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2,561 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,945 Views
11 Pages

Effect of Inlet Air Heating on Gas Turbine Efficiency under Partial Load

  • ZhiTan Liu,
  • XiaoDong Ren,
  • ZhiYuan Yan,
  • HongFei Zhu and ,
  • Tao Zhang,
  • Wei Zhu and
  • XueSong Li
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

29 August 2019

A novel heating technology is presented to analyze the influence of inlet air heating on gas turbine efficiency under partial load. This technology uses the waste heat of a low-temperature heat sources, which includes but is not limited to the exhaus...

  • Article
  • Open Access
102 Views
19 Pages

Evolution of Inter-Blade Vortex and Hydraulic Excitation in a Francis Turbine Under Partial-Load Conditions

  • Haibo Liu,
  • Zhengwei Wang,
  • Zhihui Liu,
  • Yonggang Lu and ,
  • Guangdong Zeng and
  • Shengyang Ji
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

3 November 2026

Hydropower, as an important part of clean energy, can effectively optimize the energy structure. However, units frequently operate under partial-load conditions due to environmental and grid demands, where hydraulic excitations threaten stability. Th...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics in Fluid Machinery, 3rd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,326 Views
21 Pages

31 August 2023

A thin-walled steel cylindrical shell is a common engineering structure that has an efficient load-carrying capacity. This structure is more easily subjected to partial axial compression loads in application, and buckling is the main failure mode. Ho...

  • Article
  • Open Access
734 Views
31 Pages

7 May 2026

The growing need to enhance observability in distribution networks has driven the development of load pseudomeasurement generation methods, particularly under partial smart meter (SM) penetration. This paper proposes a load pseudomeasurement framewor...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Optimization and Scheduling of Smart Distribution Grids)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,161 Views
18 Pages

Dynamic Simulation of Partial Load Operation of an Organic Rankine Cycle with Two Parallel Expanders

  • Michael Chukwuemeka Ekwonu,
  • Mirae Kim,
  • Binqi Chen,
  • Muhammad Tauseef Nasir and
  • Kyung Chun Kim

3 January 2023

The parallel expander ORC system is one of the solutions for providing an additional power output by improving the partial-load performance of an ORC. The parallel expander system corresponds to partial-load conditions by switching between various co...

(This article belongs to the Section J: Thermal Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
325 Views
51 Pages

27 June 2026

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) estimates component-level energy use from aggregate measurements, but low-frequency data limit appliance signatures and make overlapping or weakly observed loads difficult to separate. This paper proposes a relati...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization in Renewable Energy Systems (2nd Edition))
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,631 Views
19 Pages

21 July 2023

This study investigates and compares various multivariate regression methods, including principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR), for flight load analysis and demonstrates their high learning efficiency and str...

(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Science and Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
4,580 Views
11 Pages

Fracture Load of Metal, Zirconia and Polyetheretherketone Posterior CAD-CAM Milled Fixed Partial Denture Frameworks

  • Verónica Rodríguez,
  • Celia Tobar,
  • Carlos López-Suárez,
  • Jesús Peláez and
  • María J. Suárez

18 February 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the load to fracture and fracture pattern of prosthetic frameworks for tooth-supported fixed partial dentures (FPDs) fabricated with different subtractive computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials for Dental Implant and CAD-CAM Prostheses)
  • Article
  • Open Access
59 Citations
9,586 Views
14 Pages

14 July 2017

In some processes, latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) systems might work under partial load operating conditions (the available thermal energy source is discontinuous or insufficient to completely charge the phase change material (PCM)). Theref...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Material (PCM) 2017)
  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,352 Views
17 Pages

2 March 2022

The characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) are directly affected by partial shading (PS) conditions due to the non-uniform irradiance. The PV system can be compromised based on the shading pattern as well as the shading area. Thus, the need for a solut...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Future Power Systems: Climate Change Impacts, System Reliability, Renewable Energy Technologies and Grid Integration)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
5,342 Views
17 Pages

Influences of Traction Load Shock on Artificial Partial Discharge Faults within Traction Transformer—Experimental Test for Pattern Recognition

