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2,012 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,440 Views
12 Pages

8 June 2020

Unsuccessfully treated by the existing wastewater-treatment processes, caffeine concentrations in wastewater effluents and natural reservoirs are constantly rising. Photodegradation treatment processes are drawing much attention due to their potentia...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
14,800 Views
11 Pages

Photodegradation of Acidolysis Lignin from BCMP

  • Mohammad Azadfallah,
  • Seyed Ahmad Mirshokraei and
  • Ahmad Jahan Latibari

15 December 2008

A mild acidic dioxane extraction method was employed to isolate lignin from hardwood bleached chemimechanical pulp (BCMP). The isolated lignin was then purified and undergone elemental analysis. To study the photodegradation behavior, the lignin samp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
4,053 Views
23 Pages

Retinal lipofuscin accumulates with age in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), where its fluorescence properties are used to assess retinal health. It was observed that there is a decrease in lipofuscin fluorescence above the age of 75 years and in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,865 Views
18 Pages

Photodegradation of Azathioprine in the Presence of Sodium Thiosulfate

  • N’ghaya Toulbe,
  • Ion Smaranda,
  • Catalin Negrila,
  • Cristina Bartha,
  • Corina M. Manta and
  • Mihaela Baibarac

The effect of sodium thiosulfate (ST) on the photodegradation of azathioprine (AZA) was analyzed by UV-VIS spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), FTIR spectroscopy, Raman scattering, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG) and ma...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,431 Views
21 Pages

Complex Spectroscopy Studies of Nifedipine Photodegradation

  • Mirela Paraschiv,
  • Monica Daescu,
  • Cristina Bartha,
  • Bogdan Chiricuta and
  • Mihaela Baibarac

The aim of this work is to highlight the influence of UV light on the hydrolysis reaction of nifedipine (NIF) in the presence of alkaline solutions. In this context, the photodegradation of NIF in the absence of alkaline solutions caused (a) a change...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,408 Views
14 Pages

Myricetin Inhibits Photodegradation of Profenofos in Water: Pathways and Mechanisms

  • Nan Zhang,
  • Yawei Yang,
  • Xin Wang,
  • Taozhong Shi,
  • Pei Lv,
  • Qing X. Li and
  • Rimao Hua

19 February 2024

Profenofos is a detectable insecticide in the environment with strong toxicity to non-targeted organisms. Photodegradation is a main transformation of profenofos in the environment. Myricetin is a flavonoid that strongly scavenges free radicals. The...

  • Article
  • Open Access
52 Citations
5,368 Views
14 Pages

Polyphosphates as Inhibitors for Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photodegradation

  • Dina S. Ahmed,
  • Gamal A. El-Hiti,
  • Emad Yousif and
  • Ayad S. Hameed

28 October 2017

Three polyphosphates were used as inhibitors for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegradation. The polyphosphates were added to PVC at a concentration of 0.5% by weight. The PVC films (40 µm thickness) were irradiated at room temperature with ultravio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
4,918 Views
12 Pages

Photodegradation of Sulfamethoxazole and Enrofloxacin under UV and Simulated Solar Light Irradiation

  • Xiaohu Lin,
  • Wenming Zhou,
  • Shiyi Li,
  • Haifeng Fang,
  • Shengjie Fu,
  • Jingcheng Xu and
  • Juwen Huang

28 January 2023

Antibiotics, as typical emerging contaminants, are frequently detected in the aquatic environment due to their widespread and massive use, posing potential risks to aquatic ecology and human health. To characterize the photodegradation behavior of ty...

  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,197 Views
24 Pages

Photodegradation of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Systems: A Review

  • Mohammad Ashraf Ali and
  • Ibrahim M. Maafa

4 September 2024

Amoxicillin (AMX) is utilized in the treatment of several infectious diseases, and its concentration in wastewater has increased quite significantly over the years, posing high health hazards for humans and other living organisms. Investigations are...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
1,345 Citations
165,741 Views
30 Pages

Review on Methylene Blue: Its Properties, Uses, Toxicity and Photodegradation

  • Idrees Khan,
  • Khalid Saeed,
  • Ivar Zekker,
  • Baoliang Zhang,
  • Abdulmajeed H. Hendi,
  • Ashfaq Ahmad,
  • Shujaat Ahmad,
  • Noor Zada,
  • Hanif Ahmad and
  • Ibrahim Khan
  • + 2 authors

