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15 pages, 1549 KiB  
Article
Influence of Tomato Pomace on the Quality of Canned Pork Meat with Reduced Nitrogen Compounds
by Patrycja Skwarek, Miroslava Kačániová, Małgorzata Karwowska and Karolina M. Wójciak
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 6271; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116271 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 494
Abstract
Sodium nitrite is an additive commonly used in meat processing to provide technological effects. However, the presence of nitrates in food can lead to the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines; so, its use should be limited. This study concerns the possibility of reducing sodium [...] Read more.
Sodium nitrite is an additive commonly used in meat processing to provide technological effects. However, the presence of nitrates in food can lead to the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines; so, its use should be limited. This study concerns the possibility of reducing sodium nitrite (III) addition in the production of canned meat to 50 mg/kg by enriching the product with tomato peels and seeds powder (TPSP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TPSP on the physicochemical, chemical and microbiological quality of canned pork. Four different products were tested in this study: a control sample and samples with the addition of 0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% tomato peels and seeds powder. The addition of TPSP decreased the pH values of meat products and increased yellowness (b*) and redness (a*) values. The influence of TPSP on the increase in antioxidant activity of canned meat was also observed. However, the plant-based additive did not affect the chemical composition or water activity of the tested product. The control samples were characterized by a lower TBARS compared to the other samples of meat products. Microbiological analysis results indicate that the canned pork samples meet the product requirements. The most commonly isolated species from the samples were Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, and Enterococcus faecalis. Full article
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14 pages, 425 KiB  
Review
Clinical Impact of Vaping
by Francesco Petrella, Paola Faverio, Andrea Cara, Enrico Mario Cassina, Lidia Libretti, Sara Lo Torto, Emanuele Pirondini, Federico Raveglia, Francesca Spinelli, Antonio Tuoro, Elisa Perger and Fabrizio Luppi
Toxics 2025, 13(6), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13060470 - 1 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1848
Abstract
The term ‘vaping’ refers to the use of electronic cigarettes or other devices to inhale a variety of heated and aerosolized substances. Vaping has been promoted as a less harmful and potentially oncogenic alternative to nicotine cigarettes, particularly to help heavy smokers quit. [...] Read more.
The term ‘vaping’ refers to the use of electronic cigarettes or other devices to inhale a variety of heated and aerosolized substances. Vaping has been promoted as a less harmful and potentially oncogenic alternative to nicotine cigarettes, particularly to help heavy smokers quit. While vaping products do not produce the same carcinogenic substances—such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—generated by the combustion of tobacco, and while their fluids lack tobacco-related carcinogens like nitrosamines, it is now well established that they still generate harmful and potentially oncogenic byproducts. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the potential oncogenic effects of vaping fluids, including direct chemical action, epithelial–mesenchymal transition induction, redox stress, mitochondrial toxicity, and DNA damage. In addition to cancer risk, there have been reports of adverse effects on cardiovascular health, reproductive function, and non-oncologic lung injuries. These include exogenous lipoid pneumonia, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with proven alveolar injury, and vaping-associated bronchiolitis obliterans. The aim of this review is to examine vaping devices, their potential role in lung carcinogenesis, vaping-associated lung injury, and other clinical implications, including impacts on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory diseases, and also pregnancy and fetus health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)
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20 pages, 1188 KiB  
Article
Assessing Nitrosamine Migration from Drinking Water Contact Materials Using a Validated LLE-GC-MS Method
by Beatriz Antunes, Andreia Videira, Ana Penetra, Vitor V. Cardoso, Rui N. Carneiro and Cristina M. M. Almeida
Molecules 2025, 30(11), 2403; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112403 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 506
Abstract
Nitrosamines (NAs) are toxic compounds associated with disinfection processes. Human exposure can occur through the hydraulic hoses and seals that are in contact with drinking water. This study develops and validates a chromatographic method to quantify 11 NAs in water leachates from four [...] Read more.
