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Search Results (419)

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30 pages, 10655 KiB  
Review
Accidents in Oil and Gas Pipeline Transportation Systems
by Nediljka Gaurina-Međimurec, Karolina Novak Mavar, Katarina Simon and Fran Djerdji
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4056; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154056 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 337
Abstract
The paper provides an analysis of the causes of accidents in oil and gas pipeline systems. As part of a comprehensive overview of the topic, it also presents the historical development of pipeline systems, from the first commercial oil pipelines in the United [...] Read more.
The paper provides an analysis of the causes of accidents in oil and gas pipeline systems. As part of a comprehensive overview of the topic, it also presents the historical development of pipeline systems, from the first commercial oil pipelines in the United States to modern infrastructure projects, with a particular focus on the role of regulatory requirements and measures (prevention, detection, and mitigation) to improve transport efficiency and pipeline safety. The research uses historical accident data from various databases to identify the main causes of accidents and analyse trends. The focus is on factors such as corrosion, third-party interference, and natural disasters that can lead to accidents. A comparison of the various accident databases shows that there are different practises and approaches to operation and reporting. As each database differs in terms of inclusion criteria, the categories are divided into five main groups to allow systematic interpretation of the data and cross-comparison of accident causes. Regional differences in the causes of accidents involving oil and gas pipelines in Europe, the USA, and Canada are visible. However, an integrated analysis shows that the number of accidents is declining in almost all categories. The majority of all recorded accidents are in the “Human factors and Operational disruption” and “Corrosion and Material damage” groups. It is recommended to use the database as required, as each category has its own specifics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section H: Geo-Energy)
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13 pages, 1758 KiB  
Article
Microwave Based Non-Destructive Testing for Detecting Cold Welding Defects in Thermal Fusion Welded High-Density Polyethylene Pipes
by Zhen Wang, Chaoming Zhu, Jinping Pan, Ran Huang and Lianjiang Tan
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2048; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152048 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 235
Abstract
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes are widely used in urban natural gas pipeline systems due to their excellent mechanical and chemical properties. However, welding joints are critical weak points in these pipelines, and defects, such as cold welding—caused by reduced temperature or/and insufficient pressure—pose [...] Read more.
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes are widely used in urban natural gas pipeline systems due to their excellent mechanical and chemical properties. However, welding joints are critical weak points in these pipelines, and defects, such as cold welding—caused by reduced temperature or/and insufficient pressure—pose significant safety risks. Traditional non-destructive testing (NDT) methods face challenges in detecting cold welding defects due to the polymer’s complex structure and characteristics. This study presents a microwave-based NDT system for detecting cold welding defects in thermal fusion welds of HDPE pipes. The system uses a focusing antenna with a resonant cavity, connected to a vector network analyzer (VNA), to measure changes in microwave parameters caused by cold welding defects in thermal fusion welds. Experiments conducted on HDPE pipes welded at different temperatures demonstrated the system’s effectiveness in identifying areas with a lack of fusion. Mechanical and microstructural analyses, including tensile tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirmed that cold welding defects lead to reduced mechanical properties and lower material density. The proposed microwave NDT method offers a sensitive, efficient approach for detecting cold welds in HDPE pipelines, enhancing pipeline integrity and safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Agents for Polymer Functionalization Modification)
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16 pages, 1870 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in the Development and Industrial Applications of Wax Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review of Nano, Green, and Classic Materials Approaches
by Parham Joolaei Ahranjani, Hamed Sadatfaraji, Kamine Dehghan, Vaibhav A. Edlabadkar, Prasant Khadka, Ifeanyi Nwobodo, VN Ramachander Turaga, Justin Disney and Hamid Rashidi Nodeh
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080395 - 26 Jul 2025
Viewed by 327
Abstract
Wax deposition, driven by the crystallization of long-chain n-alkanes, poses severe challenges across industries such as petroleum, oil and natural gas, food processing, and chemical manufacturing. This phenomenon compromises flow efficiency, increases energy demands, and necessitates costly maintenance interventions. Wax inhibitors, designed to [...] Read more.
