Search Results (797)

This study investigated the effects of light intensity regulation on yield and energy efficiency during potato pre-basic seed propagation in plant factories. Using virus-free ‘Favorita’ potato seedlings as experimental material, gradient light intensities (200, 300, and 400 μmol·m²·s⁻¹) were applied at four developmental stages: the seedling stage (SS), tuber formation stage (TFS), tuber growth stage (TGS), and harvest stage (HS), to explore the physiological mechanisms of stage-specific light intensity regulation and energy utilization efficiency. The results revealed that: (1) The per-plant tuber yield of the high yield group reached 72.91 g (T59 treatment), representing a 25% increase compared to the medium yield group and a 168% increase compared to the low yield group. Additionally, the high yield group exhibited superior leaf area, photosynthetic rate, and accumulation of sucrose and starch. (2) The impact of light intensity on tuber development exhibited stage specificity: low light intensity (200 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) during TFS promoted early tuber initiation, while a high light intensity (400 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) enhanced tuber formation efficiency. Increasing the light intensity during TGS facilitated the accumulation of sucrose and starch in tubers. (3) Energy use efficiency (EUE) increased significantly with yield, with the high yield group reaching 3.2 g MJ⁻¹, representing 52% and 88% improvements over the medium yield (2.1 g MJ⁻¹) and low yield (1.7 g MJ⁻¹) groups, respectively. A “stage-specific precision light supplementation” strategy was proposed, involving moderate light reduction (200 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) during TFS and light enhancement (300 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) during TGS to coordinate source-sink relationships and optimize carbohydrate metabolism. This study provides a theoretical basis for efficient potato production in plant factories. Full article

Numerous studies on specific cannabis compounds (cannabinoids and phenolic acids) have demonstrated their therapeutic potential, with their administration methods remaining a key research focus. Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) systems are gaining attention due to their advantages, such as painless administration, controlled release, direct absorption into the bloodstream, and its ability to bypass hepatic metabolism. The thin films obtained via pulsed laser deposition consist of micro- and nanoparticles capable of migrating through skin pores upon contact. This study investigates the interaction of phenolic compounds in hemp seeds with pulsed laser beams. The main goal is to achieve the ablation and deposition of these compounds as thin films suitable for TDD applications. The other key objective is optimizing laser energy to enhance the industrial feasibility of this method. Thin layers were deposited on glass and hemp fabric using dual pulsed laser (DPL) ablation on a compressed hemp seed target held in a stainless steel ring. The target was irradiated for 30 min with two synchronized pulsed laser beams, each with parameters of 30 mJ, 532 nm, pulse width of 10 ns, and a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Each beam had an angle of incidence with the target surface of 45°, and the angle between the two beams was also 45°. To improve laser absorption, two approaches were used: (1) HS-DPL/glass and HS-DPL/hemp fabric, in which a portion of the stainless steel ring was included in the irradiated area, and (2) HST-DPL/glass and HST-DPL/hemp fabric—hemp seeds were mixed with turmeric powder, which is known to improve laser interaction and biocompatibility. The FTIR and Micro-FTIR spectroscopy (ATR) performed on thin films compared to the target material confirmed the presence of hemp-derived phenolic compounds, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), ferulic acid, and coumaric acid, along with other functional groups such as amides. The ATR spectra have been validated against Gaussian 6 numerical simulations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and substance transfer tests revealed the microgranular structure of thin films. Through the analyzes carried out, the following were highlighted: spherical structures (0.3–2 μm) for HS-DPL/glass, HS-DPL/hemp fabric, HST-DPL/glass, and HST-DPL/hemp fabric; larger spherical structures (8–13 μm) for HS-DPL/glass and HST-DPL/glass; angular, amorphous-like structures (~3.5 μm) for HS-DPL/glass; and crystalline-like structures (0.6–1.3 μm) for HST-DPL/glass. Microparticle transfer from thin films on the hemp fabric to the filter paper at a human body temperature (37 °C) confirmed their suitability for TDD applications, aligning with the “whole plant medicine” or “entourage effect” concept. Granular, composite, thin films were successfully developed, capable of releasing microparticles upon contact with a surface whose temperature is 37 °C, specific to the human body. Each of the microparticles in the thin films obtained with the DPL technique contains phenolic compounds (cannabinoids and phenolic acids) comparable to those in hemp seeds, effectively acting as “microseeds.” The obtained films are viable for TDD applications, while the DPL technique ensures industrial scalability due to its low laser energy requirements. Full article