Nitrosamines (NAs) are toxic compounds associated with disinfection processes. Human exposure can occur through the hydraulic hoses and seals that are in contact with drinking water. This study develops and validates a chromatographic method to quantify 11 NAs in water leachates from four organic materials. The method is based on liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method was validated by the application of several statistical tests, namely, linearity/working range, precision, trueness, and recovery tests. The GC-MS method showed a good linear range for all NAs with coefficients of determination (r2) higher than 0.9989, coefficients of variation of the method (CVm) lower than 2.5%, and PG < F (0.05; 1; N-3). The working range varies between 10 µg/L and 386.7 µg/L. The GC-MS method showed good precision under repeatability and reproducibility conditions with a relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 12% and 10%, respectively. The GC-MS showed good trueness with a relative error lower than 20%. Matrix effects were significant, with recovery (Rec) values between 47% and 125% and an RSD lower than 20%. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranged between 0.71 µg/L and 8.9 µg/L and between 2.3 µg/L and 29.8 µg/L, respectively. The method quantification limits (MQL) ranged from 0.0045 µg/L to 0.0378 µg/L. The sum of the MQL (0.2 µg/L) is lower than the reference limit of 0.3 µg/L for NAs in the leachates from the migration tests. Four organic materials were subjected to migration tests with demineralized and chlorinated water to assess their suitability for the water supply system. These materials met the NA specifications for use in the water network. Full article
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13 pages, 1631 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Catalytic Removal of N-Nitrosodimethylamine from Drinking Water Matrices with One-Step-Carbonized Ferric Ammonium Citrate
by Jing Lv, Lingyue Zhang, Jialu Li, Yuting Zhang, Ruofan Wang, Rui Tang, Jianchao Wang, Mei Hong and Na Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110831 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 422
Abstract
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a widely recognized disinfection by-product that poses significant carcinogenic risks in drinking water. Conventional methods for NDMA removal, such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, have limited efficacy due to NDMA’s small molecular weight and polar properties. Advanced oxidation processes [...] Read more.
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a widely recognized disinfection by-product that poses significant carcinogenic risks in drinking water. Conventional methods for NDMA removal, such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, have limited efficacy due to NDMA’s small molecular weight and polar properties. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have shown promise, but traditional Fenton processes often fall short due to the chemical structure of nitrosamines in NDMA. This study proposes a novel, cost-effective approach using a one-step carbonization method to synthesize a catalyst from ferric ammonium citrate (FAC). The resulting FAC-600 integrates zero-valent iron and iron carbide with carbon-based functional groups, enhancing catalytic and electron transport activities. Our experiments demonstrated that the FAC-600/persulfate (PS) AOP system achieves over 90% NDMA removal across a wide concentration range (50 μg L−1 to 1000 μg L −1) with a limited dosage of 0.5 g L−1. Mechanistic insights revealed that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals dominate NDMA degradation, facilitated by the presence of dissolved oxygen and PS. This study underscores the potential of the FAC-600/PS AOP system as a robust and efficient solution for NDMA removal, promising safer drinking water through practical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Material Catalysis for Environmental Protection)
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15 pages, 779 KiB  
Article
Balancing Yields and Sustainability: An Eco-Friendly Approach to Losartan Synthesis Using Green Palladium Nanoparticles
by Edith M. Antunes, Yusuf A. Adegoke, Sinazo Mgwigwi, John J. Bolton, Sarel F. Malan and Denzil R. Beukes
Molecules 2025, 30(11), 2314; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112314 - 25 May 2025
Viewed by 740
Abstract
This study presents a sustainable, environmentally friendly synthetic route for the production of key intermediates in losartan using palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) derived from a brown seaweed, Sargassum incisifolium, as a recyclable nanocatalyst. A key intermediate, biaryl, was synthesized with an excellent yield [...] Read more.
