Search Results (364)

Research on social media-based health communication has largely focused on non-credentialed influencers or single platforms, leaving limited empirical insight into how credentialed health professionals negotiate professional and personal identity across platform environments. Addressing this research gap, the present exploratory pilot study examines how health opinion leaders (HOLs)—credentialed health professionals active on social media—express professional and personal identities across Instagram and TikTok, and how these expressions vary by gender. Using a quantitative, multiple-case design, the study analyzes 1237 posts and Stories from four Instagram accounts and two TikTok accounts belonging to Norwegian HOLs. Drawing on theories of platform affordances and identity performativity, the analysis traces content-level patterns in how expertise, authenticity, and engagement are staged within specific platform environments. Rather than offering generalizable platform effects, this study identifies contrasting tendencies within a small set of cases: Instagram content more frequently blends professional and personal narratives—especially among female HOLs—while TikTok content is oriented toward more streamlined, expert-focused presentation. Engagement dynamics further differ across platforms, suggesting that visibility and interaction are shaped by distinct platform logics. This study contributes theoretically by demonstrating that professional identity expression in health communication is platform-conditioned and gendered, extending dramaturgical perspectives to contemporary platform infrastructures. More broadly, this study demonstrates how data-based analysis of digital trace content can illuminate shifting boundaries of expertise and identity within digital societies. Finally, given the emergence of HOLs as a socio-professional phenomenon, these findings serve as a stepping stone for larger-scale research and raise practical concerns about trust, professional boundaries, and the adequacy of existing guidelines in increasingly hybrid professional–personal online practices. Full article

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries such as Sudan. Conflict-related health system disruption has further intensified inappropriate antibiotic use and weakened stewardship capacity. Objective: This narrative review synthesizes contemporary evidence on antibiotic prescribing practices in Sudan, with emphasis on ambulatory care, and examines their implications for AMR control in the context of ongoing conflict. Methods: A non-systematic, structured narrative review was conducted successfully. PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO/EMRO databases, and Sudan’s National Action Plan (NAP) materials were examined for literature published between January 2010 and December 2025. Peer-reviewed research, government guidelines, surveillance reports, and gray literature were among the eligible sources. A total of 78 studies were included after titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened. Two reviewers independently confirmed the data extraction, and the synthesis aligned with SANRA guidelines. Results: Antibiotic prescribing in Sudan is frequently inappropriate, particularly in ambulatory and community settings, where empirical treatment, polypharmacy, and extensive use of Watch antibiotics are common. Alignment with WHO AWaRe recommendations remains suboptimal. Recent clinical and molecular evidence demonstrates increasing multidrug resistance among Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, including ESBL production and emerging carbapenemase genes (e.g., NDM 1, IMP 1). Conflict-related disruptions—such as reduced laboratory capacity, supply chain breakdown, and unregulated community dispensing—have further accelerated AMR. Pilot stewardship interventions show promise but remain limited in scale. Conclusions: Inappropriate antibiotic use in Sudan is driven largely by ambulatory and community practices and has been exacerbated by conflict. Strengthening stewardship beyond hospitals, enforcing prescription-only regulations, operationalizing the AWaRe framework, and aligning empirical therapy with local resistance patterns are critical for mitigating AMR in Sudan and similar conflict-affected settings. Full article

Component obsolescence and supply-chain disruptions increasingly force engineers to spend significant time manually searching and comparing PDF datasheets to identify compatible replacement parts. We propose an AI-powered datasheet assistant based on a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipeline that automatically processes datasheets to accelerate component identification and matching. The core contribution is a summary-driven retrieval mechanism: a Large Language Model (LLM) generates a structured semantic summary of an input datasheet, and the vector embedding of this summary is used to retrieve semantically similar components from a reference database. The system also supports natural language question answering and structured component comparison. Its architecture separates scalable text-only reference indexing from more expensive query-time summarization and reranking. Validation includes a controlled synthetic benchmark and a pilot-scale real-world evaluation on 18 publicly listed microcontroller datasheets grouped into six engineering families. The synthetic benchmark is used to assess pipeline behavior under controlled conditions, while the real-world evaluation measures performance on heterogeneous manufacturer datasheets. In the real-world evaluation, structured summaries generated with Claude Sonnet 4.5 combined with cross-encoder reranking achieved a 72.2% Family Retrieval Rate at $k=1$ (13/18; Wilson 95% CI: 49.1–87.5%). Additional experiments with local LLM summaries indicate that retrieval performance depends strongly on summary quality and model capability, with lightweight local summarizers producing lower first-candidate retrieval performance in this setup. The analysis further reports confidence intervals, no-summary baselines, chunking sensitivity, and an Image Reference Rate metric used as a lexical reference proxy rather than a direct measure of visual grounding. Full article

