Search Results (22,783)

The hematite phase decorated with iron-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles (F@FC) was precipitated from cerium and iron oxalate intermediate products. The photocatalytic composite of graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) and F@FC was prepared by a simple method involving mixing the two components, followed by thermal treatment at 400 °C. According to electron microscopy, F@FC is composed of a submicron iron oxide (hematite) phase decorated with iron-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles deposited on gCN substrate. A hierarchically structured composite was observed instead of a simple mechanical mixture of α-Fe₂O₃, Fe-CeO₂, and gCN. To observe two types of degradation activity, photocatalytic and Photo-Fenton degradation activity, Rhodamine B (RhB) was applied as the model water pollutant. The influence of the amount of photocatalyst, the RhB concentration, the presence of cations and anions, the pH, and the effect of e⁻, h⁺, •OH, and •O₂⁻ scavenging reactants were studied. The Photo-Fenton degradation exhibited high efficiency across the entire tested pH range, whereas photocatalytic degradation showed comparable activity only at acidic pH. The F@FC-gCN composite catalyst exhibited a high degree of recyclability. The degradation pathways of photocatalytic and Photo-Fenton reactions were suggested by HPLC-MS analysis of the reaction products. A notable finding of this study was the observation that the green-yellow, fluorescent intermediate Rhodamine 110 was formed during the photocatalytic degradation of RhB. However, the high reactivity of the generated •OH radicals during Photo-Fenton degradation has been demonstrated to inhibit the formation of intermediate Rhodamine 110. Full article

In recent years, copper-based conductive and heat dissipation components have required fine structures for miniaturization and enhanced functionality. Micro-forming is an excellent processing method characterized by high productivity and suitability for mass production. Since small workpieces can be formed within a short stroke in micro-extrusion, it is important to understand the deformation behavior immediately after the start of extrusion. However, before steady state is attained, the evolution of microstructure and plastic flow with stroke progression during non-steady-state deformation has not yet been sufficiently clarified. In this study, to investigate the effect of changes in plastic flow on force behavior, micro-extrusion tests were conducted using pure copper. The geometric and crystallographic characteristics of the deformation structure were then analyzed. The extrusion force behavior exhibited three distinct stages, including a peak of the force. The force peak was attributed to changes in plastic flow associated with the deformation structure formed at the sample tip immediately after the start of extrusion. This change leads to the evolution of the effective extrusion ratio, which significantly influences the force response during non-steady-state deformation. Full article

Polymers are fundamental components of modern pharmaceutical manufacturing, serving critical roles as excipients, binders, coatings, and matrices for controlled drug delivery systems. However, the conventional production of pharmaceutical polymers relies heavily on petrochemical feedstocks, energy-intensive processes, and hazardous solvents, leading to significant environmental and economic burdens. In recent years, increasing regulatory pressure, environmental awareness, and sustainability goals have driven the pharmaceutical industry toward greener manufacturing strategies. This review critically examines sustainable green polymer production for pharmaceutical applications, with a focus on both environmental and economic impacts. The review discusses the role of polymers in pharmaceutical manufacturing, outlines the limitations of conventional polymer synthesis, and highlights the relevance of green chemistry principles in addressing these challenges. Key green polymer synthesis techniques, including biopolymer production, enzymatic polymerization, microwave-assisted synthesis, supercritical CO₂ processing, and the use of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, are systematically evaluated. Additionally, life-cycle assessment (LCA) approaches are explored to assess the environmental performance of green polymer processes in comparison with traditional methods. Beyond environmental sustainability, this review emphasizes the importance of pharmacoeconomic evaluation in determining the feasibility of adopting green polymers at an industrial scale. Cost–benefit analyses, manufacturing cost comparisons, long-term economic advantages, and health–economic outcomes are discussed in the context of pharmaceutical supply chains. Regulatory perspectives, industrial implementation challenges, and future directions are also addressed. Overall, this review highlights sustainable polymer innovation as a critical pathway toward environmentally responsible, economically viable, and future-ready pharmaceutical manufacturing. Full article

Process monitoring methods play a crucial role in identifying equipment malfunctions and instrument failures, as well as in maintaining process safety and product quality. Selecting the right approach for fault detection and diagnosis is therefore vital. Several localization methods based on Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) exist, such as the partial localization approach, which is effective at detecting anomalies but does not always pinpoint faults precisely. This method often identifies a suspicious area or group of variables without isolating the exact source of the fault. In complex systems such as chemical reactors, it can produce false positives or incorrect localizations if the data are noisy or if the fault affects multiple correlated variables. Conversely, the reconstruction-based contribution approach, when integrated with Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA), is both widely documented in the literature and highly effective for fault localization. This method first identifies anomalies using the Hotelling’s T² statistic and Q (squared prediction error) statistic, then analyzes the contributions of individual variables to these indices in order to isolate the fault. However, the convergence of the optimization algorithm using the T² index is not guaranteed. To address this limitation, we introduce RBC-KGLRT, a novel localization framework that integrates reconstruction-based contribution with KPCA and the Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test in its kernel form to improve both precision and reliability in localization tasks. This work transforms traditional KPCA and reduced-rank KPCA fault detection approaches—enhanced by the KGLRT metric—into a powerful fault localization solution through the reconstruction-based contribution (RBC) method. Its effectiveness is rigorously evaluated using the Tennessee Eastman Process (TEP), a widely recognized simulation benchmark in process control and chemical engineering. Full article