This study presents a sustainable, environmentally friendly synthetic route for the production of key intermediates in losartan using palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) derived from a brown seaweed, Sargassum incisifolium, as a recyclable nanocatalyst. A key intermediate, biaryl, was synthesized with an excellent yield (98%) via Suzuki–Miyaura coupling between 2-bromobenzonitrile and 4-methylphenylboronic acid, catalyzed using bio-derived PdNPs under mild conditions. Subsequent bromination using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) under LED light, followed by imidazole coupling and tetrazole ring formation, allowed for the production of losartan with an overall yield of 27%. The PdNP catalyst exhibited high stability and recyclability, as well as strong catalytic activity, even at lower loadings, and nitrosamine formation was not detected. While the overall yield was lower than that of traditional industrial methods, this was due to the deliberate avoidance of the use of toxic reagents, hazardous solvents, and protection/deprotection steps commonly used in conventional routes. This trade-off marks a shift in pharmaceutical process development, where environmental and safety considerations are increasingly prioritized in line with green chemistry and regulatory frameworks. This study provides a foundation for green scaling up strategies, incorporating sustainability principles into drug synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Molecules in Drug Discovery and Development)
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19 pages, 1349 KiB  
Review
N-Nitrosamines in Meat Products: Formation, Detection and Regulatory Challenges
by Tomislav Rot, Dragan Kovačević, Kristina Habschied and Krešimir Mastanjević
Processes 2025, 13(5), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051555 - 17 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1587
Abstract
Nitrosamines (NAs) are a class of chemical compounds predominantly formed during the processing, curing, and storage of meat products through the reaction of nitrites with amines. Decades of toxicological and epidemiological evidence have unequivocally established several NAs as potent human carcinogens, with strong [...] Read more.
Nitrosamines (NAs) are a class of chemical compounds predominantly formed during the processing, curing, and storage of meat products through the reaction of nitrites with amines. Decades of toxicological and epidemiological evidence have unequivocally established several NAs as potent human carcinogens, with strong associations with gastrointestinal, pancreatic, and liver cancers. This review critically examines the pathways of NA formation in meat, the influence of processing conditions, and the factors contributing to their variability in food products. It also outlines state-of-the-art analytical techniques for their detection and summarizes recent scientific efforts to reduce their formation. Despite scientific consensus on the health hazards posed by dietary exposure to NAs, regulatory control remains fragmented and insufficient. Therefore, this review highlights the pressing need for coordinated international action and the development of a harmonized regulatory framework to mitigate public health risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Biochemistry and Health: Recent Developments and Perspectives)
16 pages, 2101 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Determination and Quantification of NineNitrosamine Impurities in Semi-Solid Forms Using a GC–MS/MS Method
by Namjin Lee, Hyejin Go and Young-joon Park
Separations 2025, 12(5), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12050120 - 11 May 2025
Viewed by 689
Abstract
Many studies are being conducted on the detection of nitrosamine impurities in solid formulations. However, research on semi-solid formulations such as gels, ointments and creams is not common. In particular, excipients used to increase viscosity and add fragrance can significantly impact the sample [...] Read more.
Many studies are being conducted on the detection of nitrosamine impurities in solid formulations. However, research on semi-solid formulations such as gels, ointments and creams is not common. In particular, excipients used to increase viscosity and add fragrance can significantly impact the sample preparation. Volatile compounds derived from natural fragrances are composed of a wide variety of complex components, making them very difficult to handle and completely separate from the analytes. Due to the complex composition of these formulations, an analytical method was developed to accurately separate and analyze nine nitrosamine impurities (NDMA, NDEA, NMEA, NDPA, NDBA, NPIP, NMOR, DIPNA and EIPNA) simultaneously. To overcome challenges in the sample preparation of excipients with physical and chemical properties, the sample was prepared using solvents such as methanol, hexane, water and dichloromethane. The target analytes were extracted with dichloromethane for the final preparation for GC–MS/MS and the optimal conditions were established. While multiple GC columns were tested, peak overlapping interferences were observed, leading to the use of a 60m-long column to overcome peak overlap. The GC–MS/MS condition was set for optimal performance and ionization energy, with parameters adjusted for each analyte. The developed method was validated in accordance with guidelines to ensure its reliability and suitability. As a result, all nine nitrosamine impurities were simultaneously analyzed, confirming excellent performance. The sample preparation method and procedure, column specification and GC–MS/MS conditions have the potential to be adapted not only for semi-solid formulations of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics but also for other formulations such as solid and liquid samples, rendering them suitable for the analysis of nitrosamine impurities. Full article
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14 pages, 1833 KiB  
Article
Illegal Nitrite Treatment of Red Tuna and Prolonged Storage: What About Other Food Safety Risks?
