Search Results (360)

Most African countries are acquiring new technologies to provide awareness and vocational training to trigger innovation in various areas, including manufacturing. However, the existing method that emphasizes least cost by bidders has been found to be deficient. This study conducts a literature review and identifies some CoBots based on the suitability of their properties to West Africa. A hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making approach, comprising the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process and Interval Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, together combined as FAHP-I-TOPSIS, was selected. This method was modeled and tested as a case study where data were collected from eight Robotics experts from West African countries. The data were analyzed through pairwise comparison and ranking to arrive at the most suitable training CoBot out of five alternatives, and six criteria were considered. Robot (R3) was selected, which, on average, satisfies their priority for Program Flexibility and Economic Cost criteria, because the robot is moderately costly and flexible in programming, too. Full article

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence, classification, and clinical relevance of incidental extracardiovascular findings in pre-transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) CT imaging. Methods: We conducted a retrospective single-center study of 225 patients undergoing pre-TAVI contrast-enhanced, ECG-gated CT scans between 2021 and 2023. Extracardiovascular findings were recorded and categorized into three groups based on presumed clinical relevance: Group A (findings with no need for follow-up), Group B (findings requiring follow-up), and Group C (findings requiring immediate intervention or treatment). Statistical analysis included a descriptive assessment of the overall prevalence of incidental findings and evaluation of age- and sex-related trends using chi-square tests with Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons. Results: The study cohort included 225 patients (53.3% male; mean age 79.9 ± 6.2 years, range 58–93). Extracardiovascular incidental findings were detected in 205 patients (91.1%). Among all 478 recorded findings, 82.6% were Group A, 14.4% Group B, and 2.9% Group C. On a per-patient level, 87.1% had at least one Group A finding, 24.9% had at least one Group B, and 6.2% had at least one Group C finding. Older age was associated with more incidental findings, with a significant difference observed between the 70–79 and 80–89 age groups (p = 0.002). No significant sex-related differences were found (p = 0.226). Findings were most frequently located in the abdomen (46.2%) and thorax (37.2%). Among all clinically relevant findings, the thorax was the most commonly affected region: 43.5% of Group B and 78.6% of Group C findings were located in the thorax, followed by the abdomen (33.3% of Group B and 7.1% of Group C findings). Conclusions: Extracardiovascular incidental findings are highly prevalent in pre-TAVI CT imaging and range from benign, age-related changes to potentially serious conditions such as malignancies or infections. Their presence reflects the comorbidity burden of the typical TAVI population and underscores the importance of recognizing non-vascular incidental findings in this clinical setting. Full article

Background: Repeated vertical jump tests are widely used to assess neuromuscular function and lower limb performance. However, inconsistent formulas for average power output produce large discrepancies, limiting comparability across studies and limiting practical applications. This study aimed to compare three different models for the calculation of average power output, Bosco, Miron Georgescu (MG), and Modified Miron Georgescu-15s (MGM-15), applied to identical jump test data, in order to evaluate their computational behavior and practical relevance in athlete performance profiling. Methods: A single-group quasi-experimental study was conducted with 25 physically active male university students (mean age: 21.4 ± 2.7 years), who performed a 15 s repeated vertical jump test on the OptoJump Next system. Raw parameters including flight time, contact time, and jump height were recorded and exported. Average power output (W/kg) was subsequently calculated using three distinct computational models, each applied to the same dataset of flight and contact times. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare outputs across models, with Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons for post hoc analysis (α = 0.05). Results: Significant differences were observed (p < 0.001). The Bosco model produced the highest values of average power (40.13 ± 8.56 W/kg), followed by MG (21.07 ± 5.92 W/kg), while MGM-15 yielded the lowest and most consistent outputs (4.08 ± 0.61 W/kg). Effect sizes were very large (η²_p = 0.952), confirming that calculation models strongly influenced the outcomes. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that average power output differed markedly across formulas, despite identical performance data. Bosco and MG models tended to overestimate values due to simplified assumptions, whereas the MGM-15 method produced lower and more consistent outputs that may better capture repeated jump demands. The standardization of computational models is fundamental to ensure comparability and to improve athlete performance profiling in research and practice. Full article

