Search Results (228)

Summer abiotic stresses typical of Mediterranean agro-environments, now exacerbated by climate change, reduce floral resource availability and further compromise the survival of pollinators already threatened in the so-called Anthropocene. The aim of this study was to evaluate several summer-blooming wildflower species, collected from ecologically disturbed and diversified habitats, in order to assess their ecological role in attracting pollinators within agroecosystems. The primary dormancy typical of wild species seeds was partially overcome through appropriate pre-sowing seed treatments, while secondary dormancy was reduced by soil rolling after sowing. Soil rolling proved particularly beneficial for species with very small seeds, highlighting the importance of adequate seed–soil contact for successful establishment. All tested species exhibited summer flowering between May and July, with some flowering later in the season, and showed high attractiveness to pollinators both in terms of abundance and taxonomic diversity. However, this ecosystem service declined significantly in the second year, although certain species demonstrated a strong capacity to persist and to maintain satisfactory pollinator attractiveness over time. In conclusion, while the experiment revealed several critical aspects, it also provides encouraging prospects for further research aimed at enhancing pollinator survival in agroecosystems that are severely threatened by pollinator decline. Full article

Anthocyanins are widespread specialized metabolites that provide pigmentation and antioxidant capacity, contributing to pollinator and seed-disperser attraction and to plant resistance to diverse environmental stresses. In human diets, anthocyanins are valued for their antioxidant and health-promoting properties. The biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins is relatively conserved across plant species and is controlled by structural genes that encode the enzymes of the pathway along with regulatory genes, particularly transcription factors. This network integrates developmental and environmental signals, with light serving as a dominant cue: anthocyanins typically accumulate in light-exposed tissues and are repressed in darkness. A key node in this light-dependent switch is CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that, in the dark, promotes polyubiquitination and proteasome-mediated turnover of positive regulators of anthocyanin production. Although ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) is a canonical COP1 target and major activator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, COP1 control of this pathway extends well beyond HY5. Evidence from Arabidopsis and multiple horticultural crops, including apple, pear, eggplant, and tomato, indicates that COP1 also regulates anthocyanin accumulation through interactions with additional transcription factors and regulatory modules. Here, we synthesize recent advances in COP1-centered regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, with an emphasis on post-translational mechanisms and COP1 targets beyond HY5. We also discuss emerging opportunities to leverage this regulatory axis for nutritional improvement in horticultural species. Full article

Fragrance lotus (Nymphaea hybrid) is a tropical interspecific cultivar characterized by large flowers and high scent intensity, offering dual potential for ornamental commerce and natural fragrance extraction. Floral scent determines both economic value and pollinator attraction, yet the biosynthetic organs and metabolic routes remain undocumented. To fill this gap, single flowers of the high-aroma cultivar ‘Eldorado’ at full anthesis were dissected into petal (PE), stamen (ST) and pistil (PI); each organ was subjected to untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics and Illumina RNA-seq. Organ-specific gene–metabolite co-expression networks were constructed by pairwise integration of transcript and metabolite matrices. All three organs formed distinct clusters in principal-component space. Compared with PE, 6221, 3352 and 5891 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) together with 30, 24 and 39 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified in ST, PI and PE, respectively. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway (map00940) was the only route simultaneously enriched at both transcript and metabolite levels; 59 DEGs mapped to this pathway co-linearly with three scent-related DAMs. ST contained the highest concentration of scent-active volatiles; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) and benzaldehyde reductase (BAR) were all significantly up-regulated in this organ, driving the accumulation of p-coumaric acid that is subsequently channeled into benzyl alcohol via side-chain cleavage and BAR-mediated reduction, thereby generating the characteristic fragrance of Nymphaea. This study provides the first organ-level resolution of scent biosynthesis and metabolic flux partitioning in fragrance lotus, furnishing molecular targets for directed aroma improvement and efficient natural fragrance extraction. Full article

