Search Results (2,493)

La-MOFs exhibit strong affinity toward anions such as F⁻ and phosphate. However, conventional La-MOFs show limited regeneration performance when used as CDI electrodes, posing a major challenge for practical applications. In this study, a high-performance sulfur and nitrogen co-doped La-BDC-140-derived carbon electrode (La-CNS₃) was fabricated via a coupled carbonization and doping strategy. The optimized La-CNS₃ electrode possessed abundant defects, a mesoporous structure, favorable hydrophilicity, and rapid charge-transfer capability, which collectively enhanced fluoride electrosorption. At 1.4 V, La-CNS₃ achieved a fluoride removal capacity of 31.86 mg·g⁻¹ for 10 mg·L⁻¹ F⁻ solution and up to 195 mg·g⁻¹ at an initial F⁻ concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. More importantly, partial fluoride desorption was realized solely under reverse voltage, and the electrode maintained favorable defluoridation performance over 50 adsorption–desorption cycles. In actual groundwater treatment, the effluent fluoride concentration decreased to below 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ after 120 min. XPS analysis and DFT calculations revealed that fluoride removal was mainly governed by La-F coordination, surface hydroxyl/water ligand exchange, and interfacial charge redistribution. The La₂O₂S/g-C₃N₄ structure provided a favorable balance between fluoride adsorption strength and desorption reversibility. This work offers a promising strategy for designing efficient, selective, and electrically regenerable rare-earth-based CDI electrodes for fluoride-contaminated water treatment. Full article

Flexible oxide electronics require dielectric layers that combine low-temperature processability, low leakage current, high capacitance density, and mechanical reliability. In this work, we prepared ZrAlO_x-PVP hybrid dielectric films through a low-temperature self-combustion solution process at 180 °C and systematically investigated the effect of PVP doping (0–2 wt%). The results show that PVP promotes the formation of M-O-C related bonding environments, suggesting the construction of an organic–inorganic crosslinked structure. Moderate PVP incorporation effectively suppresses leakage pathways, whereas excessive PVP induces polymer aggregation and trap-assisted conduction. Among all samples, the film on flexible PI (polyimide) with a PVP doping concentration of 0.5 wt% exhibits the best overall performance, with a leakage current as low as 1.89 × 10⁻⁸ A/cm² at 1 MV/cm, a dielectric constant of 8.88. After static bending at a radius of 20 mm, the film maintains stable dielectric behavior, indicating improved stress tolerance. Flexible IGZO TFT fabricated with the optimized dielectric shows a mobility of 11.84 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹, a threshold voltage of 0.48 V, and a subthreshold swing of 0.24 V dec⁻¹ before bending. This work demonstrates that moderate PVP crosslinking provides an effective balance between defect suppression and stress relaxation, offering a practical interface-engineering strategy for low-temperature flexible high-k dielectrics. Full article

To alleviate the trade-off between high-speed responses and RF output capability in modified uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes (MUTC-PDs), an MUTC-PD incorporating an electric-field regulation layer (EFRL-MUTC-PD) is proposed. A 20 nm EFRL is inserted between the PD’s collector layer and its cliff layer to tailor the electric-field distribution in the collector layer, thereby enabling electron transport near the peak drift velocity under high-photocurrent operation. Simulation results indicate that the optimal doping concentration of the EFRL is $1\times {10}^{16}$ cm⁻³. For an 8 µm diameter device operated at a bias voltage of −4 V and a photocurrent of 15 mA, the simulation predicts a 3 dB bandwidth of 130 GHz and a transit-time-limited bandwidth of 162 GHz, corresponding to a 9.3% improvement in the simulated 3 dB bandwidth compared with a conventional MUTC-PD. In addition, the simulated RF output power reaches 11.54 dBm at 130 GHz under the adopted simulation assumptions. Full article

Photovoltaic modules require efficient sunlight modulation, including enhanced visible transmittance and conversion of unused ultraviolet light. This study develops a synthetic optical coating that achieves both functions by integrating down-conversion BAM (BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu²⁺, Mn²⁺) nanophosphors into a silica anti-reflection sol. The key novelty lies in a synergistic surface engineering strategy that decouples dispersion stabilization from luminescence protection. Five dispersants are systematically compared under combined ball and sand milling. The polyester-modified acrylic long-chain dispersant (DK062) yields a stable nanodispersion with an average particle size of 228 nm and a Zeta potential of −7.61 mV, effectively suppressing re-agglomeration while retaining high photoluminescence. Subsequent surface modification with KH570 grafts a dense silane passivation layer via Si–O–M covalent bonds, further increasing the photoluminescence intensity by 1.39-fold. The optimized nanophosphors are incorporated into a commercial anti-reflection sol and dip-coated onto photovoltaic glass. At a doping concentration of 2‰ and a withdrawal speed of 8 mm/s, the resulting DCSAR coating exhibits an average transmittance of 91.16%—slightly higher than that of the pure anti-reflection coating (90.96%)—while showing strong green emission at 515 nm. Industrial on-site testing further demonstrates an average transmittance of 94.20%–94.31% with uniform green emission. This work provides a scalable route to fabricate highly transparent, light-converting anti-reflection coatings by combining dispersant-assisted milling and silane passivation. Full article