Soil salinization limits the growth of agricultural crops in the world, requiring the use of methods to increase the tolerance of agricultural crops to salinity–alkali stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis and offer a promising strategy for remediation. However, in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.), research has mainly focused on physiological assessments, while the key genes and metabolic pathways involved in AMF-mediated growth and saline–alkali tolerance remain unclear. In this study, we employed integrated multi-omics and physiological analyses to explore the regulatory mechanisms of AMF in oats under normal and saline–alkali stress. The results indicated that AMF symbiosis significantly promoted oat growth and physiological performance under both normal and saline–alkali stress conditions. Compared to the non-inoculated group under normal conditions, AMF increased plant height and biomass by 8.5% and 15.3%, respectively. Under saline–alkali stress, AMF enhanced SPAD value and relative water content by 16.7% and 7.3%, reduced MDA content by 35.8%, increased soluble protein by 21.8%, and decreased proline by 13.3%. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) were elevated by 18.4%, 18.2%, and 14.8%, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that AMF colonization under saline–alkali stress induced about twice as many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as under non-saline–alkali stressed conditions. These DEGs were primarily associated with Environmental Information Processing, Genetic Information Processing, and Metabolic Processes. According to metabolomic analysis, a total of 573 metabolites were identified across treatments, mainly comprising lipids (29.3%), organic compounds (36.8%), and secondary metabolites (21.5%). Integrated multi-omics analysis indicated that AMF optimized energy utilization and antioxidant defense by enhancing phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism pathways. This study provides new insights into how AMF may enhance oat growth and tolerance to saline–alkali stress. Full article

Plants align their physiology with daily environmental cycles through the circadian clock, which integrates light and metabolic signals to optimize growth and stress responses. While light entrainment has been extensively studied, emerging evidence highlights the central role of metabolism—particularly from chloroplasts and mitochondria—in tuning circadian rhythms. In this review, we explore the bidirectional relationship between organelle metabolism and the circadian clock, focusing on how metabolic signals such as sugars, ROS, and organic acids function as entrainment cues. We discuss how the clock regulates organelle function at multiple levels, including transcriptional, translational, and post-translational mechanisms, and how organelle-derived signals feedback to modulate core clock components through retrograde pathways. Special attention is given to the integration of chloroplast and mitochondrial signals, emphasizing their synergistic roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Drawing on the “three-body problem” analogy, we illustrate the dynamic and reciprocal interactions among light, clock, and metabolism. This perspective underscores the need to reframe the circadian system, not merely as light-driven but also as a central integrator of energy status and environmental cues. Understanding this integrated network is essential to improve plant performance and resilience under fluctuating environmental conditions. Full article

Since the onset of industrialization, the safety of arable land has become a pressing global concern, with soil salinization emerging as a critical threat to agricultural productivity and food security. To address this challenge, the cultivation of economically valuable salt-tolerant plants has been proposed as a viable strategy. In the study, we investigated the physiological and molecular responses of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. to varying NaCl concentrations. Results revealed a concentration-dependent dual effect: low NaCl levels significantly promoted seed germination, while high concentrations exerted strong inhibitory effects. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying these divergent responses, a combined analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics was applied to identify key metabolic pathways and genes. Notably, salt stress enhanced photosynthetic efficiency through coordinated modulation of ribulose 5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate levels, coupled with the upregulation of critical genes encoding RPIA (Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase A) and RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase). Under low salt stress, L. ruthenicum maintained intact cellular membrane structures and minimized oxidative damage, thereby supporting germination and early growth. In contrast, high salinity severely disrupted PS I (Photosynthesis system I) functionality, blocking energy flow into this pathway while simultaneously inducing membrane lipid peroxidation and triggering pronounced cellular degradation. This ultimately suppressed seed germination rates and impaired root elongation. These findings suggested a mechanistic framework for understanding L. ruthenicum adaptation under salt stress and pointed out a new way for breeding salt-tolerant crops and understanding the mechanism. Full article