Background/Objectives: Psychotic relapse affects over 80% of individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, driving long-term disability and hospitalization. Clinical relapse management relies on symptomatic monitoring without objective neurobiological tools to guide individualized antipsychotic decisions. Methods: This systematic review synthesizes evidence on neurophysiological, blood-based, molecular, neuroimaging, and digital biomarkers for relapse prediction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Results: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, five databases were searched through March 2026 for longitudinal biomarker studies. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and PROBAST; findings were synthesized narratively due to substantial heterogeneity. From the 6812 citations screened, 21 studies were included across clinical high-risk, first-episode, and established illness populations. Conclusions: Mismatch negativity and P300 event-related potential (P300) showed the most consistent associations with relapse vulnerability, with mismatch negativity demonstrating relative independence from antipsychotic effects. Inflammatory and neuroendocrine markers—interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and cortisol awakening response—predicted poor treatment response in multiple longitudinal investigations. Peripheral blood gene expression profiling identified TCF4 network dysregulation as a candidate molecular marker of impending relapse. Neuroimaging models did not outperform standard clinical variables. Digital phenotyping showed ecological promise but remains methodologically nascent. No single biomarker achieves sufficient accuracy for clinical implementation. Neurophysiological and inflammatory markers are the most tractable candidates for monitoring protocols. Future research should prioritize multimodal longitudinal designs, external validation, and systematic antipsychotic confounding control. Among the biomarkers reviewed, mismatch negativity and the interleukin-6/cortisol awakening response combination represent the most tractable candidates for pilot clinical implementation, particularly in specialized early psychosis services and antipsychotic dose-reduction research contexts; no biomarker currently achieves sufficient accuracy for routine use in maintenance treatment decisions. Full article

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer opportunities for processing heterogeneous information streams relevant to energy-market decision-making, but their practical role in forecasting-oriented analytical workflows remains uncertain. This paper presents an exploratory feasibility study of LLM use across four energy-market tasks: geopolitical event monitoring for Dutch Title Transfer Facility (TTF) market context using Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone (GDELT)-based data, structured summarisation of commodity-intelligence articles, prompt-engineered solar-power and grid-load forecasting for Austria, and a short-horizon exploratory TTF price-estimation case. The study is positioned as a pilot investigation and hybrid workflow blueprint rather than as a statistically conclusive forecasting benchmark. A four-layer reference architecture was devised, including structured market data, semi-structured news intelligence, web-scraping concepts, and implemented Twitter/X and GDELT monitoring layers. The empirical cases indicate that LLMs are most useful for text-heavy reasoning, event-context integration, source triage, and structured interpretation. In the 20-article summarisation corpus, Gemini 1.5 Pro achieved higher commodity-direction accuracy than GPT-4, while GPT-4 showed stronger output-format stability. In selected solar case checks, OpenAI models produced plausible generation curves close to the Fraunhofer ISE Energy Charts reference, while Energy Charts remained more accurate for aggregate load estimation in the available benchmark comparison. The two-day TTF experiment illustrated that LLMs can incorporate qualitative geopolitical context into short-horizon reasoning, but it did not establish reliable price-forecasting capability. The Twitter/X monitoring layer is retained as a documented negative pathway, showing the limitations of informal social-media scraping for reproducible market intelligence. Full article