14 January 2022

The unavailability of clean drinking water is one of the significant health issues in modern times. Industrial dyes are one of the dominant chemicals that make water unfit for drinking. Among these dyes, methylene blue (MB) is toxic, carcinogenic, an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,361 Views
15 Pages

Citalopram (CIT) is a commonly prescribed medication for depression. However, the photodegradation mechanism of CIT has not yet been fully analyzed. Therefore, the photodegradation process of CIT in water is studied by density functional theory and t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,496 Views
11 Pages

Protective Effect of Selected Antioxidants on Naproxen Photodegradation in Aqueous Media

  • Kohei Kawabata,
  • Ayaka Takato,
  • Sayaka Oshima,
  • Shiori Akimoto,
  • Masanori Inagaki and
  • Hiroyuki Nishi

23 September 2019

A photostabilization strategy is an important aspect of quality assurance for photosensitive compounds. This study focused on the photoprotective effects of selected antioxidants including the effect of L-ascorbic acid (AA) on naproxen (NX) photodegr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
11,143 Views
13 Pages

8 April 2022

Pollution by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is a major concern due to their bioaccumulation, persistence, and carcinogenicity. This study aimed to investigate the decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) photodegradation in soil suspensions. T...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,865 Views
12 Pages

Photodegradation of Unmodified and Thermally Modified Wood Due to Indoor Lighting

  • Dace Cirule,
  • Edgars Kuka,
  • Matiss Kevers,
  • Ingeborga Andersone and
  • Bruno Andersons

9 August 2021

Considering interior applications, sunlight, both direct through open window and through window glass, and artificial lighting are the main sources of radiation possessing sufficient energy to trigger photodegradation processes in wood. LED lamps, wh...

  • Article
  • Open Access
70 Citations
4,891 Views
15 Pages

Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) by Organotin(IV) Compounds against Photodegradation

  • Angham G. Hadi,
  • Khudheyer Jawad,
  • Gamal A. El-Hiti,
  • Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi,
  • Ahmed A. Ahmed,
  • Dina S. Ahmed and
  • Emad Yousif

1 October 2019

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a polymer widely used in common household and industrial materials, undergoes photodegradation upon ultraviolet irradiation, leading to undesirable physicochemical properties and a reduced lifetime. In this study, four tel...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,527 Views
16 Pages

Photodegradation of Amoxicillin Under UV Irradiation Using Hydrogen Peroxide

  • Isam Y. Qudsieh,
  • Mohammad Ashraf Ali and
  • Ibrahim M. Maafa

9 February 2025

This experiment investigated the degradation of amoxicillin in water using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and UV Irradiation. The parameters analyzed included the initial concentration of amoxicillin, the pH of the solution, and the quantity of H2O2 used....

  • Communication
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,651 Views
9 Pages

Photoprotective Effects of Selected Amino Acids on Naproxen Photodegradation in Aqueous Media

  • Kohei Kawabata,
  • Momoka Kanoh,
  • Mayu Okazaki,
  • Rina Maeda,
  • Satomi Mori,
  • Shiori Akimoto,
  • Masanori Inagaki and
  • Hiroyuki Nishi

It is important to develop a photostabilization strategy to ensure the quality of photosensitive compounds, including pharmaceuticals. This study focused on the protective effects of 20 amino acids on the photodegradation of naproxen (NX), a photosen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
4,557 Views
13 Pages

Photodegradation of Flucetosulfuron, a Sulfonylurea-Based Herbicide in the Aqueous Media Is Influenced by Ultraviolet Irradiation

  • Arnab Goon,
  • Arijita Bhattacharyya,
  • Bappa Ghosh,
  • Rajiv Rakshit,
  • Anupam Das,
  • Suborna Roy Choudury,
  • Chiranjit Kundu,
  • Pritam Ganguly and
  • Akbar Hossain

6 November 2021

Photodegradation (photolysis) causes the breakdown of organic pesticides molecules by direct or indirect solar radiation energy. Flucetosulfuron herbicide often encounters water bodies. For this reason, it is important to know the behavior of the com...