Contact unmodified antisense DNA biotechnology (CUADb), developed in 2008, employs short antisense DNA oligonucleotides (oligos) as a novel approach to insect pest control. These oligonucleotide-based insecticides target pest mature rRNAs and/or pre-rRNAs and have demonstrated high insecticidal efficacy, particularly against sap-feeding insect pests, which are key vectors of plant DNA viruses and among the most economically damaging herbivorous insects. To further explore the potential of CUADb, this study evaluated the insecticidal efficacy of short 11-mer antisense DNA oligos against Coccus hesperidum, in comparison with long 56-mer single-stranded and double-stranded DNA sequences. The short oligos exhibited higher insecticidal activity. By day 9, the highest mortality rate (97.66 ± 4.04%) was recorded in the Coccus-11 group, while the most effective long sequence was the double-stranded DNA in the dsCoccus-56 group (77.09 ± 6.24%). This study also describes the architecture of the DNA containment (DNAc) mechanism, highlighting the intricate interactions between rRNAs and various types of DNA oligos. During DNAc, the Coccus-11 treatment induced enhanced ribosome biogenesis and ATP production through a metabolic shift from carbohydrates to lipid-based energy synthesis. However, this ultimately led to a ‘kinase disaster’ due to widespread kinase downregulation resulting from insufficient ATP levels. All DNA oligos with high or moderate complementarity to target rRNA initiated hypercompensation, but subsequent substantial rRNA degradation and insect mortality occurred only when the oligo sequence perfectly matched the rRNA. Both short and long oligonucleotide insecticide treatments led to a 3.75–4.25-fold decrease in rRNA levels following hypercompensation, which was likely mediated by a DNA-guided rRNase, such as RNase H1, while crucial enzymes of RNAi (DICER1, Argonaute 2, and DROSHA) were downregulated, indicating fundamental difference in molecular mechanisms of DNAc and RNAi. Consistently, significant upregulation of RNase H1 was detected in the Coccus-11 treatment group. In contrast, treatment with random DNA oligos resulted in only a 2–3-fold rRNA decrease, consistent with the normal rRNA half-life maintained by general ribonucleases. These findings reveal a fundamental new mechanism of rRNA regulation via complementary binding between exogenous unmodified antisense DNA and cellular rRNA. From a practical perspective, this minimalist approach, applying short antisense DNA dissolved in water, offers an effective, eco-friendly and innovative solution for managing sternorrhynchans and other insect pests. The results introduce a promising new concept in crop protection: DNA-programmable insect pest control. Full article

In plateau wetlands, the interactions of herbaceous roots with ectorhizosphere soil microorganisms represent an important way to realize their ecological functions. Global change-induced aridification of plateau wetlands has altered long-established functional synergistic relationships between plant roots and ectorhizosphere soil microbes, but we still know little about this phenomenon. In this context, nine typical wetlands with three different moisture statuses were selected from the eastern Tibetan Plateau in this study to analyze the relationships among herbaceous plant root traits and microbial communities and functions. The results revealed that drought significantly inhibited the accumulation of root biomass and surface area as well as the development of root volumes and diameters. Similarly, drought significantly reduced the diversity of ectorhizosphere soil microbial communities and the relative abundances of key phyla of archaea and bacteria. Redundancy analysis revealed that plant root traits and ectorhizosphere soil microbes were equally regulated by soil physicochemical properties. Functional genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were significantly associated with functional traits related to plant root elongation and nutrient uptake. Functional genes related to carbon and energy metabolism were significantly associated with traits related to plant root support and storage. Key genes such as CS,gltA, and G6PD,zwf help to improve the drought resistance and barrenness resistance of plant roots. This study helps to elucidate the synergistic mechanism of plant and soil microbial functions in plateau wetlands under drought stress, and provides a basis for evolutionary research and conservation of wetland ecosystems in the context of global change. Full article