Background: Rural and remote health systems are diverse; while many of these settings face persistent workforce shortages and access gaps, not all are underserved. Nurses play a critical role in improving access, continuity, and quality of care in these contexts. However, evidence on their roles, the challenges they face, and the outcomes associated with their contributions remains fragmented. Objective: To map the roles, challenges, and reported outcomes of nurses working in rural and remote healthcare settings, and to examine the quality and scope of the available evidence. Design: This study employed JBI scoping review methodology and is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Methods: Eligible studies involved registered nurses (RNs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) providing care in rural or remote settings and reporting at least one outcome related to patients, services, or health systems. Six bibliographic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) plus Google Scholar for supplementary grey literature retrieval and targeted grey literature were searched (from 1 January 2000 to 30 September 2025). The lead author conducted screening and data extraction, supported by a 10% calibration pilot and structured peer debriefing. Design-specific critical appraisal was undertaken descriptively to inform interpretation but did not determine inclusion. Results: From 22 primary empirical studies (plus 2 contextual-only entries; 24 total, nurses’ roles clustered into direct clinical care, care coordination/navigation, telehealth facilitation, and health promotion. Reported outcomes were predominantly in access/utilization (e.g., time-to-care), quality and safety indicators, and patient-reported outcomes/experiences; clinical endpoints were less common. Conclusions: Nurses in rural and remote settings enact broad, adaptive roles that appear to support healthcare access and service continuity. The evidence base is predominantly descriptive, and causal claims about effectiveness cannot be drawn from the available studies. Standardized outcome frameworks, multi-reviewer methodologies, and effectiveness-focused primary research are needed to advance this field. Full article

Background/Objectives: BPC-157 (body protection compound 157) is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a gastric protein fragment with reported cytoprotective and regenerative properties across multiple organ systems. Despite over three decades of preclinical research demonstrating consistent biological activity, its pharmaceutical development remains rudimentary, with no approved formulation, no validated dosing regimen, and no completed Phase II clinical trial. This review critically evaluates BPC-157 from a biopharmaceutical and drug development perspective, examining its physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, formulation challenges across routes of administration, the pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic disconnect that characterizes its preclinical profile, and the regulatory and translational barriers that currently preclude clinical advancement. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library from database inception to April 2026. Search terms included “BPC-157”, “BPC157”, “body protection compound 157”, “pentadecapeptide”, and “GEPPPGKPADDAGLV”, each combined with “pharmacokinetics”, “formulation”, “biopharmaceutics”, “drug delivery”, “clinical trial”, “toxicology”, and “regulatory”. Patent databases (Espacenet, Google Patents) and regulatory agency websites (FDA, EMA, WADA) were searched independently. Searches were supplemented by forward and backward citation tracking of key references. Articles were selected based on relevance to biopharmaceutical characterization, pharmacokinetics, formulation science, clinical evidence, and regulatory status; pharmacodynamic studies were included insofar as they inform translational development. Evidence was synthesized with emphasis on pharmaceutical characterization, formulation science, and translational feasibility; no formal quality assessment instrument was applied, consistent with the narrative review design. Results: BPC-157 exhibits unusual stability in gastric juice and demonstrates activity via oral, parenteral, and topical routes, yet its human pharmacokinetic profile remains critically undercharacterized despite a recently published formal preclinical ADME study in two species confirming a sub-30-min plasma half-life, linear dose-proportional kinetics, and intramuscular bioavailability of 14–51% depending on species. A plasma half-life of under 30 min—confirmed preclinically and in a preliminary two-subject human pilot—contrasts with prolonged biological effects lasting hours to days—a disconnect with significant implications for dosing strategy and formulation design. No pharmaceutical-grade formulation has been developed or validated. The peptide lacks bcs classification data, permeability characterization, and formal excipient compatibility studies. Available clinical data derive from fewer than 30 subjects across three uncontrolled pilot studies, none of which employed standardized pharmaceutical preparations. Conclusions: BPC-157 presents a compelling but pharmaceutically underdeveloped profile. The primary barrier to clinical translation is not the absence of biological activity, but the absence of fundamental pharmaceutical science: characterized formulations, validated pharmacokinetics, and a coherent drug development strategy. Addressing these biopharmaceutical gaps is a prerequisite for any meaningful clinical program. Full article

Adolescents and young people (AYP) experience a disproportionate burden of both mental health conditions and HIV, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)-nations classified by the World Bank as having lower or middle economies. Mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and substance use increase HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus that attacks the human immune system and leads to various illnesses when untreated) risk, and negatively affect treatment adherence and outcomes. However, mental health remains insufficiently integrated into HIV research and programming. Evidence on how mental health services are operationally integrated into HIV prevention and treatment for this population is limited and fragmented. This scoping review mapped existing evidence on the integration of mental health services into HIV treatment programs for AYP in LMICs, guided by PRISMA-ScR (a guideline used for reporting scoping reviews in research) and the Person–Concept–Context framework, a framework used to define specific research question in research. In this case, the population was adolescents and young people (10–24 years) receiving HIV prevention or treatment services, the concept referring to the integration of mental health interventions such as screening, assessment and counseling within HIV services, and the context focused on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus and PsycINFO databases were searched for studies published between 2014 and 2024. Eligible studies reported mental health screening, assessment, treatment, or referral within HIV services for AYP in LMICs. Two reviewers independently screened studies, assessed full texts, and extracted data. Of 634 records identified, ten (10) studies met the inclusion criteria. All were conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa and primarily used qualitative or pilot designs. Four integration approaches were identified: routine mental health screening within HIV services, task-shifting to trained lay providers, peer-led and community-based psychosocial support, and culturally adapted, youth-centered psychological interventions. Common barriers included stigma, low mental health literacy, limited training and supervision, staffing constraints, and weak referral systems. Existing evidence is limited, remains exploratory, preliminary, and largely focused on feasibility and implementation experiences, suggesting that integrating mental health services within adolescent HIV care in LMICs may be feasible and acceptable when approaches are contextually adapted and participatory. Full article