Wax deposition, driven by the crystallization of long-chain n-alkanes, poses severe challenges across industries such as petroleum, oil and natural gas, food processing, and chemical manufacturing. This phenomenon compromises flow efficiency, increases energy demands, and necessitates costly maintenance interventions. Wax inhibitors, designed to mitigate these issues, operate by altering wax crystallization, aggregation, and adhesion over the pipelines. Classic wax inhibitors, comprising synthetic polymers and natural compounds, have been widely utilized due to their established efficiency and scalability. However, synthetic inhibitors face environmental concerns, while natural inhibitors exhibit reduced performance under extreme conditions. The advent of nano-based wax inhibitors has revolutionized wax management strategies. These advanced materials, including nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanocomposites, leverage their high surface area and tunable interfacial properties to enhance efficiency, particularly in harsh environments. While offering superior performance, nano-based inhibitors are constrained by high production costs, scalability challenges, and potential environmental risks. In parallel, the development of “green” wax inhibitors derived from renewable resources such as vegetable oils addresses sustainability demands. These eco-friendly formulations introduce functionalities that reinforce inhibitory interactions with wax crystals, enabling effective deposition control while reducing reliance on synthetic components. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms, applications, and comparative performance of classic and nano-based wax inhibitors. It highlights the growing integration of sustainable and hybrid approaches that combine the reliability of classic inhibitors with the advanced capabilities of nano-based systems. Future directions emphasize the need for cost-effective, eco-friendly solutions through innovations in material science, computational modeling, and biotechnology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)
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18 pages, 2813 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Differentiation and Driving Factors Analysis of the EU Natural Gas Market Based on Geodetector
by Xin Ren, Qishen Chen, Kun Wang, Yanfei Zhang, Guodong Zheng, Chenghong Shang and Dan Song
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6742; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156742 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 293
Abstract
In 2022, the Russia–Ukraine conflict has severely impacted the EU’s energy supply chain, and the EU’s natural gas import pattern has begun to reconstruct, and exploring the spatiotemporal differentiation of EU natural gas trade and its driving factors is the basis for improving [...] Read more.
In 2022, the Russia–Ukraine conflict has severely impacted the EU’s energy supply chain, and the EU’s natural gas import pattern has begun to reconstruct, and exploring the spatiotemporal differentiation of EU natural gas trade and its driving factors is the basis for improving the resilience of its supply chain and ensuring the stable supply of energy resources. This paper summarizes the law of the change of its import volume by using the complex network method, constructs a multi-dimensional index system such as demand, economy, and security, and uses the geographic detector model to mine the driving factors affecting the spatiotemporal evolution of natural gas imports in EU countries and propose different sustainable development paths. The results show that from 2000 to 2023, Europe’s natural gas imports generally show an upward trend, and the import structure has undergone great changes, from pipeline gas dominance to LNG diversification. After the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the number of import source countries has increased, the market network has become looser, France has become the core hub of the EU natural gas market, the importance of Russia has declined rapidly, and the status of countries in the United States, North Africa, and the Middle East has increased rapidly; natural gas consumption is the leading factor in the spatiotemporal differentiation of EU natural gas imports, and the influence of import distance and geopolitical risk is gradually expanding, and the proportion of energy consumption is significantly higher than that of other factors in the interaction with other factors. Combined with the driving factors, three different evolutionary directions of natural gas imports in EU countries are identified, and energy security paths such as improving supply chain control capabilities, ensuring export stability, and using location advantages to become hub nodes are proposed for different development trends. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Economics and Sustainable Development)
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17 pages, 3179 KiB  
Article
Changes in Physical Parameters of CO2 Containing Impurities in the Exhaust Gas of the Purification Plant and Selection of Equations of State
by Xinyi Wang, Zhixiang Dai, Feng Wang, Qin Bie, Wendi Fu, Congxin Shan, Sijia Zheng and Jie Sun
Fluids 2025, 10(8), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10080189 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 257
Abstract
CO2 transport is a crucial part of CCUS. Nonetheless, due to the physical property differences between CO2 and natural gas and oil, CO2 pipeline transport is distinct from natural gas and oil transport. Gaseous CO2 transportation has become the [...] Read more.