The potent and selective ‘genetic zipper’ method for insect pest control consists of three essential components: an antisense DNA (the finder), its complementary mature rRNA or pre-rRNA of the pest (the target), and the host’s endogenous DNA-guided rRNase (the degrader). Although this approach has been validated, the spectrum of effective rRNA targets remains insufficiently explored. In this study, we report for the first time the insecticidal efficacy of a novel oligonucleotide insecticide, Eriola-11, which targets the mitochondrial 16S rRNA of the woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann. We hypothesized that the antisense-mediated silencing of mitochondrial rRNA would impair aphid viability and lead to physiological disruptions associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism. Eriola-11 was applied either once or twice (with a 24 h interval) to aphid-infested plants, and aphid mortality was recorded over 14 days. Mitochondrial 16S rRNA expression levels were quantified using molecular assays, and the degradation kinetics of Eriola-11 were assessed in aphid tissue homogenates. Results showed significant insecticidal activity, with 67.55% mortality after a single treatment and 83.35% after two treatments. Treated aphids exhibited the loss of their characteristic white woolly wax covering, and mitochondrial 16S rRNA expression was reduced 0.66-fold relative to the control. Additionally, Eriola-11 was fully degraded by aphid DNases from tissue homogenates within 3 h, highlighting its rapid biodegradability. These findings establish mitochondrial 16S rRNA as a viable target for antisense insecticides and expand the catalogue of potential rRNA-based targets, offering a promising avenue for environmentally sustainable pest control strategies. Full article

Plant-sourced Dietary Fibers (PDFs) have garnered significant attention due to their multifaceted health benefits, particularly in glycemic control, lipid metabolism regulation, and gut microbiota modulation. This review systematically investigates advanced modification strategies, including physical, chemical, bioengineering, and hybrid approaches, to improve the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of PDFs from legumes, cereals, and other sources. Key modifications such as steam explosion, enzymatic hydrolysis, and carboxymethylation significantly improve solubility, porosity, and functional group exposure, thereby optimizing the health-promoting effects of legume-sourced dietary fiber. The review further elucidates critical structure–function relationships, highlighting PDF’s prebiotic potential, synergistic interactions with polyphenols and proteins, and responsive designs for targeted nutrient delivery. In functional food applications, cereal-sourced dietary fibers serve as a versatile functional ingredient in engineered foods including 3D-printed gels and low-glycemic energy bars, addressing specific metabolic disorders and personalized dietary requirements. By integrating state-of-the-art modification techniques with innovative applications, this review provides comprehensive insights into PDF’s transformative role in advancing functional foods and personalized nutrition solutions. Full article

Plant mitochondrial genomes are characterized by their complex compositions and structures, large genomes, rapid recombination and evolution rates, and frequent intracellular gene transfer events. Centipedegrass, known as “Chinese turfgrass”, is a warm-season turfgrass that exhibits excellent tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. The chloroplast genome, with 139,107 bp, and the mitochondrial genome, with 564,432 bp, were both assembled into a single circular structure. We identified 44 gene transfer events between the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. The mitochondrial gene cox1 could serve as a marker for distinguishing accessions found at different altitudes. The unique features of the centipedegrass mitochondrial genome, coupled with the comparative genomic analysis of both chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes, have the potential to enrich the Poaceae database and provide crucial perspectives on plant evolution, energy metabolism, and responses to environmental conditions. The markers developed could facilitate the analysis of the genetic diversity of centipedegrass. Full article