Nitridation of different materials using ion implantation is of considerable interest for many applications. As electronic components, oxynitride (SiO_xN_y) layers exhibit beneficial properties such as precise compositional variability, refractive index tunability, oxidation resistance, and low mechanical stress. In the present study we investigate nanoscale SiO_xN_y synthesized using ion implantation methods. To introduce N⁺ ions into a shallow Si subsurface region, both conventional ion beam implantation and plasma immersion ion implantation with subsequent high-temperature treatment in dry O₂ are used. The optical and morphological properties and chemical bonding of formed SiO_xN_y layers were studied by applying spectroscopic ellipsometry in the range of VIS-Near IR (SE) and IR (IR-SE), Raman spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Monte Carlo modeling of implant profiles contributed to understanding physical and chemical processes and predicted different influences of the incorporated N⁺ ions on the oxidation mechanism, confirmed by the thickness dependence of SiO_xN_y/Si layers obtained from the SE data analysis. IR-SE spectral analysis established the formation of Si-O, Si-N, Si-N-O and Si-Si chemical bonds in the grown layers. The occurrence of amorphization of the Si crystal lattice due to incorporation of high-energy N⁺ ions into the Si lattice is confirmed by the Raman and ellipsometry results. The free Si atoms can congregate, forming nanocrystalline clusters. AFM imaging revealed that both implantation methods left the surface of the resulting SiO_xN_y layers considerably smooth with similar roughness parameter values. The results of the studies imply that the technological approaches used allow the production of high-quality nanoscale silicon oxynitride films with appropriate tunable composition and properties for possible application in advanced electronic devices for nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and sensor applications. Full article

Active suspensions in automotive applications are designed to improve vehicle stability and comfort and reduce vibration transmission from the road surface. Active systems often include a dedicated actuator, and, to reduce their mass and energy absorption, it is a typical choice to rely on brushless electric motors with permanent magnets containing Critical Raw Materials such as Neodymium, a Rare Earth Element (REE), offering favorable power density values. Although these systems offer clear advantages in terms of ride quality and performance, their direct and indirect energy requirements, combined with their dependence on resource-intensive materials, raise concerns about life cycle sustainability: in other words, there is a trade-off between production impact (relevant for REE) and use impact (reduced by REE adoption). To address this issue, the research proposes a method to estimate energy consumption during the use phase of a vehicle through a dedicated parametric modeling and simulation framework; the aim is to evaluate the energy performance of active suspension systems under different road and driving conditions. The analysis explores how design parameters and operational choices affect energy consumption and efficiency. The simulation results reveal a marked sensitivity of system performance to road profiles and driving scenarios, highlighting the importance of holistic assessments during the early stages of design. The proposed framework represents a first step toward integrating circular design principles into the development of active suspensions. By combining technical and environmental perspectives, it supports the development of next-generation automotive components that balance comfort, performance, and sustainability. Full article

The use of additive manufacturing in structural applications has increased in industry; however, reliable material selection criteria remain limited when printed components must withstand real service loads. The following study provides a comprehensive evaluation of polymeric materials (PLA filament, ABS filament, and ABS-like resin) used in additive manufacturing technologies for the production of footwear heels. Consequently, five heel models were designed using reverse engineering based on real industry references and analyzed within a decision framework based on the Input–Transformation–Output (ITO) model. Within this framework, each material was subjected to static mechanical tests (tensile, compression, flexural and hardness), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and numerical simulations. In addition, functional tests were carried out by mounting the printed heels on real sandals, allowing for evaluation of their performance under service conditions. Significant differences in surface morphology were observed, attributable to the physical state and consolidation mechanism of each material. Uncontrolled environmental conditions during printing and testing were identified as a limitation affecting reproducibility. The ABS-like resin showed the highest compressive load capacity (10.8 kN), together with a tensile strength of 14.99 MPa and a deformation at break of 0.076 mm/mm. SEM analysis revealed a more homogeneous surface morphology and greater structural continuity after curing, consistent with the numerical simulations, which predicted stresses between 19.98 and 196.23 MPa, displacements up to 8.917 mm and unit strains up to 0.1378. The integrated interpretation of the experimental, microstructural and functional results provides technical criteria for material selection in reverse-engineered footwear components and structural elements manufactured by additive manufacturing. Full article