  • Shuaibing Li,
  • Guoqiang Gao,
  • Guangcai Hu,
  • Bo Gao and ,
  • Haojie Yin,
  • Wenfu Wei and
  • Guangning Wu
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

10 October 2017

Partial discharge (PD) measurement and its pattern recognition are vital to fault diagnosis of transformers, especially to those traction substation transformers undergoing repetitive traction load shocks. This paper presents the primary factors indu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,631 Views
17 Pages

Energy and Exergy Assessment of a 250 MW Steam Boiler Under Partial Load Conditions: Comparative Analysis of Fuel Oil and Enhanced Crude Oil

  • Yoalbys Retirado-Mediaceja,
  • William Quitiaquez,
  • Yanan Camaraza-Medina,
  • Héctor Luis Laurencio-Alfonso and ,
  • Carlos Zalazar,
  • Hugo Javier Angulo Palma,
  • Benigno Leyva De la cruz,
  • M. Hernández-Wolpez and
  • Liomnis Osorio
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

12 April 2026

This study presents a comprehensive thermo-energetic and exergetic assessment of a 250 MW steam boiler in a Cuban thermal power plant, operating under partial load conditions (plant: 62–66%; boiler: 58–61%). An integrated diagnostic metho...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Thermal Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
971 Views
27 Pages

With the widespread use of high-speed motorized spindles in precision machining, conventional contact loading methods are no longer adequate for stiffness loading tests under high-speed operating conditions. Non-contact loading technology based on a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrodynamic Bearings)
  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
11 Citations
7,417 Views
18 Pages

Immediate Loading of Implants-Supported Fixed Partial Prostheses in Posterior Regions: A Systematic Review

  • Giuseppe D’Albis,
  • Marta Forte,
  • Abdulrahman Omar Alrashadah,
  • Lorenzo Marini and ,
  • Massimo Corsalini,
  • Andrea Pilloni and
  • Saverio Capodiferro
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

15 May 2025

Background: Modern dentistry strives to achieve increasingly less invasive procedures as the ultimate therapeutic goal. The careful selection of suitable candidates for immediate dental implants can offer an opportunity to reduce treatment time, lowe...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Oral Rehabilitation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,496 Views
21 Pages

6 April 2021

In this paper, the vibration analysis of a partially constrained layer damping plate subjected to moving loads is investigated. In addition, the first four order damping loss factor of the system is optimized with the location of partially constraine...

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
8,417 Views
16 Pages

Structural Efficiency of Hollow Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Partial Uniformly Distributed Loading

  • Hadi Naser Ghadhban Al-Maliki,
  • Ali Al-Balhawi,
  • Ahmad Jabbar Hussain Alshimmeri and
  • Binsheng Zhang

3 September 2021

Reinforced concrete (RC) beams containing a longitudinal cavity have become an innovative development and advantage for economic purposes of light-weight members without largely affecting their resistance against the applied loads. This type of openi...

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Concrete Structures in Civil Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
3,792 Views
17 Pages

9 March 2021

This article deals with a static and quasi-static load using the maximum power of a hydraulic pump. Additionally, quasi-static coefficients for the partially embedded rock bolts were determined. The laboratory tests included 2.2 m long bolts, which w...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mining Innovation)
  • Review
  • Open Access
65 Citations
10,986 Views
16 Pages

A Systematic Review of Survival Rates of Osseointegrated Implants in Fully and Partially Edentulous Patients Following Immediate Loading

  • Massimo Del Fabbro,
  • Tiziano Testori,
  • Vladan Kekovic,
  • Funda Goker and ,
  • Margherita Tumedei and
  • Hom-Lay Wang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

4 December 2019

Background: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the survival rates of immediately loaded implants after at least five years. Besides implant failure, the amount of marginal bone loss around implants and the complication type were assess...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implant Dentistry—Trends, Challenges and Innovations)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,704 Views
11 Pages

Impact of the Veneering Technique and Framework Material on the Failure Loads of All-Ceramic Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing Fixed Partial Dentures

  • Sebastian Hinz,
  • Tobias Bensel,
  • Wolfgang Bömicke,
  • Anders Henningsen and ,
  • Judith Rudolph and
  • Arne F. Boeckler
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

19 January 2022

Objectives: Zirconia (Y-TZP) ceramics are considered as posterior fixed partial denture (FPD) materials; however, their applications are limited due to chipping. The use of monolithic lithium disilicate (LiDi) glass ceramics in posterior FPDs can be...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
6,127 Views
31 Pages

12 January 2023

In this paper, the flexural strength and buckling of the partially concrete-filled steel tubes (PCFST) under laterally repeated loads was investigated through three-point bending test configuration. Three-dimensional Finite Element (FE) models of the...