CO2 transport is a crucial part of CCUS. Nonetheless, due to the physical property differences between CO2 and natural gas and oil, CO2 pipeline transport is distinct from natural gas and oil transport. Gaseous CO2 transportation has become the preferred scheme for transporting impurity-containing CO2 tail gas in purification plants due to its advantages of simple technology, low cost, and high safety, which are well suited to the scenarios of low transportation volume and short distance in purification plants. The research on its physical property and state parameters is precisely aimed at optimizing the process design of gaseous transportation so as to further improve transportation efficiency and safety. Therefore, it has important engineering practical significance. Firstly, this paper collected and analyzed the research cases of CO2 transport both domestically and internationally, revealing that phase state and physical property testing of CO2 gas containing impurities is the basic condition for studying CO2 transport. Subsequently, the exhaust gas captured by the purification plant was captured after hydrodesulfurization treatment, and the characteristics of the exhaust gas components were obtained by comparing before and after treatment. By preparing fluid samples with varied CO2 content and conducting the flash evaporation test and PV relationship test, the compression factor and density of natural gas under different temperatures and pressures were obtained. It is concluded that under the same pressure in general, the higher the CO2 content, the smaller the compression factor. Except for pure CO2, the higher the CO2 content, the higher the density under constant pressure, which is related to the content of C2 and heavier hydrocarbon components. At the same temperature, the higher the CO2 content, the higher the viscosity under the same pressure; the lower the pressure, the slower the viscosity growth slows down. The higher the CO2 content at the same temperature, the higher the specific heat at constant pressure. With the decrease in temperature, the CO2 content reaching the highest specific heat at the identical pressure gradually decreases. Finally, BWRS, PR, and SRK equations of state were utilized to calculate the compression factor and density of the gas mixture with a molar composition of 50% CO2 and the gas mixture with a molar composition of 100% CO2. Compared with the experimental results, the most suitable equation of state is selected as the PR equation, which refers to the parameter setting of critical nodes of CO2 gas transport. Full article
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32 pages, 10028 KiB  
Article
Natural Gas Heating in Serbian and Czech Towns: The Role of Urban Topologies and Building Typologies
by Dejan Brkić, Zoran Stajić and Dragana Temeljkovski Novaković
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(7), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9070284 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 435
Abstract
This article presents an analysis on natural gas heating in residential areas, focusing on two primary systems: (1) local heating, where piped gas is delivered directly to individual dwellings equipped with autonomous gas boilers, and (2) district heating, where gas or an alternative [...] Read more.
This article presents an analysis on natural gas heating in residential areas, focusing on two primary systems: (1) local heating, where piped gas is delivered directly to individual dwellings equipped with autonomous gas boilers, and (2) district heating, where gas or an alternative fuel powers a central heating plant, and the generated heat is distributed to buildings via a thermal network. The choice between these systems should first consider safety and environmental factors, followed by the urban characteristics of the settlement. In particular, building typology—such as size, function, and spatial configuration—and urban topology, referring to the relative positioning of buildings, play a crucial role. For example, very tall buildings often exclude the use of piped gas due to safety concerns, whereas in other cases, economic efficiency becomes the determining factor. To support decision-making, a comparative cost analysis is conducted, assessing the required infrastructure for both systems, including pipelines, boilers, and associated components. The study identifies representative residential building types in selected urban areas of Serbia and Czechia that are suitable for either heating approach. Additionally, the article examines the broader energy context in both countries, with emphasis on recent developments in the natural gas sector and their implications for urban heating strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Building Energy Analysis)
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30 pages, 1042 KiB  
Article
A Privacy-Preserving Polymorphic Heterogeneous Security Architecture for Cloud–Edge Collaboration Industrial Control Systems
by Yukun Niu, Xiaopeng Han, Chuan He, Yunfan Wang, Zhigang Cao and Ding Zhou
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 8032; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148032 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 249
Abstract
Cloud–edge collaboration industrial control systems (ICSs) face critical security and privacy challenges that existing dynamic heterogeneous redundancy (DHR) architectures inadequately address due to two fundamental limitations: event-triggered scheduling approaches that amplify common-mode escape impacts in resource-constrained environments, and insufficient privacy-preserving arbitration mechanisms for [...] Read more.