Astragalus glycyphyllos (Fabaceae) is known to be a source of flavones, flavonols, and isoflavones, and its in vitro culture may promote the efficiency and sustainability of obtaining pharmacologically valuable fractions. The aim of this study was to develop an effective plantlet regeneration protocol for A. glycyphyllos, providing the accumulation of phenolic compounds and antioxidants in cultured tissues. The results show a maximum seed germination rate (67.8%) after scarification (mechanical with sandpaper followed by treatment with 50% sulfuric acid) and subsequent sterilization with 1.1% sodium hypochlorite solution. The maximum regeneration rate (95%) was achieved on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ thidiazuron. A thidiazuron concentration of 0.05 mg·L⁻¹, combined with a twofold increase in iron chelate content, induced the maximum yield of total flavonoids (8.74 mg·g⁻¹ DW), and significant levels of total phenolics (4.15 mg·g⁻¹) and antioxidants (1.83 mg AAE·g⁻¹) in the microshoot tissues. HPLC analysis showed kaempferol glycosides (1.51 mg·g⁻¹) and acylated kaempferol glycosides (2.76 mg·g⁻¹) as major components. Formononetin in a modest amount (0.09 mg·g⁻¹) was detected in hydrolyzed extracts. The phenolic profiles of the microshoots and native plants coincided in hydroxycinnamic acid composition; meanwhile, quercetin glycosides were present only in in situ plants, and formononetin was found only in the plantlets. The results confirm the prospects of biotechnological methods for the industrial production of standardized medicinal raw materials. Full article

In recent years, the Mediterranean basin has been characterized as a climate change hotspot due to its rapid transition to warmer conditions and the strong agreement among most climate models predicting a significant decrease in precipitation by the end of the 21st century. These robust signals of climate change highlight the region’s high susceptibility to hydrometeorological extremes, such as droughts, which are expected to become more frequent, prolonged, and intense. In this context, the study focuses on Greece, where rising water scarcity threatens critical sectors such as food security, energy production, public health, and, more broadly, the resilience of ecosystems. Future drought conditions were assessed using the 12-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI-12) for 58 meteorological stations during 2071–2100, based on high-resolution regional climate simulations under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Spatial drought variability was examined using Principal Component Analysis, while drought severity and duration were quantified through Run Theory. The results indicate increasingly prolonged and severe droughts by the late 21st century, particularly in eastern Crete and southeastern Peloponnese, highlighting the urgent need for targeted adaptation measures. Full article

Anisogrid lattice structures are gaining increasing attention due to their high strength-to-weight ratios, which make them ideal for the production of lightweight mechanical components. This study presents a finite element model developed to evaluate stress distribution in an anisogrid sandwich panel with an octahedral core. The Taguchi method and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to identify the geometric parameters that mostly influence the stress state and, consequently, the structural strength. The radius of the inclined ribs and the thickness of the skins were identified as the most critical factors, while the influence of the horizontal rib cross-sectional area was found to be minimal. The stiffness and strain energy of different cell geometries were also evaluated, and the results are consistent with the stress-based analysis. These findings offer valuable guidance for optimizing anisogrid geometry, improving load-bearing performance and advancing the design of high-efficiency structures. Full article

This systematic review examines the use of plant-derived extracts as antibacterial and antifungal agents in medical textiles, with an emphasis on active components, extraction techniques, biological efficacy, target microorganisms, and fabric application methods. This study is framed within the context of natural resource-based plant biomass and agro-industrial residues as a sustainable source of high-value functional compounds for resource valorization. Searches in Scopus and Web of Science followed the PIOC framework and PRISMA protocol. From an initial 389 records, 38 studies met the eligibility criteria. We identified a sustained growth in publications between 2020 and 2025, and six predominant thematic lines related to medical textiles, sustainability, antimicrobial assessment, structural characterization, natural dyeing optimization, and antioxidant functionalization. Among the most studied species, Aloe barbadensis and Salvia officinalis were prominent. Leaves were the most frequently used plant organ, highlighting their relevance as readily available renewable biomass resources. Maceration was the most common extraction method, although ultrasound-assisted extraction yielded a broader metabolite profile and better preserved thermolabile compounds, demonstrating the impact of biomass conversion techniques on resource efficiency and extract quality. Cotton 100% (plain weave) was the most widely used substrate, and the exhaustion method (immersion/exhaust dyeing) was the preferred application technique. Overall, plant extracts obtained through the sustainable management and valorization of plant resources achieved high inhibition against pathogenic bacteria, including resistant strains, and consistent antifungal activity, supporting their potential for developing functional and sustainable medical textiles. These findings align with the goals for responsible production and good health and well-being and reinforce the role of biomass-based resource systems within a circular bioeconomy, opening avenues to optimize formulations, standardize methodologies, and evaluate post-laundering performance and in vivo biocompatibility. Full article