Objectives: Plyometric training is a well-established method for enhancing jump performance in basketball and volleyball athletes but has certain limitations. Kettlebell training may provide a viable alternative as it mimics key biomechanical aspects of jumping, like explosive hip and knee extension during a ballistic hip–hinge pattern. Because evidence remains limited, this study aimed to compare the effects of both training methods. Methods: Thirty-eight volleyball and basketball club athletes (age: 22 (4.3); male = 29, female = 9) completed this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), drop jump (DJ), body fat percentage (FM), and muscle mass percentage (MM) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. The participants were assigned to one of three groups: a kettlebell training group (KbG), a plyometric training group (PG), or a control group (CG). Both the KbG and PG completed two supervised 25-min training sessions per week for six weeks, while the CG did not engage in any additional training intervention. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: There were no significant differences in CMJ, SJ, and DJ performance between the groups before the intervention. Significant differences in change between the groups from pre- to post-test were found for the SJ (p = 0.006), but not for the DJ (p = 0.06), CMJ (p = 0.26), FM (p = 0.9), and MM (p = 0.55). Pairwise comparisons revealed significantly greater positive change in the KbG than in the CG for the SJ (p = 0.003) and DJ (p = 0.03). Within-group analyses showed significant improvements in the KbG for the CMJ (p = 0.04), SJ (p < 0.001), and DJ (p = 0.003) performance, whereas FM and MM did not change. Within the PG and CG, no significant change occurred. Conclusions: Kettlebell training effectively improved jump performance and may therefore serve as a valuable component within strength and conditioning programs for basketball and volleyball athletes. Full article

Background/Objectives: To delineate integrated lifestyle profiles combining physical activity (PA) and dietary intake (DI) and test their links with lower limb injury in physically active young adults. Methods: We analyzed a cross-sectional convenience sample of university students (men: n = 91, 20.5 ± 1.0 years; women: n = 118, 20.3 ± 0.8 years). PA (IPAQ) and DI (QEB) were assessed alongside self-reported injuries. Latent class modeling derived PA–DI profiles. Injury prevalence across profiles was compared (χ²), and logistic regression examined injury odds adjusting for sex, age, and BMI. Results: Four profiles emerged. Two reflected less healthy patterns (Profiles 2–3) and two healthier ones (Profiles 1, 4). Profile 4 showed higher vegetables/legumes/fermented milk and lower fast food/sugary drinks; Profile 3 combined greater sitting and fried/sweetened items with lower walking/milk intake. Overall injury prevalence was 56.9%, ranging from 44.1% (Profile 2) to 66.7% (Profile 4 exceeded Profile 2 in pairwise comparison (χ² (1) = 5.08, p = 0.024)). In adjusted models, men had higher injury odds (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.09–3.48, p = 0.025); profile membership was not independently predictive, and profile × sex interactions were null. Conclusions: Young adults cluster into distinct PA–DI patterns that differ behaviorally, but sex—rather than profile—was the most consistent correlate of injury. Prevention should integrate lifestyle screening with sex-specific strategies. Full article

US food regulatory agencies have adopted a preference for researchers and testing labs to use ‘acid-adapted challenge cultures’ when performing inoculated validation studies of food processes that involve acidic treatments to accustom the cultures to acidic pH so that they will not be easily affected during processing. We evaluated acid adaptation in regard to the processing of South African style air-dried beef, notably biltong and droëwors, using a mixture of five serovars of Salmonella as well as a unique serovar isolated from dried beef (Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:-). Acid adaptation was obtained by growing cultures in tryptic soy (TS) broth containing 1% glucose. Non-adapted cultures were obtained by growth in TS broth without glucose or in TS broth with 1% glucose but buffered with 0.2 M phosphate buffer. Processes included biltong (dried solid beef) and droëwors (ground, sausage-style). Each trial was performed twice and triplicate samples were examined at each sampling point (i.e., n = 6). Statistical analysis was applied using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or one-way repeated measures (RM-ANOVA) and the Holm–Sidak test for pairwise multiple comparisons to determine significant differences (p < 0.05). We observed that in all processes examined (eight trials), treatments using acid-adapted cultures were more sensitive to the biltong and droëwors processes, giving greater reductions (5.3-log reduction) than when non-adapted cultures were used (3.8-log reduction). Acid adaptation leads to stressed conditions in Salmonella resulting in sensitization to the multiple hurdles found in biltong and droëwors processing (acid/vinegar, salt, desiccation). Based on our data, the use of non-adapted Salmonella cultures to achieve desired challenge culture process lethality could result in more robust processing conditions and a greater level of safety in these products as intended by US regulatory guidance. Full article