Cloud–edge collaboration industrial control systems (ICSs) face critical security and privacy challenges that existing dynamic heterogeneous redundancy (DHR) architectures inadequately address due to two fundamental limitations: event-triggered scheduling approaches that amplify common-mode escape impacts in resource-constrained environments, and insufficient privacy-preserving arbitration mechanisms for sensitive industrial data processing. In contrast to existing work that treats scheduling and privacy as separate concerns, this paper proposes a unified polymorphic heterogeneous security architecture that integrates hybrid event–time triggered scheduling with adaptive privacy-preserving arbitration, specifically designed to address the unique challenges of cloud–edge collaboration ICSs where both security resilience and privacy preservation are paramount requirements. The architecture introduces three key innovations: (1) a hybrid event–time triggered scheduling algorithm with credibility assessment and heterogeneity metrics to mitigate common-mode escape scenarios, (2) an adaptive privacy budget allocation mechanism that balances privacy protection effectiveness with system availability based on attack activity levels, and (3) a unified framework that organically integrates privacy-preserving arbitration with heterogeneous redundancy management. Comprehensive evaluations using natural gas pipeline pressure control and smart grid voltage control systems demonstrate superior performance: the proposed method achieves 100% system availability compared to 62.57% for static redundancy and 86.53% for moving target defense, maintains 99.98% availability even under common-mode attacks (102 probability), and consistently outperforms moving target defense methods integrated with state-of-the-art detection mechanisms (99.7790% and 99.6735% average availability when false data deviations from true values are 5% and 3%, respectively) across different attack detection scenarios, validating its effectiveness in defending against availability attacks and privacy leakage threats in cloud–edge collaboration environments. Full article
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33 pages, 6828 KiB  
Article
Acoustic Characterization of Leakage in Buried Natural Gas Pipelines
by Yongjun Cai, Xiaolong Gu, Xiahua Zhang, Ke Zhang, Huiye Zhang and Zhiyi Xiong
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2274; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072274 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
To address the difficulty of locating small-hole leaks in buried natural gas pipelines, this study conducted a comprehensive theoretical and numerical analysis of the acoustic characteristics associated with such leakage events. A coupled flow–acoustic simulation framework was developed, integrating gas compressibility via the [...] Read more.
To address the difficulty of locating small-hole leaks in buried natural gas pipelines, this study conducted a comprehensive theoretical and numerical analysis of the acoustic characteristics associated with such leakage events. A coupled flow–acoustic simulation framework was developed, integrating gas compressibility via the realizable k-ε and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence models, the Peng–Robinson equation of state, a broadband noise source model, and the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy. The effects of pipeline operating pressure (2–10 MPa), leakage hole diameter (1–6 mm), soil type (sandy, loam, and clay), and leakage orientation on the flow field, acoustic source behavior, and sound field distribution were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the leakage hole size and soil medium exert significant influence on both flow dynamics and acoustic propagation, while the pipeline pressure mainly affects the strength of the acoustic source. The leakage direction was found to have only a minor impact on the overall results. The leakage noise is primarily composed of dipole sources arising from gas–solid interactions and quadrupole sources generated by turbulent flow, with the frequency spectrum concentrated in the low-frequency range of 0–500 Hz. This research elucidates the acoustic characteristics of pipeline leakage under various conditions and provides a theoretical foundation for optimal sensor deployment and accurate localization in buried pipeline leak detection systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Inspection and Repair of Oil and Gas Pipelines)
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22 pages, 15362 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Different Concentrations of Methane in Ditches on the Propagation Characteristics of Explosions
by Xingxing Liang, Junjie Cheng, Yibo Zhang and Zhongqi Wang
Fire 2025, 8(7), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8070275 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 474
Abstract
As the urban underground natural gas pipeline network expands, the explosion risk arising from methane accumulation in drainage ditches due to pipeline leakage has increased severely. A two-dimensional numerical model—9.7 m in length (including a 1-m obstacle section), 0.1 m in diameter, and [...] Read more.