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is an important source of nutrition for humans, providing essential nutrients such as protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Its cultivation is highly attractive to flower-visiting insects, which find abundant nectar and a moderate amount of pollen grains. This study aimed to characterize the taxonomic diversity and composition of flower-visiting insect communities in buckwheat crops across two sites in Chitwan district, Nepal and to assess whether temperature and relative humidity influence community structure. We further quantified the contribution of insect pollination to buckwheat yield by comparing pollinator-excluded plots (net-covered) with open-pollinated plots. In addition, we estimated the economic value of insect-mediated pollination and the nutritional contribution of buckwheat production on a per capita basis. Data were analyzed using non-metric multidimensional scaling, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, similarity percentage analysis, and (generalized) linear mixed-effects models. We found significant differences in flower-visiting insect community composition between the two study sites, independent of temperature and relative humidity, with twelve taxa contributing most to this dissimilarity. Open-pollinated plots exhibited higher buckwheat yields than pollinator-excluded plots, highlighting the importance of insect visitation for crop production. Despite the presence of managed Apis species, we recorded frequent visitation by flies and solitary bees, indicating that these taxa are likely important contributors to buckwheat pollination at local scales. Similarly, insect-mediated pollination significantly increased buckwheat production, and its absence would result in substantial economic losses of USD 2.6 million and reduced nutritional contributions, highlighting the vulnerability of buckwheat-based food security for the Nepalese communities due to pollinator decline. Full article

Carrot (Daucus carota) is one of the most important vegetable crops, and as a cross-pollinated species, it relies on insect pollinators for successful seed set. However, carrot flowers are not highly attractive to honeybees (Apis mellifera), which are the main managed pollinators. During the 2023–2024 season, a field experiment was conducted on commercial carrot seed plantations to evaluate the effect of a pollinator attractant on pollinator abundance and its impact on seed yield. Pollinating insects were observed during the carrot flowering period, between 20 May and 22 July, and their response to spraying with the attractant Biopolin^® (ICB Pharma) was assessed. A total of nine observations were conducted, and carrot seed yield was analyzed, including germination capacity. The application of the attractant increased the number of pollinating insects by 24 individuals/m²/10 min, from 57 to 81 individuals/m²/10 min. The dominant groups were honeybees and Rhagonycha fulva, with the latter becoming increasingly abundant as flowering progressed. Both honeybees and other pollinators (wild pollinators) showed higher visitation rates on attractant-treated plots. The treated plots also produced higher seed yield and greater thousand-seed weight. The results confirm the effectiveness of using attractants in commercial carrot seed production to enhance pollinator activity and improve yield parameters. Full article

Calanthe aristulifera is an endangered terrestrial orchid that has historically suffered from severe illegal poaching. However, little is understood regarding population dynamics for remaining C. aristulifera populations. This study presented the first record on the size, reproduction rate, and insect visitors of C. aristulifera populations on an oceanic island from 2021 to 2025, to identify threatening factors and provide conservation implications. Throughout the study period, complete absence of fruit set of C. aristulifera was found (natural fruit set ratio: 0%). This reflects the reproductive failure as an on-going threatening factor, regardless of the yearly variations in total number of C. aristulifera individuals (198–253) and flowering rate (62.2–87.4%). The known pollinators (Eucera nipponensis and Lasioglossum occidens) were undetected near C. aristulifera populations, which coincided with complete reproductive failure. Insects like Callipora lata, Episyrphus balteatus, and Bibio tenebrosus visited to C. aristulifera flowers, but direct field and photographic observations showed no pollinia removal by such insects. Overall results highlight that conservation programs should adopt management practices to attract effective pollinators to C. aristulifera populations. Ex situ conservation may also be an option to facilitate in vitro propagation experiments, and help the remaining C. aristulifera to avoid severe reproductive constraints. Full article