by Simona Summa, Marco Iammarino, Sonia Lo Magro, Pasqualino D'Antini, Giovanna La Salandra, Maria Grazia Basanisi, Gaia Nobili, Giovanna Berardi, Marco Emanuele Langianese, Gianfranco La Bella and Marilena Muscarella
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3975; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073975 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 562
Abstract
The illegal treatment of tuna with nitrite is a significant food safety concern. The risk may be due to not only the high nitrite levels and the possible formation of N-Nitrosamines but also to the possible increase in biogenic amines and microbial load [...] Read more.
The illegal treatment of tuna with nitrite is a significant food safety concern. The risk may be due to not only the high nitrite levels and the possible formation of N-Nitrosamines but also to the possible increase in biogenic amines and microbial load and also pathogens. This study optimized the treatment of red tuna (Thunnus thynnus) with nitrite solutions and then determined several chemical (histamine, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), biogenic amines, nitrite/nitrate, ascorbic acid, and sulfites) and microbiological (total microbial count, Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella, Escherichia coli) parameters, comparing the results obtained with fresh samples with those obtained with treated samples after 5 days of storage (4 °C). The effect of such treatment on samples voluntarily contaminated with some pathogens was also investigated. The results indicate that if the products are characterized by suitable hygienic quality, the total microbial load and the levels of histamine and TVBN after 5 days of storage are below the legal limits, and no health risk subsists. The growth of pathogens/histaminogens (Salmonella and Morganella morganii) was also substantially inhibited during storage. Thus, this work confirmed that the high nitrite amounts and the possible development of N-nitrosamines represent the only significant food safety concerns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Analytical Chemistry in Food Science)
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14 pages, 2759 KiB  
Article
Nitrates and Nitrites in Leafy Vegetables: The Influence of Culinary Processing on Concentration Levels and Possible Impact on Health
by Sanja Luetic, Zlatka Knezovic, Katarina Jurcic, Marina Luetic Perasovic and Davorka Sutlovic
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073018 - 26 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1714
Abstract
Vegetables, as an important source of vitamins and minerals, are highly recommended in a healthy diet. At the same time, vegetables can contain elevated amounts of nitrates and nitrites, which are the possible nitrosating agents responsible for the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. In [...] Read more.
Vegetables, as an important source of vitamins and minerals, are highly recommended in a healthy diet. At the same time, vegetables can contain elevated amounts of nitrates and nitrites, which are the possible nitrosating agents responsible for the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. In young children, they can cause methemoglobinemia. Determining the level of nitrates and nitrites, as well as the possible reduction in their concentrations during culinary processing, is especially important for the diet of young children, who are introduced to leafy vegetables during the first year. For some types of vegetables that are often found in the diet, maximum permissible concentrations have not yet been established. Our goal was to estimate the reduction factors of nitrates and nitrites and suggest the best ways to properly prepare foods. For this purpose, samples of Swiss chard, spinach, and white cabbage were collected from the market to determine the nitrate and nitrite content. Vegetable samples were subjected to culinary preparations: soaking, cooking, and a combination of soaking and cooking. Quantitative and qualitative determination of nitrates and nitrites in vegetables was carried out on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a diode array detector (DAD). The obtained results showed that the highest nitrate concentrations were in Swiss chard samples, followed by spinach, and the lowest in white cabbage samples. The impact of culinary preparation was highest on spinach samples. Considering the average nitrate concentrations achieved after cooking or soaking and cooking, there was no risk of exceeding the ADI limit. However, the ADI values would be exceeded at the maximum nitrate concentrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Nitrate and Metabolic Health)
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23 pages, 4272 KiB  
Article
ATT-Myc Transgenic Mouse Model and Gene Expression Identify Genotoxic and Non-Genotoxic Chemicals That Accelerating Liver Tumor Growth in Short-Term Toxicity
by Mahmoud Elalfy, Jürgen Borlak, Ahmed Jaafar Aljazzar and Mona G. Elhadidy
Biomedicines 2025, 13(3), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13030743 - 18 Mar 2025
Viewed by 820
Abstract
Introduction: Diethyl nitrosamine (DEN), a known carcinogen, has been used for validating the RasH2 and P53 transgenic models in chemical testing and has been shown to enhance primary liver tumor growth in the ATT-Myc transgenic mouse model of liver cancer. Material and Methods: [...] Read more.