We synthesized the current evidence from the literature and conducted a 2 × 3 factorial experiment to quantify the impact of thermocycling on the Vickers microhardness (HV) of dental CAD/CAM materials: VITA ENAMIC (VE, polymer-infiltrated ceramic network) and CERASMART (CS, nanofilled resin-matrix). Sixty polished specimens (n = 10 per Material × Cycles cell; 12 × 2 × 2 mm) were thermocycled at 5–55 °C (0, 10,000, 20,000 cycles; 30 s dwell, ≈10 s transfer) and tested as HV0.3/10 (300 gf, 10 s; five indentations/specimen with standard spacing). Assumptions regarding the model residuals were met (Shapiro–Wilk W ≈ 0.98, p ≈ 0.36; Levene F(5,54) ≈ 1.12, p ≈ 0.36), so a two-way ANOVA (Type II) with Tukey’s HSD post hoc (α = 0.05) was applied. VE maintained consistently higher HV than CS at all cycle levels and showed a smaller drop from baseline: VE (mean ± SD): 200.2 ± 10.8 (0), 192.4 ± 13.9 (10,000), and 196.7 ± 9.3 (20,000); CS: 60.8 ± 6.1 (0), 53.4 ± 4.7 (10,000), and 62.1 ± 3.8 (20,000). ANOVA revealed significant main effects from the material (η²p = 0.972) and cycles (η²p = 0.316), plus a Material × Cycles interaction (η²p = 0.201). Results: Thermocycling produced material-dependent changes in microhardness. Relative to baseline, VE varied by −3.9% (10,000) and −1.7% (20,000), while CS varied by −12.2% (10,000) and +2.1% (20,000); from 10,000→20,000 cycles, microhardness recovered by +2.2% (VE) and +16.3% (CS). Pairwise comparisons were consistent with these trends (CS decreased at 10,000 vs. 0 and recovered at 20,000; VE only showed a modest change). Conclusions: Thermocycling effects were material-dependent, with smaller losses and better retention in VE (PICN) than in CS. These results align with the literature (resin-matrix/hybrids are more sensitive to thermal aging; polished finishes mitigate losses). While HV is only one facet of performance, the superior retention observed in PICN under thermal challenge suggests the improved preservation of superficial integrity; standardized reporting of aging parameters and integration with wear, fatigue, and adhesion outcomes are recommended to inform indications and longevity. Full article