The University Botanic gardens Ljubljana has been planting vegetation on bus stop shelters in the capital city (Ljubljana) of Slovenia since 2020. The aim of the project is to create a green network across the city, contributing to the conservation of plant biodiversity and providing food resources for pollinators throughout the entire growing season. The plantings were designed exclusively with native plant species, naturally occurring in the territory of Slovenia, flowering from early spring to late autumn. The selected species are also horticulturally attractive, forming small extensive green roof gardens that mimic karst rock ledges, where plants are adapted to drought, shallow soils, and strong sunlight exposure. In 2024 and 2025, monitoring was carried out on eight selected shelters, focusing on plant presence, changes in vegetation cover, and the occurrence of spontaneously sown species and invasive species. The results show that, even after five years without additional maintenance, all plantings are thriving and remain horticulturally attractive. A variety of species flower from early spring to early summer. During drought periods, flowering intensity decreases somewhat but does not cease; in autumn, the shelters green up again with autumn-flowering species. The project has been very well received by the public and is now firmly established in the city. Every year, between 10 and 20 new shelters are planted. By the end of 2025, a total of 75 bus shelters had been greened in all main directions from the city center towards the outskirts. Full article

Florivory is the consumption or damage of flowers by herbivorous animals. It can directly affect plant fitness by damaging reproductive organs or indirectly by negatively influencing flower attractiveness to pollinators. We investigated florivory in field bindweed Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) by combining data from natural surveys, experimental damage, and laboratory experiments on flower preferences of florivores. Surveys showed that flowers suffer damage from predators, including Leptophyes albovittata Kollar (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), which causes partial corolla damage, and from unknown predators that cause holes in the corolla. Experimentally damaged flowers had significantly lower reproductive success (number of seeds and proportion of total reproductive failure) than intact flowers. However, laboratory experiments with naïve bumblebees Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) failed to detect a preference for undamaged flowers. This may be because B. terrestris is not a frequent pollinator of C. arvensis at our field sites, and naïve foragers, lacking prior experience, had not learned to associate corolla damage with reduced floral rewards. Our research shows that florivory negatively impacts C. arvensis reproductive success by altering pollinator behavior through reduced flower attractiveness. Full article

Floral volatile terpenoids are known to play important roles in plant pollination biology by attracting animal pollinators, repelling antagonists, and enhancing resistance to potential microbial pathogens. The terpenoid blend emitted by a flower is usually plant-lineage specific and is primarily determined by a set of versatile terpene synthases (TPSs), which catalyze the final step of diverse terpenoid synthesis. The strongly scented flower of Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton emits linalool and α-farnesene, which dominate the nocturnal floral VOCs, yet the corresponding TPSs have not been identified. Here, we show that four TPS enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of a mixture of volatile terpenoids in the flower, based on their highly correlated and almost exclusive expression in the petal, as well as their enzymatic characterizations in vitro and in Nicotiana benthamiana Domin. JsTPS01 (TPS-a) acts as a sesquiterpene synthase, producing τ-cadinol in yeast at levels that mirror its rhythmic expression in petals. JsTPS02 (TPS-b) carries a plastid-targeting transit peptide, localizes to chloroplasts/plastids, and converts geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to linalool with high affinity (K_m = 28.2 ± 3.4 µM). JsTPS03 is a TPS-b clade member that can convert farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to farnesol with a K_m of 14.4 ± 5.9 μM in an in vitro assay using isolated yeast vehicles. JsTPS04 (TPS-e/f) exhibits dual targeting—cytosolic in protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh, but plastidic in J. sambac petals—and functions as a bifunctional mono-/sesqui-TPS, forming linalool from GPP (K_m = 2.5 ± 0.3 µM) and trans-nerolidol from FPP (K_m = 7.6 ± 0.6 µM). Transient expression in N. benthamiana leaves further confirmed its in-planta linalool production. Collectively, we identified four preferentially expressed terpene synthases that contribute to the production of linalool, τ-cadinol, trans-nerolidol, and farnesol in J. sambac. Full article