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) poses a substantial public health challenge in China owing to its increasing prevalence and substantial economic burden. In response, the diagnosis–intervention packet (DIP) payment reform was implemented to control healthcare costs and enhance service efficiency. Methods: To evaluate the effect of the DIP reform on medical costs, hospitalization days, and individual out-of-pocket payments for COPD inpatients in M City, a pilot city in central China, we conducted an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis using monthly reimbursement records from January 2020 to December 2023. The study included 84,410 hospitalized patients from a city-wide database of 3,241,233 inpatient records with COPD who met the inclusion criteria. The analysis focused on the total healthcare costs, length of stay, and individual out-of-pocket costs. Results: The DIP reform resulted in a 3.7% reduction (95% CI: 0.9% to 6.5%) in the total hospitalization costs in the first month post-reform, with a sustained monthly decline of 0.8% (95% CI: 0.5% to 1.1%). The length of stay decreased from 9.53 (95% CI: 9.31 to 9.75) to 8.74 days (95% CI: 8.62 to 8.86). Conversely, the proportion of out-of-pocket payments relative to total costs increased. Conclusions: While the DIP reform effectively reduced hospitalization costs and days, it led to an increase in individual out-of-pocket payments. Future research should focus on optimizing payment rules, enhancing the supervision of medical services, and refining health insurance policies to achieve the reform’s objectives better and alleviate the financial burden on patients. Full article

Introduction: Work engagement among nurse case managers is central to safe, efficient, person-centred care, yet organisational and team-level factors that support engagement or mitigate burnout remain poorly synthesised. Aim: To map organisational and team-level strategies that enhance work engagement or reduce burnout among nurse case managers and aligned roles, as well as to consider their applicability to Gulf health systems. Method: We conducted a scoping review in accordance with the Arksey and O’Malley framework as refined by Levac et al. and reported it in line with PRISMA-ScR and PRISMA-S guidance. Six databases and targeted sources were searched for English-language records published between 2015 and 2025. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts against predefined eligibility criteria, charted data using a piloted form, and synthesised findings thematically against Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) domains. Results: Of 303 records identified, 248 were screened after deduplication, and 11 studies were included. Across nine health systems, findings were mapped to three JD-R domains: job resources, job demands, and personal resources. The most recurrent resource-related strategies involved structural supports, staffing stability, coordination infrastructure, and supportive leadership or team practices. Key demands included role complexity, high caseloads, coordination workload, discharge pressures, and staffing instability. Personal-resource approaches were fewer and mainly involved stress management, communication, and reflective practice interventions. Engagement was infrequently measured directly, and only one empirical intervention study originated from a Gulf health system. Conclusions: This JD-R-informed scoping review suggests that strengthening structural, staffing, and coordination resources, alongside supportive leadership and team climates, may be important for sustaining engagement and limiting burnout among nurse case managers. However, these findings should be interpreted as exploratory signals that map the current evidence landscape rather than definitive evidence of effectiveness. Multi-component JD-R-informed bundles in Gulf region health systems should therefore be prioritised for context-sensitive co-design, piloting, and evaluation. Full article