  • Article
  • Open Access
39 Citations
5,769 Views
12 Pages

Photodegradation and Biodegradation of Poly(Lactic) Acid Containing Orotic Acid as a Nucleation Agent

  • Jan Salač,
  • Jana Šerá,
  • Martin Jurča,
  • Vincent Verney,
  • Adam A. Marek and
  • Marek Koutný

4 February 2019

Orotic acid is a natural heterocyclic compound that acts as a nucleation agent in poly(lactic acid) (PLA). PLA materials with increasing orotic acid content were prepared and characterized. It was found that crystallinity of about 28% was reached wit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,485 Views
13 Pages

Photodegradation and van der Waals Passivation of Violet Phosphorus

  • Xiangzhe Zhang,
  • Bowen Lv,
  • Haitao Wei,
  • Xingheng Yan,
  • Gang Peng and
  • Shiqiao Qin

25 February 2024

Violet phosphorus (VP), a novel two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, boasts structural anisotropy, a tunable optical bandgap, and superior thermal stability compared with its allotropes. Its multifunctionality has sparked widespread interest in the com...

  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
1,699 Views
12 Pages

20 December 2024

Wood, a natural and renewable material, is extensively utilized in furniture, construction, and outdoor landscapes due to its sustainability and esthetic appeal. However, exposure to environmental elements, particularly sunlight, leads to photodegrad...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,223 Views
13 Pages

Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted interest among researchers due to their tunable properties, which enable them to be used in a wide variety of applications. However, toxicity and biodegradation studies of ILs proved that most of the aromatic ILs, s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,291 Views
11 Pages

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays important roles in aquatic environments, and its optical properties provide a series of indices for evaluating the source and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, little is known a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
4,142 Views
16 Pages

Si Nanocrystals/ZnO Nanowires Hybrid Structures as Immobilized Photocatalysts for Photodegradation

  • Yaozhong Zhang,
  • Rajib Mandal,
  • Daniel C. Ratchford,
  • Rebecca Anthony and
  • Junghoon Yeom

Numerous semiconductor-based hybrid nanostructures have been studied for improved photodegradation performance resulting from their broadband optical response and enhanced charge separation/transport characteristics. However, these hybrid structures...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
7,667 Views
30 Pages

Photodegradation and Its Effect on Plant Litter Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Systematic Review

  • Mohammed Bakr Hussain,
  • Sara H. Al-Hadidi,
  • Mohammad Bagher Erfanian,
  • Mohamed Nejib Daly Yahia,
  • Muhammed Nayeem Mullungal,
  • Mohammed Alsafran,
  • Yang Bai and
  • Juha M. Alatalo

Photodegradation is an important mechanism that affects carbon and nutrient cycling; a significant amount of data has been reported previously. The present review includes the effect of a wider spectrum of solar radiation (sun light, UV, and visible...

  • Review
  • Open Access
24 Citations
5,941 Views
12 Pages

Photodegradation of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Stability Tests and Lipid Nanocarriers for Their Photoprotection

  • Giuseppina Ioele,
  • Fedora Grande,
  • Michele De Luca,
  • Maria Antonietta Occhiuzzi,
  • Antonio Garofalo and
  • Gaetano Ragno

2 October 2021

The present paper provides an updated overview of the methodologies applied in photodegradation studies of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Photostability tests, performed according to international standards, have clearly demonstrated the phot...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,057 Views
18 Pages

Study of the Photodegradation of PBDEs in Water by UV-LED Technology

  • Meritxell Valentí-Quiroga,
  • Rafael Gonzalez-Olmos,
  • Maria Auset and
  • Jordi Díaz-Ferrero

12 July 2021

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants that can arrive to water bodies from their use as flame retardants in a wide range of applications, such as electric and electronic devices or textiles. In this study, the photo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,249 Views
15 Pages

Freshwater biofilms play an important role in the migration and transformation of organic pollutants, especially under illumination conditions. Nonetheless, the roles of variable fractions in freshwater biofilms, e.g., extracellular polymeric substan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,622 Views
16 Pages

29 May 2025

Photochemical degradation is a major removal pathway for pharmaceutical pollutants in water, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water is an important factor affecting this process. This study investigates the differential effects of seasonally-var...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,720 Views
12 Pages

New Aspects Concerning the Ampicillin Photodegradation

  • Radu Cercel,
  • Mirela Paraschiv,
  • Cristina Stefania Florica,
  • Monica Daescu,
  • Adelina Udrescu,
  • Romeo C. Ciobanu,
  • Cristina Schreiner and
  • Mihaela Baibarac

29 March 2022

New aspects concerning the photodegradation (PD) of ampicillin are reported by photoluminescence (PL), Raman scattering and FTIR spectroscopy. The exposure of ampicillin in the absence (AM) and in the presence of the excipient (AMP) to UV light leads...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,227 Views
10 Pages