(This article belongs to the Topic New Trends in Advanced Construction Technology, Sustainable Construction Materials and High-Performance Building Structures)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,285 Views
9 Pages

14 March 2019

Short-term load forecasting is very important for power systems. The load is related to many factors which compose tensors. However, tensors cannot be input directly into most traditional forecasting models. This paper proposes a tensor partial least...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,505 Views
13 Pages

Effects of Hydraulic Retention Time on the Performance and Microbial Communities of a High-Load Partial Nitrification Reactor

  • Yuhan Liu,
  • Shuyan He,
  • Hangyi Li,
  • Yue Jin and ,
  • Chunfang Zhang and
  • Wenjie Zhang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

31 October 2025

A high-load partial nitrification reactor (HLPNR) was operated to treat high-ammonia wastewater by varying the hydraulic retention time (HRT). The associated shifts in the microbial community were analyzed using PCR-DGGE and high-throughput sequencin...

(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,246 Views
29 Pages

Empirical Estimation of Hydraulic Turbine Efficiency Under Aging and Partial-Load Conditions

  • Geraldo Lúcio Tiago Filho,
  • Ivan Felipe Silva dos Santos,
  • Regina Mambeli Barros,
  • Johnson Herlich Roslee Mensah and ,
  • Ramiro Gustavo Ramírez Camacho and
  • Oswaldo Honorato de Souza Junior
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

Evaluating the efficiency of hydraulic turbines in existing hydroelectric power plants is often challenging due to the absence of complete manufacturer curves, a lack of reliable historical data, or nonexistent formal efficiency testing. This is espe...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,195 Views
20 Pages

1 October 2025

The increasing share of renewable energy sources in power grids demands greater load flexibility from thermal power plants. Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) combustion systems, while offering fuel flexibility and high thermal inertia, face challenges...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Power Generation and Gasification Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
542 Views
21 Pages

12 July 2026

Ethanol, a cleaner fuel alternative in diesel engines, is used in certain proportions to modify engine performance and improve emissions in diesel engines. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of different eth...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Technologies in Internal Combustion Engines: Combustion Analysis and Emission Control)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,423 Views
25 Pages

In Vivo Investigation of 3D-Printed Calcium Magnesium Phosphate Wedges in Partial Load Defects

  • Elke Hemmerlein,
  • Elke Vorndran,
  • Anna-Maria Schmitt,
  • Franziska Feichtner and ,
  • Anja-Christina Waselau and
  • Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

2 May 2024

Bone substitutes are ideally biocompatible, osteoconductive, degradable and defect-specific and provide mechanical stability. Magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) offer high initial stability and faster degradation compared to the well-researched calci...

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
4,183 Views
17 Pages

27 December 2019

Load power forecast is one of most important tasks in power systems operation and maintenance. Enhancing its accuracy can be helpful to power systems scheduling. This paper presents how to use partial real-time temperature information in forecasting...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Applications to Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
3,630 Views
26 Pages

Bearing Strength of Crumb Rubber Concrete under Partial Area Loading

  • Xiaoqing Xu,
  • Zhigang Zhang,
  • Yangao Hu and
  • Xin Wang

27 May 2020

The application of waste tire rubber as aggregates in concrete can help to reduce carbon emissions and achieve green gross domestic product (GDP). However, civil engineers still have concerns about using rubberized concrete in structural members. For...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,964 Views
21 Pages

25 December 2021

Various researches have been performed to find an effective confining method using FRP sheet in order to improve the structural capacity of reinforced concrete column. However, most of these researches were undertaken for the columns subjected to con...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Polymeric Materials in the Building Industry)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,438 Views
18 Pages

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer of a Side Space of a Steam Turbine Casing at Full and Partial Load