Although Brassica rapa (B. rapa) is vital in agricultural production and vulnerable to the pathogen Plasmodiophora, the intracellular water–nutrient metabolism and immunoregulation of Plasmodiophora infection in B. rapa leaves remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze the responsive mechanisms of Plasmodiophora-infected B. rapa using rapid detection technology. Six soil groups planted with Yangtze No. 5 B. rapa were inoculated with varying Plasmodiophora concentrations (from 0 to 10 × 10⁹ spores/mL). The results showed that at the highest infection concentration (PWB5, 10 × 10⁹ spores/mL) of B. rapa leaves, the plant electrophysiological parameters showed the intracellular water-holding capacity (IWHC), the intracellular water use efficiency (IWUE), and the intracellular water translocation rate (IWTR) declined by 41.99–68.86%. The unit for translocation of nutrients (UNF) increased by 52.83%, whereas the nutrient translocation rate (NTR), the nutrient translocation capacity (NTC), the nutrient active translocation (NAT) value, and the nutrient active translocation capacity (NAC) decreased by 52.40–77.68%. The cellular energy metabolism decreased with worsening Plasmodiophora infection, in which the units for cellular energy metabolism (∆G_E) and cellular energy metabolism (∆G) of the leaves decreased by 44.21% and 78.14% in PWB5, respectively. Typically, based on distribution of B-type dielectric substance transfer percentage (BPn), we found PWB4 (8 × 10⁹ spores/mL) was the maximal immune response concentration, as evidenced by a maximal BPn_R (B-type dielectric substance transfer percentage based on resistance), with increasing lignin and cork deposition to enhance immunity, and a minimum BPn_Xc (B-type dielectric substance transfer percentage based on capacitive reactance), with a decreasing quantity of surface proteins in the B. rapa leaves. This study suggests plant electrophysiological parameters could characterize intracellular water–nutrient metabolism and immunoregulation of B. rapa leaves under various Plasmodiophora infection concentrations, offering a dynamic detection method for agricultural disease management. Full article

Objectives: Light intensity is a critical environmental factor regulating plant growth, development, and stress adaptation. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying light responses in Aconitum kusnezoffii, a valuable alpine medicinal plant, remain poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the adaptive strategies of A. kusnezoffii under different light intensities through integrated physiological and transcriptomic analyses. Methods: Two-year-old A. kusnezoffii plants were exposed to three controlled light regimes (790, 620, and 450 lx). Leaf anatomical traits were assessed via histological sectioning and microscopic imaging. Antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, and SOD), membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA content), osmoregulatory substances, and carbon metabolites were quantified using standard biochemical assays. Transcriptomic profiling was conducted using Illumina RNA-seq, with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified through DESeq2 and functionally annotated via GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Results: Moderate light (620 lx) promoted optimal leaf structure by enhancing palisade tissue development and epidermal thickening, while reducing membrane lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant defense capacity was elevated through higher CAT, POD, and SOD activities, alongside increased accumulation of soluble proteins, sugars, and starch. Transcriptomic analysis revealed DEGs enriched in photosynthesis, monoterpenoid biosynthesis, hormone signaling, and glutathione metabolism pathways. Key positive regulators (PHY and HY5) were upregulated, whereas negative regulators (COP1 and PIFs) were suppressed, collectively facilitating chloroplast development and photomorphogenesis. Trend analysis indicated a “down–up” gene expression pattern, with early suppression of stress-responsive genes followed by activation of photosynthetic and metabolic processes. Conclusions: A. kusnezoffii employs a coordinated, multi-level adaptation strategy under moderate light (620 lx), integrating leaf structural optimization, enhanced antioxidant defense, and dynamic transcriptomic reprogramming to maintain energy balance, redox homeostasis, and photomorphogenic flexibility. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing artificial cultivation and light management of alpine medicinal plants. Full article

