 4317; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214317 - 2 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1590
Abstract
Drones integrated with 5G New Radio (NR) base stations have emerged as a promising solution for efficient victim search and localization in emergency zones where cellular networks are disrupted by natural disasters. Traditional approaches relying solely on uplink Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) for [...] Read more.
Drones integrated with 5G New Radio (NR) base stations have emerged as a promising solution for efficient victim search and localization in emergency zones where cellular networks are disrupted by natural disasters. Traditional approaches relying solely on uplink Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) for localization face limitations due to User Equipment (UE) power constraints. To overcome this, our paper introduces BWSAR, a novel three-stage Search-and-Rescue (SAR) methodology leveraging 5G-NR beam sweeping technologies. BWSAR utilizes downlink Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) for coarse-grained direction estimation, guiding the drone towards potential victim locations. Subsequently, finer-grained beam sweeping with Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) is employed within the identified direction, enabling precise three-dimensional UE coordinate estimation. Furthermore, we propose a trajectory optimization algorithm to expedite the drone’s navigation to emergency areas. Simulation results underscore BWSAR’s efficacy in reducing positioning errors and completing SAR missions swiftly, within minutes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parallel, Distributed, Edge Computing in UAV Communication)
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18 pages, 9899 KiB  
Article
Experimental Outdoor Vehicle Acoustic Testing Based on ISO-362 Pass-by-Noise and Tyre Noise Contribution for Electric Vehicles
by Daniel O’Boy, Simon Tuplin and Kambiz Ebrahimi
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(11), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15110485 - 26 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1649
Abstract
This paper focuses on the novel and unique training provision of acoustics relevant for noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), focused on the ISO-362 standard highlighting important design aspects for electric vehicles. A case study of the practical implementation of off-site vehicle testing supporting [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the novel and unique training provision of acoustics relevant for noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), focused on the ISO-362 standard highlighting important design aspects for electric vehicles. A case study of the practical implementation of off-site vehicle testing supporting an acoustics module is described, detailing a time-constrained test for automotive pass-by-noise and tyre-radiated noise with speed. Industrial test standards are discussed, with education as a primary motivation. The connections between low-cost, accessible equipment and future electric vehicle acoustics are made. The paper contains a full equipment breakdown to demonstrate the ability to link digital data transfer, analogue-to-digital communication, telemetry, and acquisition skills. The benchmark results of novel pass-by-noise and tyre testing are framed around discussion points for assessments. Inexpensive Arduino Uno boards provide data acquisition with class 1 sound pressure meters, XBee radios provide telemetry to a vehicle, and a vehicle datalogger provides GPS position with CANBUS data. Data acquisition is triggered through the implementation of light gate sensors on the test track, with the whole test lasting 90 minutes. Full article
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21 pages, 19354 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Commercial GNSS Radio Occultation Performance from PlanetiQ Mission
by Mohamed Zhran, Ashraf Mousa, Yu Wang, Fahdah Falah Ben Hasher and Shuanggen Jin
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(17), 3339; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173339 - 8 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1978
Abstract
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) provides valuable 3-D atmospheric profiles with all-weather, all the time and high accuracy. However, GNSS RO mission data are still limited for global coverage. Currently, more commercial GNSS radio occultation missions are being launched, e.g., [...] Read more.
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) provides valuable 3-D atmospheric profiles with all-weather, all the time and high accuracy. However, GNSS RO mission data are still limited for global coverage. Currently, more commercial GNSS radio occultation missions are being launched, e.g., PlanetiQ. In this study, we examine the commercial GNSS RO PlanetiQ mission performance in comparison to KOMPSAT-5 and PAZ, including the coverage, SNR, and penetration depth. Additionally, the quality of PlanetiQ RO refractivity profiles is assessed by comparing with the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) data in October 2023. Our results ensure that the capability of PlanetiQ to track signals from any GNSS satellite is larger than the ability of KOMPSAT-5 and PAZ. The mean L1 SNR for PlanetiQ is significantly larger than that of KOMPSAT-5 and PAZ. Thus, PlanetiQ performs better in sounding the deeper troposphere. Furthermore, PlanetiQ’s average penetration height ranges from 0.16 to 0.49 km in all latitudinal bands over water. Generally, the refractivity profiles from all three missions exhibit a small bias when compared to ERA5-derived refractivity and typically remain below 1% above 800 hPa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue BDS/GNSS for Earth Observation: Part II)
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