19 February 2025

The durability of the materials is often limited as they fade under the influence of external factors, particularly light. The present research aimed to study the photodegradation of commercial inkjet inks in an aqueous solution. The results were com...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,599 Views
14 Pages

The photodegradation of azithromycin present was carried out in water using H2O2 under UV irradiation. The reaction variables considered in this study were the amount of H2O2 solution and the initial concentration of azithromycin to evaluate the perf...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,619 Views
12 Pages

Ball-Milling Preparation of La3+/TiO2 Photocatalyst and Application in Photodegradation of PVC Plastics

  • Yan Zhang,
  • Tianyi Sun,
  • Dashuai Zhang,
  • Chen Li,
  • Jinrui Liu,
  • Bangsen Li and
  • Zaifeng Shi

31 January 2023

The fact that the use of a large number of plastic products has brought serious pollution to the environment has always been the focus of global attention. The development of photocatalytic degradable plastics is one of the effective ways to solve th...

  • Perspective
  • Open Access
74 Citations
6,864 Views
18 Pages

The Effect of Mineral Ions Present in Tap Water on Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants: Future Perspectives

  • Shujaat Ahmad,
  • Mazen Almehmadi,
  • Hammad Tariq Janjuhah,
  • George Kontakiotis,
  • Osama Abdulaziz,
  • Khalid Saeed,
  • Hanif Ahmad,
  • Mamdouh Allahyani,
  • Abdulelah Aljuaid and
  • Idrees Khan
  • + 2 authors

1 January 2023

Photodegradation is the chemical conversion of large, toxic, and complex molecules into non-toxic, simpler, and lower molecular weight species due to light exposure. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has sufficient potential to degrade toxic organic pollu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,644 Views
17 Pages

Ketoprofen Photodegradation Kinetics Promoted by TiO2

  • Rosanna Paparo,
  • Alessia Viscovo,
  • Marco Trifuoggi,
  • Martino Di Serio and
  • Vincenzo Russo

Ketoprofen is a non-biodegradable drug and is not removed by conventional treatments. The need to remove pharmaceutical compounds from water and wastewater has aroused considerable interest in advanced oxidation processes (AOP), whose effectiveness d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
2,605 Views
19 Pages

Integrated Adsorption–Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants by Carbon Xerogel/Titania Composites

  • Anam Safri,
  • Ashleigh Jane Fletcher,
  • Ramsha Safri and
  • Hifza Rasheed

2 December 2022

Recent studies on the removal of pollutants via adsorption include the use of carbon-based adsorbents, due to their high porosity and large surface area; however, such materials lack photoactive properties. This study evaluates the synergistic effect...

  • Article
  • Open Access
112 Citations
7,854 Views
19 Pages

In Situ Construction of CNT/CuS Hybrids and Their Application in Photodegradation for Removing Organic Dyes

  • Yanping Wang,
  • Fuchuan Jiang,
  • Jiafu Chen,
  • Xiaofeng Sun,
  • Tao Xian and
  • Hua Yang

20 January 2020

Herein, a coprecipitation method used to synthesize CuS nanostructures is reported. By varying the reaction time and temperature, the evolution of the CuS morphology between nanoparticles and nanoflakes was investigated. It was found that CuS easily...

  • Article
  • Open Access
155 Citations
10,519 Views
13 Pages

Synthesis of CuO/ZnO Nanocomposites and Their Application in Photodegradation of Toxic Textile Dye

  • Abdullah Al Mamun Sakib,
  • Shah Md. Masum,
  • Jan Hoinkis,
  • Rafiqul Islam and
  • Md. Ashraful Islam Molla

17 September 2019

CuO/ZnO composites are synthesized using a simple mechanochemical combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) are used to characteri...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,593 Views
12 Pages

Enhanced Photodegradation Activity of Hydrogen-Terminated Si Nanowires Arrays with Different-Oriented Crystal Phases

  • Longfei Song,
  • Linqu Luo,
  • Jianjun Song,
  • Hongchao Zhang,
  • Xuan Li,
  • Shuiling Cheng,
  • Wei Jin,
  • Jie Tang,
  • Lei Liu and
  • Fengyun Wang

1 December 2017

Although Si nanowires (NWs) arrays are superior candidates for visible light photocatalysis, reports about the photodegradation activity of various crystal-orientated Si NWs are still insufficient. Here, light-doped hydrogen-terminated Si NWs arrays...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,583 Views
12 Pages

Study of Photodegradation of Organic Solar Cells Under Brazilian Climate Conditions