As the urban underground natural gas pipeline network expands, the explosion risk arising from methane accumulation in drainage ditches due to pipeline leakage has increased severely. A two-dimensional numerical model—9.7 m in length (including a 1-m obstacle section), 0.1 m in diameter, and with a water volume fraction of 0.2—was developed to address the flexible boundary characteristics of urban underground ditches. The investigation examined the influence of methane concentration on explosion propagation characteristics. Results indicated that, at a methane concentration of 11%, the peak pressure attained 157.9 kPa, and the peak temperature exceeded 3100 K—all of which were significantly higher than the corresponding values at 10%, 13%, and 16% concentrations. Explosion-induced water motion exerted a cooling effect that inhibited heat and pressure transfer, while obstacles imposed partial restrictions on flame propagation. Temporal profiles of temperature and pressure exhibited three distinct stages: “initial stability–rapid rise–attenuation”. Notably, at a methane concentration of 16%, the water column formed by fluid vibration demonstrated a pronounced cooling effect, causing faster decreases in measured temperatures and pressures compared to other concentrations. Full article
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17 pages, 986 KiB  
Article
Safety-Oriented Coordinated Operation Algorithms for Natural Gas Pipeline Networks and Gas-Fired Power Generation Facilities
by Xinyi Wang, Feng Wang, Qin Bie, Wenlong Jia, Yong Jiang, Ying Liu, Yuanyuan Tian, Yuxin Zheng and Jie Sun
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2184; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072184 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 234
Abstract
The natural gas pipeline network transmission system involved in the coordinated operation of pipeline networks and gas-fired power generation facilities is complex. It consists of multiple components, such as gas sources, users, valves, compressor stations, and pipelines. The addition of natural gas-fired power [...] Read more.
The natural gas pipeline network transmission system involved in the coordinated operation of pipeline networks and gas-fired power generation facilities is complex. It consists of multiple components, such as gas sources, users, valves, compressor stations, and pipelines. The addition of natural gas-fired power generation facilities overlaps with the high and low peak periods of civil gas, imposing dual peak-shaving pressures on pipeline networks and requiring more stringent operational control strategies for maintaining system stability. To address the aforementioned issues and improve the overall operating revenues of the system, we proposed the coordinated optimization model of gas-fired power generation facilities, pipeline networks, gas storage, and compressor stations. The optimization algorithm is written using the penalty function method of the Interior Point OPTimizer (IPOPT) solver. Meanwhile, the basic parameters of the system’s pipeline networks, users, gas storage, natural gas-fired power generation facilities, compressors, and electricity prices were input into the solver. The research results reveal that the algorithm ensures solution accuracy while accounting for computational efficiency and practical applicability. The algorithm can be used to effectively calculate the ideal coordinated operation solution, significantly improve the operating revenues of the system, and achieve safe, stable, coordinated, and efficient operation of the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
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19 pages, 667 KiB  
Review
A Review of Optimization Methods for Pipeline Monitoring Systems: Applications and Challenges for CO2 Transport
by Teke Xu, Sergey Martynov and Haroun Mahgerefteh
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3591; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143591 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 397
Abstract
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a key technology for reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, in which pipelines play a vital role in transporting CO2 captured from industrial emitters to geological storage sites. To aid the efficient and safe operation of the [...] Read more.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a key technology for reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, in which pipelines play a vital role in transporting CO2 captured from industrial emitters to geological storage sites. To aid the efficient and safe operation of the CO2 transport infrastructure, robust, accurate, and reliable solutions for monitoring pipelines transporting industrial CO2 streams are urgently needed. This literature review study summarizes the monitoring objectives and identifies the problems and relevant mathematical algorithms developed for optimization of monitoring systems for pipeline transportation of water, oil, and natural gas, which can be relevant to the future CO2 pipelines and pipeline networks for CCS. The impacts of the physical properties of CO2 and complex designs and operation scenarios of CO2 transport on the pipeline monitoring systems design are discussed. It is shown that the most relevant to liquid- and dense-phase CO2 transport are the sensor placement optimization methods developed in the context of detecting leaks and flow anomalies for water distribution systems and pipelines transporting oil and petroleum liquids. The monitoring solutions relevant to flow assurance and monitoring impurities in CO2 pipelines are also identified. Optimizing the CO2 pipeline monitoring systems against several objectives, including the accuracy of measurements, the number and type of sensors, and the safety and environmental risks, is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Oil and Gas Pipeline Network for Industrial Applications)
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17 pages, 3329 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Intermittent Production Well Strategy in Jingbian Gas Field
by Zhixing Cai, Qinyang Zhao, Hu Chen, Qin Yang, Yongsheng An and Jinpeng Yue
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2170; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072170 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
As a crucial natural gas production base in China, the Jingbian Gas Field has gradually entered its mid-to-late development stage with prolonged exploitation. The increasing number of intermittent production wells and reliance on empirical settings for single-well opening/shut-in durations have resulted in low [...] Read more.