  • Bernhard V. Weigel,
  • Oliver Brunn,
  • Thomas Polklas,
  • Stefan Odenbach and
  • Wieland Uffrecht

There is a significant demand for flexibility in steam turbines, including rapid cold starts and load changes, as well as operation at low partial loads. Both industrial plants and systems for electricity and heat generation are impacted. These new o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,501 Views
13 Pages

19 August 2021

This paper presents the effort to reduce friction and wear of gear washers under low-speed and heavy-load conditions by designing the arrangement of surface textures. The influence of distributional parameters of textures on load-bearing capacity and...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Materials Surfaces)
  • Article
  • Open Access
550 Views
16 Pages

Investigation on Partial Factors and Probabilistic Models for Existing Masonry Materials

  • Lele Wu,
  • Xinjing Zhao,
  • Youshan Zhao,
  • Hongcheng Guan and ,
  • Caoming Tang,
  • Zhefeng Yuan and
  • Sheng Zhang
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

23 December 2025

Many masonry buildings exist worldwide. Safety assessments are crucial for renovation and upgrading. On-site testing reveals material properties and historic loads, enabling updates to structural resistance models for more accurate evaluations. (1) T...

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,177 Views
18 Pages

Validation of Estimators for Weight-Bearing and Shoulder Joint Loads Using Instrumented Crutches

  • Marco Ghidelli,
  • Cristina Nuzzi,
  • Francesco Crenna and
  • Matteo Lancini

7 July 2023

This research paper aimed to validate two methods for measuring loads during walking with instrumented crutches: one method to estimate partial weight-bearing on the lower limbs and another to estimate shoulder joint reactions. Currently, gait labora...

(This article belongs to the Collection Sensors for Gait, Human Movement Analysis, and Health Monitoring)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
6,511 Views
24 Pages

26 June 2021

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology is of high interest for stationary decentralized generation of electricity and heat in combined heat and power systems (CHP) for the residential sector. Application scenarios for SOFC systems in an electricity-...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
370 Views
18 Pages

29 September 2026

To address the issues of poor fire and corrosion resistance in traditional steel structure reinforcement methods, the construction constraints of cast-in-place partially encased steel–concrete composite beams (PEC beams), and their difficulty i...

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,123 Views
20 Pages

Reversible pump turbines (RPTs) play a key role in pumped hydro energy storage systems, where increasing grid flexibility requires frequent operation under off-design conditions. In turbine mode, deep partial load and no-load operation are often asso...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,609 Views
17 Pages

The need to reduce carbon emissions has recently become prevalent in light of concerns related to climate change. Since the cement industry causes approximately 8% of global CO2 emissions, it might be an urgent necessity to include cement replacement...

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Building Materials: Design and Digitization)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,321 Views
12 Pages

The load resistance factor according to the target reliability level was proposed using 16 vertical breakwaters constructed along the coast of Korea. Limit state functions for sliding and overturning limit states were defined. Reliability analysis wa...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakwater Behaviour)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,447 Views
19 Pages

Partial Oxidation of Methane over CaO Decorated TiO2 Nanocatalyst for Syngas Production in a Fixed Bed Reactor

  • Asif Hussain Khoja,
  • Ahad Hussain Javed,
  • Salman Raza Naqvi,
  • Sehar Shakir and ,
  • Israf Ud Din,
  • Zafar Arshad,
  • Umer Rashid,
  • Umair Yaqub Qazi and
  • Nida Naeem
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

21 September 2022

Syngas is a valuable entity for downstream liquid fuel production and chemical industries. The efficient production of syngas via catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CPOM) is an important process. In this study, partial oxidation of methane (POM)...

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Catalysis)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,207 Views
13 Pages

Implant-Supported Fixed Partial Dentures with Posterior Cantilevers: In Vitro Study of Mechanical Behavior

  • Fernando García-Sala Bonmatí,
  • Naia Bustamante-Hernández,
  • Jorge Alonso Pérez-Barquero,
  • Jesús Maneiro-Lojo and ,
  • Carla Fons-Badal,
  • Carla Labaig-Caturla,
  • Lucía Fernández-Estevan and
  • Rubén Agustín-Panadero
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