To address the urgent demand for eco-friendly and low-cost catalysts to replace toxic heavy-metal additives in energetic materials, this work focuses on developing biomass-derived copper-doped porous carbon (CuPC) as a high-efficiency catalyst for the thermal decomposition and combustion of molecular perovskite energetic material (H₂dabco)NH₄(ClO₄)₃(DAP-4). Biomass carbonaceous material has garnered extensive attention in many fields, owing to the low cost, high utilization efficiency, and environment protection. Herein, the CuPC catalysts were rationally designed and fabricated via the high-temperature carbonization treatment of biomass carbonaceous material precursor. The catalytic effects of CuPC on the thermal decomposition and combustion characteristics of DAP-4 were systematically investigated. The results revealed that CuPC possessed inherent catalysis property on the decomposition and combustion reaction of DAP-4. Cu_xO_y nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the surface of carbonized biomass substrates, endowing the catalysts with superior dispersibility. Thermal analysis results indicated that the addition of 5 wt% CuPC-3 reduced the thermal decomposition peak temperature from 378 °C of raw DAP-4 to 350 °C of DAP-4/CuPC-3. Moreover, the apparent activation energy of DAP-4 was notably decreased with the incorporation of CuPC catalysts. The combustion characterization results demonstrated that DAP-4 exhibited a more intense combustion process with the addition of CuPC, accompanied by elevated maximum combustion temperature and enhanced combustion heat. The catalytic mechanism of CuPC on the thermal decomposition and combustion of DAP-4 was further proposed. This work provides a targeted strategy for designing sustainable biomass-based catalysts to optimize the energy release performance of advanced molecular perovskite energetic materials. Full article

Expansion of the operational temperature range for polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) above 200 °C significantly reduces hydrogen purification requirements. Here, we report a hybrid composite of poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (ABPBI) and CsH₂PO₄, doped with H₃PO₄, as a PEM for PEMFC operation at >200 °C up to 250 °C and beyond. The optimal ratio of ABPBI repeating units to CsH₂PO₄ is 1:1 (mol/mol). Materials are extensively characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, HAADF STEM, elemental mapping, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, proton conductivity, mechanical testing, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It is suggested that PEMFCs with the extended operational temperature range (>220 °C) might be categorized as ultrahigh-temperature polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cells (UT-PEMFCs). Full article

A series of co-doped LiNbO₃:Mg:Er crystals were grown in a single technological cycle and under the same technological conditions by Czochralski. In each subsequent step of the growth cycle, the content of Mg and Er dopants decreased. The initial concentration of dopants in the melt was [Mg] = 4.0 mol% and [Er] = 0.78 mol%. The melt was obtained from a homogeneously doped batch. The batch included the Nb₂O₅:Mg:Er precursor synthesized by the liquid-phase method. The physicochemical features of crystallization were studied. The optical properties of the crystals were investigated using laser conoscopy and photoinduced light scattering. Macro- and microdefect structures were studied by optical microscopy. Quantitative phase analysis was performed for single-crystal samples. The defect structures of powdered LiNbO₃:Mg:Er samples were determined by refining XRD patterns by Rietveld. The optical quality of doubly doped crystals corresponds to that of singly doped LiNbO₃:Er crystals. Mg significantly reduces the transparency of LiNbO₃:Mg:Er crystals in the ultraviolet and violet spectral ranges. The optimal dopant concentration in the melt was [Er] = 0.63 mol% and [Mg] = 3.0 mol%, and [Er] = 0.47 mol% and [Mg] = 3.07 mol% in crystal. The optical properties of LiNbO₃:Mg:Er crystals make them promising active nonlinear optical materials for generating and converting laser radiation. Full article