Interest in classical psychedelics as potential treatments for ADHD has grown alongside broader psychiatric psychedelic research, but ADHD-specific evidence remains limited. This systematic review examined prospective and experimental studies on whether classical psychedelics, including microdosing-like use and retreat-based exposure, are associated with changes in adult ADHD symptoms and related functioning. A PRISMA-guided systematic review was conducted using a PECO/PICO framework focused on adults (≥18 years) with diagnosed ADHD and/or elevated ADHD symptomatology who were exposed to a classical psychedelic and assessed prospectively with quantitative ADHD outcomes. Major databases were searched, with reference screening and targeted checks for recent or registered trials. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 for the RCT and ROBINS-I for non-randomized studies. Because of heterogeneity and the small number of studies, findings were synthesized narratively. Five studies met the inclusion criteria. Five prospective/experimental studies were included: three naturalistic online microdosing cohorts, one randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2A trial of low-dose LSD, and one pre-post ayahuasca retreat pilot. In uncontrolled naturalistic microdosing studies, participants reported short-term reductions in ADHD symptom ratings together with improvements in well-being and affect-related functioning; however, these studies were highly vulnerable to self-selection, expectancy, attrition, and non-standardized exposure. In contrast, the only randomized placebo-controlled ADHD trial found improvement in both LSD and placebo groups, with no statistically significant advantage for LSD on clinician-rated or self-reported ADHD outcomes. Objective cognitive findings were limited and inconsistent, and safety data outside the supervised trial context were sparse. Naturalistic studies provide, at most, low-certainty signals of perceived short-term improvement, but the strongest controlled evidence does not demonstrate drug-specific efficacy of repeated low-dose LSD for core ADHD symptoms. Current evidence therefore does not allow separation of pharmacological effects from expectancy, setting, self-monitoring, and broader experiential/contextual influences, and is insufficient to support psychedelics as an evidence-based treatment for ADHD. Full article

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a widely available alternative fuel, easily stored in liquid form, capable of displacing diesel fuel in compression-ignition engines. Bio-LPG extends this pathway because it is a renewable drop-in form of LPG; its distinguishing advantage is not a different in-cylinder combustion chemistry, but a lower life-cycle greenhouse-gas intensity that depends on feedstock and production route. This review, therefore, combines a systematic synthesis of CI-engine LPG combustion evidence with a Bio-LPG transition perspective. A PRISMA-guided search of major databases (2000–2025) yielded 47 studies with matched diesel baseline. Evidence was categorized by LPG utilization pathway, distinguishing between fumigation, gaseous port injection, and in-cylinder LPG direct injection (gaseous or liquid), alongside engine class, pilot fuel fraction, and key operating parameters (injection timing/quantity, intake conditioning, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and boost). Data were normalized as percentage deviations relative to diesel and synthesized across standardized load bins (25/50/75/100%). Among studies reporting nitrogen oxides (NO_x), 20 of 37 showed net reductions, while results in 12 studies were load-dependent; particulate matter (PM), smoke, and soot indicators decreased in 17 of 27 cases. While intake-path strategies generally reduced NO_x and smoke, they often increased CO and HC emissions at low loads. The limited emerging liquid-phase direct-injection evidence shows the closest diesel-like efficiency response, although the evidence base remains limited. Overall, the engine-level findings identify the most promising LPG/Bio-LPG deployment pathways, while the specific additional climate benefit of Bio-LPG lies in its lower well-to-wheel greenhouse-gas intensity. Full article

Against the backdrop of the global pursuit of carbon neutrality, research on coal pore structure has shifted from a single focus on coal mine safety to a dual orientation of hazard prevention and carbon sequestration, forming two distinct research directions worldwide. To clarify the evolutionary trajectory, research heterogeneity and integration paths of this field, this study systematically analyzes 722 core publications on coal pore structure from the CNKI and Web of Science core databases during 2015–2025, combining knowledge visualization analysis and systematic literature sorting (using CiteSpace as an auxiliary analysis tool). The results show that global research on coal pore structure has experienced three developmental stages (embryonic, developmental, and explosive growth) and entered an exponential growth phase after 2020, driven by the dual carbon goals. A clear research divergence has formed between regional engineering practices and international theoretical models: Chinese research is highly oriented to on-site coal mine engineering needs, focusing on the characterization of coal pore structure and its engineering application in gas extraction and outburst prevention of structural coal; international research prioritizes the theoretical exploration of carbon sequestration and CO₂-ECBM, with core research on gas adsorption kinetics, multiphysics coupling mechanisms of coal pore structure, and numerical simulation of reservoir modification. This research disconnect between engineering practice and theoretical modeling has become a key bottleneck restricting the safe application of coal pore structure theory in carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects. To address this issue, a Safety–Sustainability Nexus framework is proposed, which integrates field-based mine safety protocols with theoretical carbon storage models, and realizes cross-scale validation from micro-scale pore characterization to field-scale engineering application. Further, this study points out that the cross-scale data fusion of artificial intelligence and machine learning is the core direction to bridge the gap between engineering practice and theoretical models. In future CO₂-ECBM pilot projects, traditional gas outburst prevention indicators must be taken as mandatory safety thresholds to realize the dynamic matching of carbon injection parameters and coal reservoir stress sensitivity. This study sorts out the global research context and hotspots of coal pore structure, and provides a theoretical and practical reference for the synergy and integration of coal mine gas control engineering and carbon sequestration theoretical research under the dual carbon goals. CBM, coalbed methane; CNKI, China National Knowledge Infrastructure; WOS, Web of Science; CCUS, carbon capture, utilization, and storage; ECBM, Enhanced Coalbed Methane; CO₂-ECBM, CO₂-Enhanced Coalbed Methane. Full article