  • Lucas Phillip Z. G. Moraes,
  • Antonia Sonia A. C. Diniz,
  • Marcelo Machado Viana,
  • Lawrence L. Kazmerski and
  • Gabriela A. Soares

6 November 2024

The increasing technical and economic viability of photovoltaic solar energy technologies includes modules with organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, which have shown significant efficiency increases, reaching 20% for research devices. This study investi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
45 Citations
10,775 Views
14 Pages

Photodegradation of Methylene Blue Using a UV/H2O2 Irradiation System

  • Mohammad Ashraf Ali,
  • Ibrahim M. Maafa and
  • Isam Y. Qudsieh

30 January 2024

This study presents an efficient way to degrade methylene blue (MB) present in water via photodegradation using H2O2 as an oxidant in the presence of UV irradiation and without the use of a catalyst. The reaction variables, employed to evaluate the p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,661 Views
9 Pages

1 August 2023

Due to the relatively high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oil samples, oil spills in aquatic ecosystems release significant amounts of PAHs. Although remediation efforts often take place during or immediately after an oi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,715 Views
17 Pages

21 January 2023

Photochemical reactions in the water environments are essential for understanding the fate of organic pollutants, which exist widely in aquatic environments causing potential risks. Therefore, this study aimed to integrate a module of the photodegrad...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,024 Views
6 Pages

Application of BiVO4 Nanocomposite for Photodegradation of Methyl Orange

  • Sarah Aghakhaninejad,
  • Rahmatollah Rahimi and
  • Solmaz Zargari

14 November 2018

In this work, BiVO4–graphene photocatalyst was prepared by a facile one-step hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,178 Views
14 Pages

27 August 2021

Fe–doped titanium dioxide–carbonized medium–density fiberboard (Fe/TiO2–cMDF) was evaluated for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) under a Blue (450 nm) light emitting diode (LED) module (6 W) and commercial LED (450 nm + 570 nm) bulbs (8 W,...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,896 Views
9 Pages

MoSe2 with Ultra-Fine Pt Decoration for Efficient Photodegradation

  • Yong Chen,
  • Dawei Shao,
  • Fupeng Xu,
  • Zhongjia Huang and
  • Xinying Shi

24 April 2024

Transition metal dichalcogenides are widely studied for their photocatalytic ability due to the adjustable bandgap, high carrier mobility and possibility of foreign-element doping. In this work, multilayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) was decorated...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,390 Views
14 Pages

2 March 2023

The application efficiency of biodegradable polymers used in a natural environment requires improved resistance to ultraviolet (UV) photodegradation. In this report, 1,6-hexanediamine modified layered zinc phenylphosphonate (m-PPZn), utilized as a UV...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,157 Views
23 Pages

Photodegradation of the H1 Antihistaminic Topical Drugs Emedastine, Epinastine, and Ketotifen and ROS Tests for Estimations of Their Potent Phototoxicity

  • Anna Gumieniczek,
  • Anna Berecka-Rycerz,
  • Urszula Hubicka,
  • Paweł Żmudzki,
  • Karolina Lejwoda and
  • Paweł Kozyra

In this study, important H1 antihistaminic drugs, i.e., emedastine (EME), epinastine (EPI), and ketotifen (KET), were irradiated with UV/Vis light (300–800 nm) in solutions of different pH values. Next, they were analyzed by new high performanc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
5,651 Views
17 Pages

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Peroxide Nanoparticles for the Photodegradation of Nitrobenzene Assisted by UV-Light

  • Jesús Isaías De León Ramírez,
  • Víctor Alfredo Reyes Villegas,
  • Sergio Pérez Sicairos,
  • Esteban Hernández Guevara,
  • Mirna Del Carmen Brito Perea and
  • Bertha Landeros Sánchez

10 September 2020

The contamination of both soil and water by nitrobenzene (NB) is a problem that has been studied, where several reactive agents have been developed for the degradation of this compound as well as different methods. Nanoparticles with semiconductive p...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,519 Views
10 Pages

Biotoxicity of Water-Soluble UV Photodegradation Products for 10 Typical Gaseous VOCs

  • Zhuqiu Sun,
  • In-Sun Kang,
  • Qianyuan Wu,
  • Jinying Xi and
  • Hongying Hu

Ultraviolet (UV) photodegradation is increasingly applied to control volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to its degradation capabilities for recalcitrant compounds. However, sometimes the UV photodegradation products are also toxic and can affect h...

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