Urban densification threatens biodiversity, yet conventional greenspace expansion is constrained by limited land availability. Living wall systems (LWS) offer potential biodiversity enhancement through vertical green infrastructure, though their ecological value remains underexplored. This study evaluated the biodiversity performance of three LWS in Plymouth, UK, using multi-taxa surveys to assess invertebrate communities, bird assemblages, and bat activity. A scoping review of 2638 publications revealed limited research on LWS biodiversity, with only 27% of biodiversity-focused papers referencing specific species. Field surveys employed standardised protocols including flower-visiting pollinator observations, spider assessments, soil invertebrate extraction using Tullgren funnels, acoustic bird monitoring, and bat emergence surveys across soil-based and hydroponic systems. Results demonstrated that soil-based LWS supported significantly higher invertebrate diversity than hydroponic systems, with 481 soil invertebrates recorded across 19 families. Plant species composition strongly influenced biodiversity outcomes, with Hedera helix, Erigeron karvinskianus, and Lonicera japonica attracting the most pollinator species (5 each). Bird abundance was significantly higher at LWS sites compared to control areas, with confirmed breeding by three species. However, current UK Biodiversity Net Gain frameworks undervalue LWS contributions due to their classification as artificial habitats. These findings indicate that appropriately designed soil-based LWS can deliver meaningful urban biodiversity benefits when integrated with strategic plant selection and species-based valuation approaches. Full article

Pollinators play a crucial role in global biodiversity, providing essential ecosystem services such as crop pollination. However, their abundance and diversity have been gradually decreasing in recent years. Despite increasing interest in sustainable agriculture, information on vegetable crops that attract insect pollinators remains limited. We hypothesize that variation in floral traits among vegetable crop cultivars, especially nectar volume, nectar sugar concentration, and pollen characteristics, significantly influences visitation patterns and species composition. To test this, we evaluated multiple cultivars of six vegetable crops (cowpea, sweet potato, eggplant, green bean, mustard, and chickpea) over two years, focusing on five key pollinator groups (honey bees, bumble bees, carpenter bees, sweat bees, and wasps). Cowpea and sweet potato consistently attracted the most pollinators, whereas chickpea attracted the fewest. In 2022, nectar volume was highest in sweet potato (16.45 ± 0.37 µL) and lowest in chickpea (1.18 ± 0.75 µL). Similarly, in 2023, sweet potato recorded the highest nectar volume (8.33 ± 2.95 µL), and chickpea the lowest (0.02 ± 0.01 µL). However, chickpea (31.00 ± 1.58 °Bx) and mustard (30.10 ± 1.12 °Bx) recorded the highest nectar sugar concentration in both years, and chickpea and eggplant produced significantly more pollen grains. A significant positive correlation was observed between nectar volume and pollinator abundance. Comprehensively, this two-year study demonstrates the complex relationship between floral traits and pollinator preferences. These findings offer growers practical guidance on selecting vegetable intercrops that attract specific pollinators, thereby enhancing pollination services, supporting biodiversity, and improving the yield of pollinator-dependent crops. Full article

Bumblebees are important pollinating insects in crop pollination. Chemical attractants can effectively improve the flower-visiting efficiency of bumblebees, thereby increasing blueberry yields. To identify volatile compounds that attract bumblebees, we collected volatile compounds from blueberry flowers using headspace extraction. Gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (GC–MS) identified 32 volatile compounds, with Linalool and Styrene being the primary substances that accounted for 25.93% and 14.28%, respectively. The olfactory threshold of bumblebee antennae was assessed using electroantennography (EAG), and the behavioral responses from bumblebees were investigated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Results indicate that among the six classes of volatiles—alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, aromatic compounds, and olefins—alcohols constituted the predominant proportion. Among these, six compounds—benzaldehyde, phenylpropylaldehyde, citral, linalool, α-terpineol, and geraniol—induced significant antennal responses in bumblebees. Our assays showed that geraniol, linalool, and α-terpineol at concentrations of 0.1 μg/μL, 1 μg/μL, and 10 μg/μL elicited attraction, whereas higher concentrations of benzaldehyde, benzenepropanal, and citral had repellent effects. Full article

