Search Results (7,883)

A methodology for deriving high-resolution (5-km) surface shortwave radiative (SWR) fluxes over the Arctic was applied to observations acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) during the spring and summer melt season (March–September) of 2007, when the Arctic experienced a historically significant and well-documented decline in sea ice extent. The derived SWR fluxes were used to estimate solar heat input into the Arctic Ocean during the melt season, a task that had not previously been undertaken at such high spatial resolution. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Arctic sea ice extent reached a record minimum of 4.13 million km² on 16 September 2007, approximately 38% below the 1979–2000 climatological mean and 24% below the previous record minimum in 2005. This extreme reduction in sea ice resulted in several weeks of ice-free opening along portions of the ‘Northwest Passage’. Availability of high spatial resolution SWR fluxes in the Arctic is particularly important for improving estimates of solar heat input into the Arctic Ocean, especially within the highly heterogeneous marginal ice zone. To facilitate comparison with sea ice concentration products from NSIDC, the MODIS-derived 5-km SWR fluxes were aggregated to 0.25° equal-area grid cells (approximately 25 km resolution). Our results show that the abrupt increase in the open water fraction produced anomalies in solar heating to the upper ocean exceeding 300%, hereby enhancing the ice–albedo feedback mechanism and promoting further sea ice melt. The estimated monthly cumulative solar heat input to the ocean for a nominal 1° grid cell was 164.9 MJ m⁻² in May. In contrast, the corresponding four 0.25° sub-grid cells, resolved using the high-resolution MODIS data, exhibited cumulative heat inputs of 58.0, 93.0, 189.3, and 296.4 MJ m⁻², respectively. Although the average heat input for the 1° grid cell (165 MJ m⁻² was similar to the average value obtained from the four 0.25° grid cells (159 MJ m⁻² the substantial sub-grid variability is important because the oceanic and sea-ice responses to solar heating are highly nonlinear. Consequently, unresolved spatial variability can significantly affect the magnitude of derived quantities and associated feedback processes. These findings demonstrate the importance of high-spatial-resolution radiative flux information for accurately quantifying ocean heating and ice–ocean interactions in the Arctic. Full article

Using a balanced panel of ten major fishing and trading nations (China, Chile, Indonesia, Peru, Thailand, Vietnam, Norway, India, Denmark, and Canada) over the years 2000–2020, this study investigated the relationship between international fishery trade and the fishing footprint, a consumption-based ecological indicator measuring the bioproductive marine area required to sustain seafood consumption. Cross-sectional dependence tests, second-generation panel unit root tests (PANICCA), LM bootstrap cointegration analysis, and long-run coefficient estimation using fully modified OLS (FMOLS), dynamic OLS (DOLS), fixed effects, and method of moments quantile regression (MMQR) are all part of the sequential econometric framework used in this analysis. Findings consistently show that the domestic fishing footprint is positively correlated with imports, domestic production, real GDP, and per capita food consumption, but adversely correlated with fishery exports. Additionally, MMQR estimates show that the negative export link becomes stronger at higher quantiles of the distribution of fishing footprint, indicating that the moderating influence of exports is strongest in nations that are already under a lot of ecological strain. Although the panel data do not allow for direct dissection of these channels, these findings are interpreted considering three potential mechanisms: certification-linked catch limits, aquaculture substitution in export volumes, and distant-water fleet displacement. It is recommended that policymakers include sustainability criteria into import laws, broaden the scope of eco-certification, and make investments in aquaculture to supplement the management of wild-capture fisheries. The findings of this study contribute significantly to the monitoring of global sustainability agendas, particularly aligning with United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 14 (Life Below Water) by providing empirical evidence on how trade dynamics influence the fishing footprint. Full article