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by disruptions in central nervous system functioning and existential crises, yet the mechanistic links between neurobiological processes and dimensions of life meaning and identity remain underexplored. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between stress biomarkers (serotonin, cortisol, noradrenaline, and interleukin-12 [IL-12]) and existential attitudes (measured using the Life Attitude Profile (Revised) [LAP-R]) in mining rescuers, considering PTSD duration and participant age. This cross-sectional study included 92 men aged 18–50 years, divided into three groups: no PTSD (n = 28), PTSD ≤ 5 years (n = 33), and PTSD > 5 years (n = 31). Serum levels of four biomarkers and LAP-R scores across eight domains were evaluated. Statistical analyses employed nonparametric tests, including the Kruskal–Wallis test for overall group differences (with Wilcoxon r effect sizes for pairwise comparisons, Mann–Whitney U tests for post hoc pairwise comparisons, and Spearman’s rank correlations for biomarker–LAP-R associations. Age effects were assessed in two strata: 18–35 years and 36–50 years. Kruskal–Wallis tests revealed significant group differences (p < 0.001) for all biomarkers and most LAP-R domains, with very large effect sizes (r > 0.7) in pairwise comparisons for serotonin (control median: 225.2 ng/mL vs. PTSD ≤ 5y: 109.9 ng/mL, r = 0.86; vs. PTSD > 5y: 148.0 ng/mL, r = 0.86), IL-12 (control: ~8.0 pg/mL vs. PTSD ≤ 5y: 62.4 pg/mL, r = 0.86; vs. PTSD > 5y: ~21.0 pg/mL, r = 0.69), and LAP-R scales such as Life Purpose (control: 54.0 vs. PTSD ≤ 5y: 39.0, r = 0.78; vs. PTSD > 5y: 20.0, r = 0.86) and Coherence (control: 53.0 vs. PTSD ≤ 5y: 34.0, r = 0.85; vs. PTSD > 5y: 23.0, r = 0.86). The PTSD ≤ 5y group exhibited decreased serotonin, cortisol (median: 9.8 µg/dL), and noradrenaline (271.7 pg/mL) with elevated IL-12 (all p < 0.001 vs. control), alongside reduced LAP-R scores. The PTSD > 5y group showed elevated cortisol (median: ~50.0 µg/dL, p < 0.001 vs. control, r = 0.86) and normalized IL-12 but persistent LAP-R deficits. Older participants (36–50 years) in the PTSD ≤ 5y group displayed improved existential attitudes (e.g., Life Purpose: 47.0 vs. 27.5 in 18–35 years, p < 0.001), whereas in PTSD > 5y, age exacerbated biological stress (cortisol: 57.6 µg/dL vs. 36.1 µg/dL, p = 0.003). Spearman correlations revealed stage-specific patterns, such as negative associations between cortisol and Death Acceptance in PTSD > 5y (ρ = −0.49, p = 0.005). PTSD alters biomarker levels and their associations with existential dimensions, with duration and age modulating patient profiles. These findings underscore the necessity for integrated therapies addressing both biological and existential facets of PTSD. Full article

Background/Objectives: Stroke often results in lasting upper limb deficits. Mirror visual feedback (MVF) supports motor recovery, and electromyography-triggered electrical stimulation (ES) could enhance engagement. However, the effects in healthy older adults, age-matched to typical patient cohorts, remain insufficiently understood. We tested MVF and MVF + ES using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Methods: Seventeen right-handed older adults performed left-wrist flexion under three visual conditions: circle fixation, viewing the right hand at rest, and mirror viewing, with/without electrical stimulation to the right-wrist flexors time-locked to left-forearm electromyography. Oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) was recorded over the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), precentral gyrus (PrG), postcentral gyrus (PoG), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), superior parietal lobule (SPL), and supplementary motor area. Effects were assessed with linear mixed-effects models (stimulation × visual condition); pairwise comparisons of estimated marginal means used Fisher’s least significant difference. Left-forearm electromyography verified comparable effort across conditions. Results: Linear mixed-effects models revealed left-lateralized increases in oxy-Hb, most prominently under mirror viewing with stimulation. Post hoc tests showed high oxy-Hb in the left IFG, PrG, PoG, SMG, and SMA. The left EMG did not differ. Conclusions: In healthy older adults, MVF paired with EMG-triggered ES enhances frontoparietal–motor engagement beyond MVF alone, with recruitment shaped by visuo–proprioceptive congruence. These findings support mechanistic plausibility and motivate dose–response optimization and patient-focused trials testing behavioral transfer in stroke. Full article

With the rapid development of Industry 5.0, smart manufacturing has become a key focus in production systems. Hence, achieving efficient planning and scheduling on the shop floor is important, especially in job shop environments, which are widely encountered in manufacturing. However, traditional job shop scheduling problems (JSP) assume fixed operation sequences, whereas in modern production, some operations exhibit sequence flexibility, referred to as sequence-free operations. To mitigate this gap, this paper studies the JSP with discrete operation sequence flexibility (JSPDS), aiming to minimize the makespan. To effectively solve the JSPDS, a mixed-integer linear programming model is formulated to solve small-scale instances, verifying multiple optimal solutions. To enhance solution quality for larger instances, a digital twin (DT)–enhanced initialization method is proposed, which captures expert knowledge from a high-fidelity virtual workshop to generate high-quality initial population. In addition, a statistical learning-assisted local search method is developed, employing six tailored search operators and Thompson sampling to adaptively select promising operators during the evolutionary algorithm (EA) process. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed DT-statistical learning EA (DT-SLEA) significantly improves scheduling performance compared with state-of-the-art algorithms, highlighting the effectiveness of integrating digital twin and statistical learning techniques for shop scheduling problems. Specifically, in the Wilcoxon test, pairwise comparisons with the other algorithms show that DT-SLEA has p-values below 0.05. Meanwhile, the proposed framework provides guidance on utilizing symmetry to improve optimization in complex manufacturing systems. Full article