Color serves as a crucial visual signal for attracting pollinating insects and directly affects the fruit set rate in woody crops. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying flower color formation in macadamia. The results demonstrated that darker flower colors were associated with higher fruit set rates: the rates for purple, pink, pinkish-white, and white flowers were 2.78, 1.99, 1.35, and 1.31, respectively. High-throughput sequencing identified 1359 differentially accumulated metabolites, including benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and isorhamnetin. Transcriptional regulators such as ERF, MYB, and WRKY were significantly up-regulated in darker flowers. KEGG analysis revealed two key metabolic pathways, in which genes including HCT (shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase) and F3GalTase (flavonol 3-O-galactosyltransferase), as well as related metabolites such as p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, and myricetin, showed higher expression levels in darker flowers. Anthocyanin content was highest in pink and pinkish-purple varieties (462.79 and 446.35 μg/g, respectively), and lower in white and light pink varieties (140.52 and 167.97 μg/g). In conclusion, flower color intensity is positively correlated with both fruit set rate and anthocyanin content. Genes involved in the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid pathways, along with transcription factors such as WRKY and MYB, collectively regulate flower color formation. This study provides a theoretical basis for macadamia flower color breeding. Full article

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), an increasingly popular tropical fruit, has attracted global interest because of its distinct appearance, nutritional value, and health advantages. As cultivation has spread from its native Central and South American regions to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, there is an increasing demand for sustainable production approaches to address environmental, economic, and social issues. This study provides current knowledge on three different types of dragon fruits—H. megalanthus, H. undatus, and H. costaricencis—and their biology, agronomic requirements, and worldwide production trends, highlighting the critical need for management solutions. Conventional practices, which frequently rely on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, are compared with new sustainable approaches such as organic amendments, high tunnel systems, and agroforestry. This review examines regional challenges like climate variability, pest and disease issues, and pollination limits and explores innovative solutions to boost production and resilience. Socioeconomic factors, including market trends, farmer education, and policy frameworks, are recognized as key influences on the adoption of sustainable practices. This article highlights important research gaps, including the need for genetic improvement, digital agriculture tools, and strong certification mechanisms. This review integrates diverse views and provides actionable ideas for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to increase productivity, environmental stewardship, and long-term sustainability in dragon fruit agriculture. Full article

The transition from outcrossing to self-pollination is an evolutionary process in angiosperms. However, the changes in floral volatile composition during this process and their impacts on the behavior of pollinators are poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the potential differences in the floral volatile profiles and pollinator attraction capabilities of three invasive Bidens species. The results indicated that Bidens pilosa var. radiata (BH), which serves as a transitional species between facultative outcrossing and obligate outcrossing attracts a greater diversity and abundance of pollinators such as Apis cerana compared to the more self-compatible Bidens frondosa (DL) and Bidens pilosa var. pilosa (SY). Furthermore, a total of 37, 33, and 34 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were identified in the floral volatiles of BH, DL, and SY, respectively, with no discernible trend of decreased number of floral VOCs owing to increased self-pollination ability. Moreover, eleven significantly different compounds in the floral volatiles of the three Bidens species were obtained. Among these (E)-β-Ocimene (18.31 ± 1.10%) and (Z)-β-Ocimene (33.93 ± 3.49%) in the floral volatiles of BH (52.24 ± 4.59%) was significantly higher than that of DL (1.72 ± 0.50%) and SY (0.32 ± 0.19%). Additionally, Y-tube olfactometer behavioral assays indicated that (E)- and (Z)-β-Ocimene significantly attracted A. cerana. These findings suggested that (E)- and (Z)-β-Ocimene contribute to the attractiveness of BH to local pollinators. Furthermore, it can be inferred that within Bidens, stronger self-pollination ability reduces the relative content of VOCs—such as (E)- and (Z)-β-Ocimene—used to attract generalist pollinators. Full article