With the rapid development of smart devices for body area networks and smart packaging, there is a significant demand for low-waste and low-impact electronic systems in industries such as healthcare and transportation. We demonstrate that the dielectric material from capacitors in resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) wireless, chipless, resonant temperature sensors can be successfully recovered from flexible PCBs, with pristine sensors re-introduced to the tag’s sensor loading. First, we demonstrate that replacing the dielectric in a parallel plate capacitor with a pristine component, with recycled electrodes and sub-miniature-A (SMA) adaptor, results in only a 3% change in broadband capacitance. An identical substitution of the sensing element in an RLC circuit tuned to resonate at 21.0 MHz, with recycled parallel plates, a resistor, and an inductive PCB coil, results in a change of only 7.6% in the resonant frequency of the tag to 19.4 MHz. This work demonstrates the recyclability of chipless tags for temperature sensing for the first time, offering sustainability gains in smart packaging applications, with the potential to be expanded to other sensing tags for pH, humidity, and chemical analytes, towards chipless product passports. Full article

The transition toward low-carbon and resource-efficient construction materials has intensified interest in geopolymer binders incorporating industrial and post-consumer wastes. Waste glass powder (WGP), a silica-rich component of the global glass waste stream, has emerged as a promising circular-economy precursor in alkali-activated systems; however, reported durability trends remain inconsistent and are often interpreted without mechanistic integration. This review synthesises current knowledge of WGP reactivity, gel chemistry, and long-term performance through an explicit reaction–transport–ageing (R–T–A) framework that links dissolution behaviour and phase assemblage development to pore connectivity, ion ingress, and time-dependent degradation. Under alkaline activation, the amorphous structure of WGP promotes silica release, modifying Si/Al ratios and governing the formation of N-A-S-H or hybrid N-A-S-H/C-(A)-S-H gels. These reaction products determine transport characteristics and ageing evolution, which collectively control chemical resistance, chloride ingress, alkali–silica reaction-type instability, and dimensional stability. Variability across studies is shown to arise from imbalances in particle fineness, replacement level, precursor chemistry, and activator design rather than intrinsic inconsistency in WGP behaviour. The R–T–A framework clarifies how reaction completeness, pore network architecture, and long-term phase stability interact to produce system-dependent durability outcomes. WGP demonstrates strong potential as a circular-economy precursor in alkali-activated binders; however, reliable structural application requires durability-informed mix design grounded in coupled reaction–transport–ageing mechanisms and supported by extended exposure testing under realistic service conditions. Full article

Mispronunciation detection (MD) is a key component in computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) and speaking tests. Most MD systems adopt a production view, measuring phone-level deviation from a canonical pronunciation (Native Norm) or the expected pronunciation of a target population (Target Norm). Yet, pronunciation assessment is fundamentally perceptual: listeners map speech to linguistic categories under uncertainty and with individual psychological priors, so judgments are inherently subjective and lack a single gold standard. Labels are therefore often aggregated (e.g., voting), but aggregation rules are themselves subjective, require many annotators, and entangle individual perception with social consensus, complicating model training. In this paper, we propose a “Perception Norm”, which models MD as the decision process of individual annotators and trains models to simulate single listeners rather than an annotator pool. To support this study, we introduce UY/CH-CHILD-MA, a corpus of Uyghur-accented child Mandarin words and phrases with four independent phone-level annotations. Our experiments reveal substantial inter-annotator variation and show that a Transformer with pre-training and fine-tuning can learn annotator-specific patterns with high accuracy. Finally, we present a committee ensemble that combines annotator models using application-matched aggregation rules to produce task-specific assessments. The data and source code will be made publicly available upon publication. Full article

Long-span bridges are critical components of transportation infrastructure because they promote efficient connectivity between agricultural production centers, tourist destinations, and major urban areas. To construct these structures, the balanced cantilever method is widely used; however, the lack of rigid longitudinal connections between the pylons and the deck often allows for large displacement demands during seismic activities. Fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) are employed to mitigate these effects. This study investigates the impact of using FVDs at the abutments of the Hisgaura cable-stayed bridge located on the Curos-Malaga corridor in the department of Santander, Colombia. A nonlinear response history analysis was conducted using seismic records from crustal sources, scaled to the local seismic hazard, and performed in SAP2000©. The results indicate that the presence of FVDs does not adversely affect the axial forces in the stay cables under the Extreme Event Limit State I. Furthermore, demand reductions were observed at the pylon closest to the abutment (Pylon 4). Under critical seismic records, reductions of up to 81.95% in relative deck-pylon displacement, 62.17% in bending moment, and 58.46% in base shear were achieved. These findings demonstrate an improved global structural behavior under severe seismic loading conditions. Full article