22 October 2023

Rehabilitation with dental implants is not always possible due to the lack of bone quality or quantity, in many cases due to bone atrophy or the morbidity of regenerative treatments. We find ourselves in situations of performing dental prostheses wit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
2,859 Views
25 Pages

9 September 2021

In this paper, a seasonal performance analysis of a hybrid ejector cooling system is carried-out, by considering a multi-ejector pack as expansion device. A 20 kW ejector-based chiller was sized to obtain the optimal tradeoff between performance and...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Optimization Strategies in Buildings for a Sustainable Future)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
4,368 Views
16 Pages

Investigation of Pressure Fluctuation and Pulsating Hydraulic Axial Thrust in Francis Turbines

  • Xing Zhou,
  • Changzheng Shi,
  • Kazuyoshi Miyagawa,
  • Hegao Wu and ,
  • Jinhong Yu and
  • Zhu Ma
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

5 April 2020

Under the circumstances of rapid expansion of diverse forms of volatile and intermittent renewable energy sources, hydropower stations have become increasingly indispensable for improving the quality of energy conversion processes. As a consequence,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,421 Views
17 Pages

31 August 2022

The purpose of this study is to propose a practical formula for estimating the maximum load bearing capacity of partially concrete-filled steel tubes (PCFST) without using complicated numerical analysis and estimation procedures. This study focused o...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Bridge Design and Construction)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,209 Views
12 Pages

24 January 2024

According to modern structural codes, a design is considered to be adequate if the limit states are not exceeded. For the ultimate limit state, the design value of action effect Ed is required to be less or equal than the design value of ultimate res...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infrastructure Management and Maintenance: Methods and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
7,057 Views
16 Pages

25 July 2016

Trigeneration plants can use different types of chillers in the same plant, typically single effect and double effect absorption chillers, vapour compression chillers and also cooling storage systems. The highly variable cooling demand of the buildin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Simulation of Polygeneration Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,871 Views
16 Pages

Forest Fuel Loads Estimation from Landsat ETM+ and ALOS PALSAR Data

  • Yanxi Li,
  • Xingwen Quan,
  • Zhanmang Liao and
  • Binbin He

20 March 2021

Fuel load is the key factor driving fire ignition, spread and intensity. The current literature reports the light detection and ranging (LiDAR), optical and airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for fuel load estimation, but the optical and SA...

(This article belongs to the Topic The Future of Wildfires: Latest Geo-Technologies Applied to Fires and a New Perspective of Forest Resilience)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
6,121 Views
18 Pages

29 December 2017

The output power and terminal voltage of the fixed speed induction generator fluctuate in the partial load region where the wind speed is below the rated vale, resulting in fluctuations in the grid frequency and voltage. In this paper, a novel pitch...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Generators Modelling and Control)
  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
5,632 Views
18 Pages

Analyzing and Forecasting Electrical Load Consumption in Healthcare Buildings

  • Rodolfo Gordillo-Orquera,
  • Luis Miguel Lopez-Ramos,
  • Sergio Muñoz-Romero,
  • Paz  Iglesias-Casarrubios and ,
  • Diego Arcos-Avilés,
  • Antonio G. Marques and
  • José Luis Rojo-Álvarez
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

26 February 2018

Healthcare buildings exhibit a different electrical load predictability depending on their size and nature. Large hospitals behave similarly to small cities, whereas primary care centers are expected to have different consumption dynamics. In this wo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
130 Views
21 Pages

Effects of Specimen Size and Loading Boundary on the Strength Evaluation of Cemented Phosphate Tailings Backfill and Corresponding Correction Methods

  • Yanlin Li,
  • Kepeng Hou,
  • Huafen Sun,
  • Yalei Zhe and ,
  • Guoliang Wen,
  • Hui Rao and
  • Yubang Li
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

29 October 2026

Specimen size and loading boundary conditions affect the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) measured for cemented backfill and hinder direct comparison among test configurations. Cubic cemented phosphate tailings backfill specimens (40–200 mm)...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cemented Mine Waste Backfill: Experiment and Modelling, 3rd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,497 Views
25 Pages

29 August 2023

A structure may be exposed to a range of unexpected loads throughout its full life cycle. Partially precast concrete (PC) beams refer to the process of manufacturing concrete beams in which one part of the component is pre−fabricated in a facto...

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