The Indonesian Local Ettawah Goat (ILEG) exhibits substantial genetic variation, suggesting its potential for high productivity and promote sustainable practices in farm animal breeding. This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics of prolific ILEG by identifying potential candidate genes through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B (BMPR1B) gene with two variants: alleles G and A. The research involved PCR amplification and sequencing of the BMPR1B A allele, followed by a combined PCR approach integrating both A and G alleles for genotyping. Blood samples were collected from 73 does with documented prolificacy history and 358 does without prolificacy histories, sourced from seven village breeding operations in East Java. PCR amplification yielded fragments of 556–1181 base pairs in all samples. Haplotype analysis revealed 15 unique haplotypes with a diversity of 0.94 and a mutation frequency of 27.15%. Integration of the BMPR1B alleles G and A revealed polymorphic prolific traits. Polymorphism analysis of 385 ILEGs demonstrated allele frequencies of 0.55 for allele A and 0.45 for the allele G. Average fecundity rates associated with the BMPR1B polymorphism were 1.49 offspring for the homozygous AA, 1.60 for the heterozygous GA, and 1.89 for the homozygous GG. While overall differences among genetic groups were approached statistically significantly (Kruskal–Wallis, p = 0.056), pairwise comparison (Mann–Whitney test) revealed that homozygous GG was significantly associated with higher prolificacy compare to the heterozygous GA (p = 0.029) and homozygous AA (p = 0.040). Similar results were also obtained from data without documented history. These findings suggest that the GG polymorphism of BMPR1B may increase prolificacy in ILEG. Furthermore, the higher frequency of allele G highlights the importance of considering prolificacy traits in breeding selection strategies to enhance sustainable genetic improvement and increase litter size in ILEG. It is recommended to apply dual-primer specific amplification and fragment size differentiation as key molecular approaches for polymorphism of the BMPR1B gene and prolificacy, since these methods can highlight genetic variation and provide valuable markers for breeding programs of the Indonesian Local Etawah Goat. Full article

Background: Total hip (THR) and knee replacement (TKR) effectively treat end-stage osteoarthritis, but many patients continue to experience functional limitations and reduced quality of life (QoL) after rehabilitation. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the changes in terms of QoL in people with THR and TKR after a specifically designed PA intervention. The secondary aim was to evaluate changes in physical function through strength and mobility tests. Methods: Eighteen participants (mean age 65.8 ± 7.1 years) were enrolled at the Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute and were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG), which completed a six-month supervised PA program (6 months after surgery), or a control group (CG), which received standard care. Assessments were conducted at four time points: before surgery, after rehabilitation, and at 9- and 12-month post-surgery. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess within- and between-group differences over time, with post hoc pairwise comparisons conducted using independent t-tests with Sidak correction. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 for all analyses. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in QoL over time, with greater gains in physical functioning observed in the IG. Lower limb strength increased more in the IG; however, the differences between groups were not statistically significant. The Timed Up and Go and 30-Second Chair Stand Test improved in both groups. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions: These findings support the feasibility and potential benefits of adapted PA programs after rehabilitation. Although no significant differences emerged between groups, clinically relevant improvements were observed in the IG. Larger studies are warranted to confirm these results and explore long-term outcomes across multiple domains. Full article