Addressing the critical limitation of high operating temperatures plaguing conventional resistive gas sensors, this work reports the synthesis of Zn-doped SnS gas-sensing materials with doping concentrations of 0%, 2%, and 4% via a one-step hydrothermal route—an approach that enables precise regulation of dopant distribution and material microstructure. Systematic gas-sensing tests demonstrate that all as-prepared sensors exhibit remarkable responsiveness to methanol at a reduced optimal operating temperature of 240 °C, with the response values increasing significantly with Zn doping content: 22.1% for pristine SnS, 48.9% for 2% Zn-doped SnS, and 65.2% for 4% Zn-doped SnS when exposed to 50 ppm methanol. Beyond enhanced response, the Zn-doped SnS sensors maintain excellent methanol selectivity against interfering gases (e.g., ethanol, formaldehyde, acetone) and achieve a low detection limit of 5 ppm, which meets the practical requirements for trace methanol monitoring. The superior performance of 4% Zn-doped SnS—exhibiting a 195% response enhancement compared to pristine SnS—originates from the synergistic effects of Zn-induced defect engineering and improved charge carrier mobility, as supported by structural and electrical characterizations. This study not only provides a facile strategy for developing low-temperature-operating methanol sensors but also highlights the potential of Zn-doped SnS as a promising candidate for high-performance gas-sensing applications in environmental monitoring, industrial safety, and biomedical detection. Full article

Power batteries used in electric-powered vessels, new-energy tractors or construction machinery typically require prolonged, continuous operation at high power levels, which can lead to significant heat buildup and pose serious threats to battery safety, cycle life, and operational stability. Traditional air-cooled and liquid-cooled systems struggle to meet the requirements for efficient heat dissipation under heavy loads. Phase change materials (PCMs) are ideal for passive battery thermal management due to their high latent heat but are severely limited by low thermal conductivity and liquid leakage. In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes@SiO₂ (PNT@SiO₂) were synthesized and further fabricated into oriented porous aerogels by directional freeze-drying using cellulose-based materials as the skeleton. Polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG-8000) was loaded via vacuum impregnation to obtain the PSAP composite PCM. The optimized composite exhibits a thermal conductivity of 0.93 W/m·K, 3.2 times that of pure PEG, with 96% PEG loading and a phase change enthalpy of 158 J/g. Battery thermal management tests demonstrate its excellent temperature control and heat suppression performance. This study provides a high-performance and feasible thermal management solution for power batteries used in relevant fields. Full article

As the growing presence of antibiotic residues in environmental water bodies poses an increasing risk to ecological safety and human health, developing simple and efficient methods for the targeted detection of antibiotics is of particular importance. In this study, we propose a simple method for the one-step hydrothermal synthesis of N, S-co-doped carbon dots (N, S-CDs) using disulfide bonds from discarded badminton shuttlecocks. We investigated the effects of different synthesis temperatures on its performance and confirmed the method’s excellent performance in detecting tetracycline (TC) concentrations, with results demonstrating that varying synthesis temperatures affect the degree and distribution of carbonization, thereby influencing fluorescence intensity. Consequently, employing N, S-CDs-180, which exhibits optimal photoluminescence properties, as the sensing probe for the detection of TC solutions at varying concentrations yielded an excellent linear equation for fluorescence quenching and the detection limit is 1.963 mg/L. Additionally, the fluorescence stability of N,S-CDs-180 was investigated in laboratory water, tap water, seawater, lake water, and industrial wastewater, all of which demonstrated exceptional environmental adaptability. Furthermore, a systematic investigation into the target selectivity of N, S-CDs-180 toward various antibiotics revealed that this material exhibits a sensitive quenching response specifically to tetracycline-class antibiotics while showing no quenching effect on non-tetracycline antibiotics, collectively indicating that the as-prepared N, S-CDs can serve as potential fluorescent probes for the highly selective detection of tetracycline-class antibiotics in complex aqueous systems. Full article

The electro-oxidation of persistent organic pollutants such as 2-chlorophenol (2-CPh) using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes offers a promising wastewater treatment route, yet conventional mechanistic models (e.g., CFD) suffer from prohibitive computational costs. This study develops a hybrid physics-informed neural network (PINN) to model the electro-oxidation of 2-CPh in a flow-by reactor coupled with a continuous stirred tank under batch recirculation mode. The PINN integrates a diffusion–convection partial differential equation with a lumped-parameter ordinary differential equation for the tank, embedding physical constraints directly into the loss function. The model was trained on simulated data generated from a previously validated parametric model and optimized using a systematic hyperparameter grid search. The PINN achieved excellent agreement with experimental data, yielding a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9927, a mean square error of 0.0009, and a root mean square error of 0.0294—outperforming both the CFD and parametric models in accuracy. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the apparent kinetic constant is the most influential parameter (normalized sensitivity of 14.20). While the CFD model required 42 days and the parametric model 8 s, the PINN achieved a balanced trade-off with a runtime of 7.36 h. We conclude that the PINN provides a highly accurate, computationally feasible surrogate model suitable for integration into digital twins and real-time control frameworks for electrochemical wastewater treatment. Full article