The increasing frequency of disasters caused by landslides, mainly due to climate change leading to more intense extreme events, requires reliable predictive models for risk mitigation. Italy, in particular, is a country at high risk of landslides, but the lack of an updated catalogue of landslide activation dates poses a significant challenge for defining reliable activation thresholds. This study develops a methodology for mapping landslide susceptibility based on events in a pilot area of central Italy, integrating a database of landslides with known activation dates with predisposing and triggering parameters. Two statistical techniques were compared to assess their predictive performance in discriminating landslide from non-landslide conditions during extreme precipitation events. A comparison between binary logistic regression (BLR) and decision trees (QUEST) revealed the clear superiority of the BLR model, which achieved excellent predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.913). The model identified clay-rich lithology, gentle slopes (0–16°) and maximum daily precipitation as the most significant controlling factors. This result led to the generation of three derivative products: a susceptibility map, a hazard map for an extreme precipitation scenario with a 100-year return period, and a spatially distributed map of activation thresholds. This threshold map quantifies the intensity of precipitation required to exceed a critical probability of landslide initiation (p > 0.7) at any point in the territory. The susceptibility map highlights critical areas within the study area, while the hazard map also includes the return period of the event. The threshold map is a direct and operational tool for early warning systems, transforming a statistical model into a guide for real-time risk management. The study area serves as a pilot area that could allow this methodology to be replicated. With the integration of real-time meteorological data, it could function as a real-time warning system. The proposed framework therefore provides a directly actionable tool for civil protection agencies, land-use planning authorities, and emergency managers, enabling location-specific rainfall alert thresholds to be issued rather than a single regional value, with the potential to reduce both false alarms and missed warnings. Full article

Industrial-scale Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is a key technology for the energy recovery of agro-industrial and municipal waste and for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions; however, the actual operational performance of industrial biodigesters continues to show significant discrepancies with respect to the theoretical values reported in the scientific literature. In this context, there is still a lack of systematic analysis to identify which operating parameters are consistently monitored in industrial settings and which remain insufficiently explored, particularly those that describe the overall state of the digestion environment. To address this gap, a systematic literature review was conducted in the Scopus database for the period 2000–2026, complemented by a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software v1.6.18. 3. After applying inclusion criteria focused exclusively on industrial-scale and pilot systems, 1327 documents corresponding to the category of operating parameters were selected and analyzed using keyword co-occurrence networks and evaluation of occurrence frequencies and total link intensities. The analysis shows a marked concentration of the literature on a small set of classic parameters, highlighting pH (154 occurrences, 3667 link intensities), temperature (147 occurrences, 3255 link intensities), and ammonia (131 occurrences, 2824 link intensities) as the most recurrent variables in the industrial operation of anaerobic digesters. Complementarily, parameters such as chemical oxygen demand, total and volatile solids, and hydrogen sulfide have progressively increased their presence since 2015, mainly associated with effluent quality assessment, nutrient recovery, and overall process sustainability. In contrast, variables that integrate the state of the environment, such as electrical conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, and the rheological properties of digestate, appear in less than $5\%$ of the studies analyzed, despite their ability to integrate information on stability, buffer capacity, and overall operating conditions. Taken together, these findings highlight an imbalance between the intensive use of traditional parameters and the limited incorporation of integrative indicators in industrial monitoring, suggesting that their systematic inclusion, together with the development of soft sensors and predictive models, could contribute to improving operational control and reducing the gap between the theoretical performance and actual behavior of industrial biodigesters. Full article