Tetranychus urticae, commonly known as the two-spotted spider mite, is a highly adaptable and polyphagous arthropod in the family Tetranychidae, capable of feeding on over 1200 plant species, including strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). The fitness and microbiota of herbivorous arthropods can vary significantly across different plant species and cultivars. In this study, we investigated the fecundity, longevity, growth rate, and microbiota composition of T. urticae reared on seven Chinese strawberry cultivars: Hongyan (HY), Yuexiu (YX), Tianshi (TS), Ningyu (NY), Xuetu (XT), Zhangjj (ZJ), and Xuelixiang (XLX). Our findings revealed significant differences among cultivars: mites reared on the XT cultivar exhibited the highest fecundity (166.56 ± 7.82 eggs), while those on XLX had the shortest pre-adult period (7.71 ± 0.13 days). Longevity was significantly extended in mites reared on XLX, XT, and NY cultivars (25.95–26.83 days). Microbiota analysis via 16S rRNA sequencing showed that Proteobacteria dominated (>89.96% abundance) across all mite groups, with Wolbachia as the predominant symbiont (89.58–99.19%). Male mites exhibited higher bacterial diversity (Shannon and Chao1 indices) than females, though Wolbachia abundance did not differ significantly between sexes or cultivars. Functional predictions highlighted roles of microbiota in biosynthesis, detoxification, and energy metabolism. These findings underscore the influence of host plant variety on T. urticae fitness and microbiota composition, suggesting potential strategies for breeding resistant strawberry cultivars and leveraging microbial interactions for pest management. Full article

Reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and remediating heavy metal pollution in soil are important directions in current agricultural research. Utilizing the plant-growth-promoting and remediation capabilities of bacteria can provide more environmentally friendly assistance to agricultural production. In this study, the Burkholderia alba YIM B08401 strain was isolated and identified from rhizospheric soil, subjected to whole-genome sequencing and analysis, and its Cd²⁺ adsorption efficiency and characteristics were confirmed using multiple experimental methods, including atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results showed that the genome of strain YIM B08401 has a total length of 7,322,157 bp, a GC content of 66.39%, and predicts 6504 protein-coding sequences. It contains abundant functional genes related to nutrient conversion (phosphate solubilization, sulfur metabolism, zinc solubilization, siderophore production), plant hormone regulation (indole-3-acetic acid secretion, ACC deaminase production), phenolic acid degradation, root colonization, heavy metal tolerance, pathogen antagonism, and the production of antagonistic secondary metabolites. Additionally, strain YIM B08401 can specifically bind to Cd²⁺ through various functional groups on the cell surface, such as C-O-C, P=O, and O-H, enabling biosorption. In conclusion, strain YIM B08401 is an excellent strain with plant-growth-promoting, disease-resistant, and bioremediation capabilities, warranting further development as a biofertilizer for agricultural applications to promote green and sustainable agricultural development. Full article

Melatonin (MT) can enhance plant stress tolerance by activating the internal defense system, but its application in rubber trees has been barely reported up to now. In this study, we found that the relative electrical conductivity (REC), H₂O₂, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly higher in the leaves of rubber tree seedlings under drought stress compared to the control (water treatment), whereas chlorophyll contents were obviously lower in the leaves under drought stress compared to the control. MT partly relieves the aforementioned drought-induced adverse effects by dramatically reducing chlorophyll degradation, H₂O₂ accumulation, MDA content, and REC. Comparative transcriptomes among the PEG (P), MT (M), and PEG + MT (PM) treatments against the control showed that 213, 896, and 944 genes were differently expressed in rubber tree seedlings treated with M, P, and PM in contrast to the control. Among the 64 differently expressed genes (DEGs) being common among the three comparisons, the expression profiles of 25 were opposite in MH compared with PH. Intriguingly, all the KEGG pathways of the DEGs mentioned above belonged to metabolism including energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. Exogenous application of MT mainly regulated the genes associated with photosynthesis and the anti-oxidative defense system, thereby enhancing the antioxidant protection of rubber tree seedlings under drought stress. These results suggest that exogenous melatonin application can effectively enhance drought tolerance by heightening ROS scavenging to decrease H₂O₂ accumulation in rubber tree seedlings. Our results elucidate the molecular mechanisms of MT’s roles in drought stress, which help to employ exogenous MT to boost drought tolerance in the rubber tree. Full article