Background and Objectives: Factor VIII (FVIII) and the von Willebrand factor (vWF) are key components of hemostatic balance. Disruption of the vWF-ADAMTS13 axis, characterized by elevated vWF and reduced ADAMTS13 activity has been implicated in thrombotic disorders, including COVID-19-asscoiated coagulopathy, where this imbalance correlates with disease severity and mortality. This study evaluated the relationship between plasma FVIII and vWF levels and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), as assessed by the SYNTAX score. Methods: We enrolled 82 patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and a positive treadmill test who underwent elective coronary angiography. Based on the SYNTAX score, patients were divided into three groups: Group I (≤22), Group II (23–32), and Group III (≥33). Results: FVIII levels varied significantly (Group I: 2.25 ± 0.75; Group III: 2.97 ± 0.95; p = 0.007), with an OR of 3.632 (95% CI: 1.116–11.826; p = 0.03). vWF levels differed significantly across SYNTAX groups (Group I: 1.16 ± 0.59; Group II: 1.52 ± 0.62; Group III: 1.49 ± 0.80; p = 0.040). vWF > 1.75 was more frequent in Groups II and III, with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.909 (95% CI: 1.429–16.864; p = 0.01) for Group III vs. Group I. Fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (CRP) were elevated in patients with SYNTAX scores ≥33. In multinomial logistic regression analysis, FVIII emerged as the sole independent predictor of CAD complexity (p = 0.004), while the vWF showed significance in pairwise comparison (Group II vs. Group I; OR = 3.433, p = 0.049). Conclusions: This study demonstrated significant differences in hemostatic and inflammatory biomarkers across SYNTAX score categories reflecting CAD severity in CCS patients. FVIII emerged as an independent predictor of CAD complexity, while the vWF demonstrated significant associations in specific subgroup comparisons. The observed vWF-ADAMTS13 axis dysregulation supports the rationale for investigating vWF-targeted therapeutics, including agents such as caplacizumab, in cardiovascular disease management. These findings require validation in larger studies. Full article

Background: Limb amputation is a life-altering event with substantial physical, psychological, and social consequences. Despite advances in healthcare, amputation remains a major global health concern, particularly in regions with high burdens of diabetes and vascular disease. This study aims to analyze demographic characteristics, etiologies, and trends in amputations over a ten-year period at a tertiary-care center. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients who underwent amputation at our tertiary-care hospital. Collected variables included patients’ demographics, etiology, level of amputation, type of admission, and surgical specialty involved. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Associations between categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square tests, with post hoc pairwise comparisons adjusted using the Bonferroni method where applicable. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS version 26.0. Results: A total of 647 patients underwent amputation, with a mean age of 56 years and a male predominance (65%). Diabetic complications were the leading cause (67.7%), followed by trauma (11.7%) and vascular diseases (11.6%). Lower limb amputations were more prevalent, with toe amputations being the most frequent (39%). Emergency procedures accounted for 72% of cases, and vascular surgery was the most involved specialty, followed by orthopedic surgery. Conclusions: Our study highlights a substantial burden of amputations, predominantly involving the lower limb, as well as a significant association with diabetic complications. These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated diabetic care, early interventions, and public health strategies to reduce the burden of amputations in Saudi Arabia. Full article

Background/Objectives: Alterations in immunoinflammatory activation may constitute a pathogenetic mechanism in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Blood cell count (CBC) parameters and hematological inflammatory indices (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio) are now assuming a greater role as potential biomarkers for NDDs. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we gathered data on 135 medication-free individuals aged 6 to 17 years: 90 with NDDs (34 with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 29 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 14 with intellectual disability, and 13 with tic disorder) and 45 typically developed controls. The variables analyzed were compared using analysis of variance including Bonferroni posthoc testing for pairwise comparisons Significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: The analysis of variance revealed statistical significance for all evaluated CBC parameters, as well as for the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio. Notably, subjects with ASD exhibited increased values of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils compared to both typically developing subjects and other NDDs. The lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio was found to be lower in the tic disorder group compared to typically developing subjects. The elevated lymphocyte and monocyte levels in ASD subjects might reflect chronic low-grade inflammation. Conclusions: Consistent with the evidence in literature, statistically significant differences between the NDD group and typically developed subjects in the CBC parameters were found. The principal limitations of this investigation are the restricted sample size and the exclusion of specific NDD subtypes. Future research is needed to evaluate CBC parameters and inflammatory indices in a broader spectrum of NDDs to better understand the immunoinflammatory response specific to each disorder. Full article