As a crucial natural gas production base in China, the Jingbian Gas Field has gradually entered its mid-to-late development stage with prolonged exploitation. The increasing number of intermittent production wells and reliance on empirical settings for single-well opening/shut-in durations have resulted in low production efficiency and high energy consumption. Concurrently, concentrated intermittent production across multiple wells frequently triggers severe pressure fluctuations in the pipeline network, jeopardizing overall field production stability. Achieving cost reduction and improved efficiency through single-well intermittent production optimization and staggered production scheduling for multi-well systems has become a critical challenge in this late-development phase. The absence of flow meters in most Jingbian wells introduces substantial difficulties in adjusting both single-well operating durations and multi-well staggered production schedules. This study first introduces a novel coefficient D inspired by the load factor concept, proposing a methodology to adjust opening/shut-in durations using only tubing pressure, casing pressure, and pipeline delivery pressure. Second, a dynamic workflow is developed for staggered multi-well production scheduling to mitigate pressure surges caused by simultaneous well restarts. Field applications demonstrate that optimized single-well operations achieved steady efficiency improvements, with the average tubing–casing pressure differential in severe liquid-loading wells decreasing by 80% post-adjustment. The staggered multi-well scheduling ensures that no two or more wells (n > 1) restart simultaneously, significantly enhancing the stability of the gas transmission network. These findings provide theoretical and technical guidance for the efficient development of similar low-pressure gas fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
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20 pages, 6221 KiB  
Article
Structural Health Prediction Method for Pipelines Subjected to Seismic Liquefaction-Induced Displacement via FEM and AutoML
by Ning Shi, Tianwei Kong, Wancheng Ding, Xianbin Zheng, Hong Zhang and Xiaoben Liu
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2163; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072163 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 366
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanical behavior and safety performance of buried natural gas pipelines crossing seismically active fault zones and liquefaction-prone areas, with particular application to the China–Russia East-Route Natural Gas Pipeline. The research combines experimental testing, numerical simulation, and machine learning to [...] Read more.
This study investigates the mechanical behavior and safety performance of buried natural gas pipelines crossing seismically active fault zones and liquefaction-prone areas, with particular application to the China–Russia East-Route Natural Gas Pipeline. The research combines experimental testing, numerical simulation, and machine learning to develop an advanced framework for pipeline safety assessment under seismic loading conditions. A series of large-scale pipe–soil interaction experiments were conducted under seismic-frequency cyclic loading, leading to the development of a modified soil spring model that accurately captures the nonlinear soil-resistance characteristics during seismic events. Unlike prior studies focusing on static or specific seismic conditions, this work uniquely integrates real cyclic loading test data to develop a frequency-dependent soil spring model, significantly enhancing the physical basis for dynamic soil–pipeline interaction simulation. Finite element analyses were systematically performed to evaluate pipeline response under liquefaction-induced ground displacement, considering key influencing factors including liquefaction zone length, seismic wave frequency content, operational pressure, and pipe wall thickness. An innovative machine learning-based predictive model was developed by integrating LightGBM, XGBoost, and CatBoost algorithms, achieving remarkable prediction accuracy for pipeline strain (R2 > 0.999, MAPE < 1%). This high accuracy represents a significant improvement over conventional analytical methods and enables rapid safety assessment. The findings provide robust theoretical support for pipeline routing and seismic design in high-risk zones, enhancing the safety and reliability of energy infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Inspection and Repair of Oil and Gas Pipelines)
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12 pages, 3521 KiB  
Article
Effect of Alternating Magnetic Field Intensity on Microstructure and Corrosion Properties of Deposited Metal in 304 Stainless Steel TIG Welding
by Jinjie Wang, Jiayi Li, Haokai Wang, Zan Ju, Juan Fu, Yong Zhao and Qianhao Zang
Metals 2025, 15(7), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15070761 - 6 Jul 2025
Viewed by 322
Abstract
Stainless steel, due to its exceptional comprehensive properties, has been widely adopted as the primary material for liquid cargo tank containment systems and pipelines in liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers. However, challenges such as hot cracking, excessive deformation, and the deterioration of welded [...] Read more.