Introduction: Diethyl nitrosamine (DEN), a known carcinogen, has been used for validating the RasH2 and P53 transgenic models in chemical testing and has been shown to enhance primary liver tumor growth in the ATT-Myc transgenic mouse model of liver cancer. Material and Methods: to better understand the mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma acceleration following DEN, BHT and vehicles treatments in ATT-Myc, transgenic and non-transgenic, mice. We employed an exon array, RT-PCR, Western blotting, and IHC to investigate the complex interplay between the c-Myc transgene and other growth factors in treated mice versus control transgenic and non-transgenic mice. Results: Notably, DEN treatment induced a 12-fold increase in c-Myc expression compared to non-transgenic mice. Furthermore, tumor growth in the DEN group was strongly associated with increased proliferation of transformed or carcinogenic hepatocytes, as evidenced by proliferative cell nuclear antigen and bromodeoxyuridine expression. Internally, the loss of c-Met signaling, enriched transcription factors, and the diminished expression of antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and NRF2, further enhanced c-Myc-induced liver tumor growth as early as four months post-DEN treatment. Discussion: Extensive tumor growth was observed at 8.5 months, coinciding with the downregulation of tumor suppressors such as p53. In contrast, at these time points, ATT-Myc transgenic mice exhibited only dysplastic hepatocytes without tumor formation. Additionally, the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene maintained c-Met expression and did not promote liver tumor formation. Conclusions: the persistent upregulation of c-Myc in the ATT-Myc liver cancer model, at both the gene and protein levels following DEN treatment inhibited the ETS1 transcription factor, further exacerbating the decline of c-Met signaling, SOD1, and NRF2. These changes led to increased reactive oxygen species production and promoted rapid liver tumor growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)
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24 pages, 1625 KiB  
Review
Nitric Oxide in Parkinson’s Disease: The Potential Role of Dietary Nitrate in Enhancing Cognitive and Motor Health via the Nitrate–Nitrite–Nitric Oxide Pathway
by Gianluca Tripodi, Mauro Lombardo, Sercan Kerav, Gilda Aiello and Sara Baldelli
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030393 - 22 Jan 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3364
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The pathological hallmarks of PD include Lewy bodies and mechanisms [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The pathological hallmarks of PD include Lewy bodies and mechanisms like oxidative/nitrosative stress, chronic inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Nitric oxide (NO), produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, plays a dual role in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Excessive NO production exacerbates neuroinflammation and oxidative/nitrosative damage, contributing to dopaminergic cell death. This review explores NO’s role in PD pathogenesis and investigates dietary nitrate as a therapeutic strategy to regulate NO levels. Methods: A literature review of studies addressing the role of NO in PD was conducted using major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, using keywords such as “nitric oxide”, “NOSs”, “Parkinson’s disease”, and “nitrate neuroprotection in PD”. Studies on nitrate metabolism via the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway and its effects on PD hallmarks were analyzed. Studies regarding the role of nitrosamine formation in PD, which are mainly formed during the nitrification process of amines (nitrogen-containing compounds), often due to chemical reactions in the presence of nitrite or nitrate, were also examined. In particular, nitrate has been shown to induce oxidative stress, affect the mitochondrial function, and contribute to inflammatory phenomena in the brain, another factor closely related to the pathogenesis of PD. Results: Excessive NO production, particularly from iNOS and nNOS, was strongly associated with neuroinflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, amplifying neuronal damage in PD. Dietary nitrate was shown to enhance NO bioavailability through the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway, mitigating inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative damage. Conclusions: Dysregulated NO production contributes significantly to PD progression via inflammatory and oxidative/nitrosative pathways. Dietary nitrate, by modulating NO levels, offers a promising therapeutic strategy to counteract these pathological mechanisms. Further clinical trials are warranted to establish its efficacy and optimize its use in PD management. Full article
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20 pages, 1205 KiB  