Harmless treatment significantly raises the alumina content of secondary aluminum dross (SAD), laying the foundation for the preparation of MgAl₂O₄ (MA) refractory bricks from SAD by doping MgO. Relevant research on different molding methods, as well as the effects of binder types and dosages on the physical properties (such as compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and thermal shock resistance) of sintered bricks, remains inadequate. In this study, 15 wt% MgO was first added to make the Al₂O₃/MgO mass ratio of SAD close to the theoretical value of 2.53 for MA formation, and the SAD-MgO premix was used as raw material. The influence of molding methods and binders on the properties of sintered bricks was investigated. The results indicate that dry pressing outperforms casting in physical performance. When calcium lignosulfonate (CL) was used as the binder for dry pressing, the average compressive strength reached a maximum of 102.12 MPa, the corresponding thermal conductivity was 2.24 W/(m·K), and the sample withstood 11 thermal shock cycles. Binder dosage experiments showed that the optimal CL addition was 5 wt%, and the recommended upper limit was 10 wt%. This work provides a new perspective for the high-value utilization of SAD in the preparation of spinel refractory bricks. Full article

This study comprehensively investigates the degradation performance of a Mn-doped Zn₂SnO₄ photocatalyst based on time-dependent UV-Vis absorption spectra. Before machine learning modelling, the effects of experimental parameters such as UV–Vis measurement wavelength, reaction time, and Mn doping ratio were statistically validated using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) methods. To overcome the limitations of linear models in representing complex physical systems, an optimized Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) architecture was developed to capture the system’s nonlinear dynamics with high accuracy. To validate the model’s out-of-sample prediction capability and prevent data leakage potentially arising from spectral data correlation, the “Leave-One-Doping-Level-Out” (LODLO) cross-validation strategy was applied, during which performance metrics of R²$=0.8889$ and $MSE=0.00238$ were recorded. To make the neural network’s decision-making mechanism transparent, a dual-validation explainability framework comprising Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) and Permutation Feature Importance analyses was employed. By quantifying the relative contributions of the experimental parameters to the model predictions, this approach revealed that the UV–Vis measurement wavelength was the dominant predictive variable, followed by the Mn doping ratio and reaction time. This study presents a transparent methodology that offers both strong predictive capability and physically grounded data to shed light on the complex interactions in doped semiconductor photocatalysts. Full article

With the continuous advancement of thrust-to-weight ratios in modern aero-engines, turbine inlet temperatures have reached levels that far exceed the thermal endurance limits of conventional superalloys and emerging ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Consequently, thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) and environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) have become indispensable multifunctional systems for hot-section component protection. This review systematically delineates the evolutionary trajectory of TBC/EBC systems, transitioning from traditional yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and simple silicates to advanced multi-rare-earth-doped oxides, A₂B₂O₇ pyrochlore structures, and high-entropy ceramic systems. A critical comparative assessment is provided regarding their phase stability, thermal-physical properties, and durability challenges above 1200 °C. Furthermore, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of high-temperature degradation mechanisms, focusing on the thermochemical and thermomechanical interactions under calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate (CMAS) attack, water-oxygen corrosion, and molten salt infiltration. By synthesizing current research gaps, we highlight the trade-offs between low thermal conductivity, high toughness, and environmental resistance. Finally, a strategic roadmap for next-generation coatings is proposed, emphasizing the integration of high-entropy material design, multi-scale structural optimization, and AI-driven life prediction models to meet the stringent reliability requirements of future propulsion systems. Full article

Transition-metal oxide/layered double hydroxide (LDH) electrodes often suffer from insufficient utilization of active sites, sluggish electron/ion transport, and limited cycling stability at high rates. Here, La-doped ZnCo₂O₄/MnCo-LDH nanoflowers serve as the positive electrode and Ti-supported Sb-doped SnO₂ (Ti/Sb-SnO₂) serves as the negative electrode for constructing an asymmetric supercapacitor. A stepwise hydrothermal route, La-doping regulation, and ethylenediamine-assisted morphology control transform stacked nanosheets into open porous nanoflowers with a specific surface area of 382.5 m² g⁻¹, thereby exposing more electroactive sites and shortening OH⁻ diffusion pathways. La³⁺-induced lattice distortion and defect-related oxygen species further tune the electronic structure and improve interfacial charge-transfer kinetics. The optimized La-ZnCo₂O₄/MnCo-LDH electrode delivers 2130 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ and retains 1993 F g⁻¹ after 10,000 cycles at 3 A g⁻¹. The Ti/Sb-SnO₂ negative electrode provides 673 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ and 302 F g⁻¹ at 15 A g⁻¹. The assembled device operates stably from 0 to 1.8 V in 2 M KOH and achieves 69 Wh kg⁻¹ and 13,500 W kg⁻¹. Full article