Stainless steel, due to its exceptional comprehensive properties, has been widely adopted as the primary material for liquid cargo tank containment systems and pipelines in liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers. However, challenges such as hot cracking, excessive deformation, and the deterioration of welded joint performance during stainless steel welding significantly constrain the construction quality and safety of LNG carriers. While conventional tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding can produce high-integrity welds, it is inherently limited by shallow penetration depth and low efficiency. Magnetic field-assisted TIG welding technology addresses these limitations by introducing an external magnetic field, which effectively modifies arc morphology, refines grain structure, enhances penetration depth, and improves corrosion resistance. In this study, TIG bead-on-plate welding was performed on 304 stainless steel plates, with a systematic investigation into the dynamic arc behavior during welding, as well as the microstructure and anti-corrosion properties of the deposited metal. The experimental results demonstrate that, in the absence of a magnetic field, the welding arc remains stable without deflection. As the intensity of the alternating magnetic field intensity increases, the arc exhibits pronounced periodic oscillations. At an applied magnetic field intensity of 30 mT, the maximum arc deflection angle reaches 76°. With increasing alternating magnetic field intensity, the weld penetration depth gradually decreases, while the weld width progressively expands. Specifically, at 30 mT, the penetration depth reaches a minimum value of 1.8 mm, representing a 44% reduction compared to the non-magnetic condition, whereas the weld width peaks at 9.3 mm, corresponding to a 9.4% increase. Furthermore, the ferrite grains in the weld metal are significantly refined at higher alternating magnetic field intensities. The weld metal subjected to a 30 mT alternating magnetic field exhibits the highest breakdown potential, the lowest corrosion rate, and the most protective passive film, indicating superior corrosion resistance compared to other tested conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Welding and Joining Technologies—2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 3229 KiB  
Article
Dissociative Adsorption of Hydrogen in Hydrogen-Blended Natural Gas Pipelines: A First Principles and Thermodynamic Analysis
by Wei He, Zhenmin Luo, Pengyu Zhang, Ruikang Li and Xi Yang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7342; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137342 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 247
Abstract
This study employs first principles calculations and thermodynamic analyses to investigate the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on the Fe(110) surface. The results show that the adsorption energies of hydrogen at different sites on the iron surface are −1.98 eV (top site), −2.63 eV [...] Read more.
This study employs first principles calculations and thermodynamic analyses to investigate the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on the Fe(110) surface. The results show that the adsorption energies of hydrogen at different sites on the iron surface are −1.98 eV (top site), −2.63 eV (bridge site), and −2.98 eV (hollow site), with the hollow site being the most stable adsorption position. Thermodynamic analysis further reveals that under operational conditions of 25 °C and 12 MPa, the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) for hydrogen dissociation is −1.53 eV, indicating that the process is spontaneous under pipeline conditions. Moreover, as temperature and pressure increase, the spontaneity of the adsorption process improves, thus enhancing hydrogen transport efficiency in pipelines. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing hydrogen transport technology in natural gas pipelines and offer scientific support for mitigating hydrogen embrittlement, improving pipeline material performance, and developing future hydrogen transportation strategies and safety measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Safety and Occupational Health Engineering)
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