Article
Residual Nitrite, Nitrate, and Volatile N-Nitrosamines in Organic and Conventional Ham and Salami Products
by Kathrine H. Bak, Susanne Bauer, Christoph Eisenreich and Peter Paulsen
Foods 2025, 14(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14010112 - 3 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2445
Abstract
Nitrite and nitrate in meat products may be perceived negatively by consumers. These compounds can react to form carcinogenic volatile N-nitrosamines. “Nitrite-free” (i.e., uncured) organic meat products may contain nitrate from natural sources (e.g., spices and water). We studied the quality of ham [...] Read more.
Nitrite and nitrate in meat products may be perceived negatively by consumers. These compounds can react to form carcinogenic volatile N-nitrosamines. “Nitrite-free” (i.e., uncured) organic meat products may contain nitrate from natural sources (e.g., spices and water). We studied the quality of ham and salami (conventional cured; organic cured; organic uncured). Residual nitrite and nitrate, volatile N-nitrosamines, microbial load, surface color, water activity, and pH were determined, considering one week of refrigerated storage in open or unopened packages. Residual nitrite and nitrate in organic, uncured salami were similar to cured salami, presumably from the addition of herbs and spices and nitrate reduction by nitrate reductase from microorganisms. For cooked ham, residual nitrite was significantly lower in the organic, uncured sample, while residual nitrate was not detected. N-nitrosodiphenylamine was detected in all samples at day 0, exceeding, in three out of five cured and both uncured products, the US legal limit of 10 µg/kg of volatile N-nitrosamines in foods. This finding warrants further investigation. The microbial load in salami products was dominated by bacteria from starter cultures. In ham, a slight increase in total aerobic count and lactic acid bacteria during storage was noted. Overall, the microbial quality of the products was as expected for the respective product types. Full article
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20 pages, 10526 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Genotoxic Effects of N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-Urea and Etoposide on the Differentiation Potential of MSCs from Umbilical Cord Blood and Bone Marrow
by Meryem Ouzin, Sebastian Wesselborg, Gerhard Fritz and Gesine Kogler
Cells 2024, 13(24), 2134; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13242134 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 866
Abstract
The present study investigates the influence of nitrosamines and etoposide on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in a differentiation state- and biological age-dependent manner. The genotoxic effects of the agents on both neonatal and adult stem cell populations after treatment, before, or during the [...] Read more.
The present study investigates the influence of nitrosamines and etoposide on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in a differentiation state- and biological age-dependent manner. The genotoxic effects of the agents on both neonatal and adult stem cell populations after treatment, before, or during the course of differentiation, and the sensitivity of the different MSC types to different concentrations of MNU or etoposide were assessed. Hereby, the multipotent differentiation capacity of MSCs into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes was analyzed. Our findings reveal that while all cell types exhibit DNA damage upon exposure, neonatal CB-USSCs demonstrate enhanced resistance to genotoxic damage compared with their adult counterparts. Moreover, the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was more susceptible to genotoxic damage, whereas the adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potentials did not show any significant changes upon treatment with genotoxin. Furthermore, we emphasize the cell-specific variability in responses to genotoxic damage and the differences in sensitivity and reaction across different cell types, thus advocating the consideration of these variabilities during drug testing and developmental biological research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Stem Cells)
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16 pages, 1715 KiB  
Article
Efficient Method of (S)-Nicotine Synthesis
by Nazar Trotsko, Barbara Miroslaw, Radomir Jasiński, Mateusz Długosz, Małgorzata Sadczuk and Oleg M. Demchuk
Molecules 2024, 29(23), 5731; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235731 - 4 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2563
Abstract
Improved methods for the synthesis of nicotine are of great importance due to the wide range of applications of synthetic nicotine, which is free from contamination with nitrosamines. Herein, we present a four-step chemical synthesis of (S)-nicotine, involving the reduction in [...] Read more.
Improved methods for the synthesis of nicotine are of great importance due to the wide range of applications of synthetic nicotine, which is free from contamination with nitrosamines. Herein, we present a four-step chemical synthesis of (S)-nicotine, involving the reduction in myosmine, enantiomeric separation of nornicotine, and subsequent methylation of the appropriate enantiomer of nornicotine obtained. The reduction in myosmine was investigated using both electrochemical and chemical approaches, achieving up to 90% yields of pure nornicotine. To achieve the enantioseparation of nornicotine, its diastereomeric salts with chiral acids, specifically, N-lauroyl-(R)-alanine, were obtained in a mixture of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and chloroform, which led to the isolation of (S)-nornicotine with 92% ee. The structures of the obtained salts were determined by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, which helped to explain the origin of enantiodiscrimination during the crystallization. The described methodology allows efficient regeneration of the reagents and solvents used, leading to cost-effective production of (S)-nicotine suitable for industrial-scale applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Organic Synthesis Related to Natural Compounds)
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15 pages, 2062 KiB  
Article
A Pre-Column Derivatization Method for the HPLC-FLD Determination of Dimethyl and Diethyl Amine in Pharmaceuticals
by Georgios Kamaris, Maria Tsami, Georgiana-Roxana Lotca, Sofia Almpani and Catherine K. Markopoulou
Molecules 2024, 29(23), 5535; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235535 - 23 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2809
Abstract
In recent years, the detection of nitrosamine precursors has become an important issue for regulatory authorities such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The present study provides a pre-column derivatization method for the analysis of dimethylamine [...] Read more.
In recent years, the detection of nitrosamine precursors has become an important issue for regulatory authorities such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The present study provides a pre-column derivatization method for the analysis of dimethylamine (DMA) and diethylamine (DEA) in pharmaceutical products using HPLC and a fluorescence detector. Appropriate chromatographic parameters, including mobile phase composition (organic solvent, buffer, pH), elution type, flow rate, temperature, and λexcitation/emission, were investigated. Analysis was performed at λexcitation = 450 nm and λemission = 540 nm on a C18 column (at 40 °C) using gradient elution as a mobile phase with Eluent A: Phosphoric Acid Buffer (20 mM, pH = 2.8) and Eluent B: methanol, with a flow of 0.8 mL/min. The method was validated according to ICH specifications in terms of linearity (0.5–10 ng/mL for DMA and 5–100 ng/mL for DEA), specificity, and robustness, as well as repeatability, intermediate precision (%RSD < 2.9), and accuracy (% recovery 98.2–102.0%). The derivatization process was optimized using the “Crossed D-Optimal” experimental design procedure, where one mixture component was cross-correlated with two factors. The stability of the samples was studied over a period of one month. To process the samples (pharmaceuticals), various purification techniques were tried using solid/liquid or liquid/liquid extraction with dichloromethane. Finally, a straightforward solid-phase extraction (SPE, C18) method was chosen prior to derivatization. The method was successfully applied, since the extraction recoveries were >81.6% for DMA (0.5 ppm) and >81.1% for DEA (5 ppm). Based on the results obtained and the available literature, the scientific community seeks, by proposing flexible analytical methods, to delimit the problem of nitrosamines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Fluorescent Sensors in Food and Environment)
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