Background: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis characterized by vascular dysregulation, immune dysfunction, neurovascular alterations, and microbial involvement. Recent advances in understanding its pathophysiology have led to the development of targeted therapeutic strategies addressing multiple disease mechanisms. This systematic review aimed to evaluate contemporary evidence regarding emerging and established treatment approaches for rosacea. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies published between 2016 and 2025. Original human studies evaluating therapeutic interventions for rosacea were included. Study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools appropriate for each study design. Results: Fifteen studies involving 537 patients with rosacea and 77 controls (614 participants in total) met the eligibility criteria. Evaluated interventions included vascular-targeted therapies, topical anti-inflammatory agents, systemic and immunomodulatory treatments, and microbiome-oriented approaches. Oxymetazoline, pulsed-dye laser, platelet-rich plasma, ivermectin, azelaic acid, dapsone, sulfur preparations, and metronidazole demonstrated clinical benefits in reducing erythema, inflammatory lesions, or overall disease severity. Emerging therapies, including tofacitinib and oral ivermectin, showed promising results in refractory disease. Microbiome-related interventions, particularly Demodex-targeted therapies and Helicobacter pylori eradication, were also associated with clinical improvement. Risk-of-bias assessment identified two studies with low risk of bias, twelve with moderate risk of bias, and one study with high risk of bias. Conclusions: Current evidence supports a multimodal and mechanism-based approach to rosacea management, integrating vascular, inflammatory, immunological, and microbiological targets. However, the available evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous methodologies, short follow-up periods, and a predominance of non-randomized study designs. Large, well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to establish optimal evidence-based treatment strategies and define the long-term efficacy and safety of emerging therapies. Full article

This study focuses on the synthesis of glucovanillin mediated by UGT109A1 and its mechanism against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Recombinant UGT109A1 successfully synthesized glucovanillin from vanillin using UDP-Glc as the sugar donor. Through network pharmacology, 140 potential targets were identified. Seven key targets were further screened using LASSO and SVM-RFE algorithms. Among these, SLC5A1 and ADK showed strong diagnostic potential, with AUC values ranging from 0.85 to 0.89. Immune infiltration analysis linked these core targets to M2 macrophages. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed that ADK is widely expressed but enriched in B cells, while TLR9 is confined to plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Cell-to-cell communication analysis identified a pDC-to-B cell signaling axis. In vitro assays demonstrated that glucovanillin exhibits concentration-dependent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with moderate potency, with an IC₅₀ of 413.84 ± 12.80 μM. Molecular docking, 200 ns molecular dynamics simulations (MD), and MM/PBSA calculations showed that glucovanillin binds more strongly to α-glucosidase (−7.4 kcal/mol) than vanillin (−5.4 kcal/mol). Therefore, the glycosylation mediated by UGT109A1 enhanced the bioactivity and targeting specificity of vanillin. In summary, glucovanillin exerts anti-T2DM effects through a dual mechanism involving α-glucosidase inhibition and regulation of key targets, making it a promising lead compound for T2DM treatment. Full article

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of long-term disability and is frequently accompanied by chronic pain, substantially reducing quality of life. Although spinal neuroinflammation is a recognized contributor to neuropathic pain, the role of supraspinal neuroinflammation remains less well defined. This systematic review critically evaluated experimental evidence linking SCI-induced supraspinal neuroinflammation with pain-related behaviors in animal models. A systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, and Scopus identified studies published over the last 20 years using rodent SCI models that assessed both supraspinal neuroinflammatory markers and pain-related behaviors. After screening, nine studies met the predefined criteria. The analyzed studies suggested that SCI is associated with supraspinal neuroinflammatory alterations, including increased microglial and astrocytic activation and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine-related pathways, in several brain regions. In intervention studies, reduced neuroinflammation was accompanied by improvement in mechanical or thermal pain-related behaviors. However, considerable methodological heterogeneity and moderate to high risk of bias were observed. Current evidence suggests an association between supraspinal neuroinflammatory alterations and chronic pain-related behaviors after SCI, but the limited number of studies and methodological variability restrict firm conclusions. Further well-designed experimental studies are needed to clarify underlying mechanisms. Full article

Risk perception and value assessment are key drivers of purchase intention. However, the literature lacks a consensus on how and when risk perception and perceived value impact consumers’ purchase intention, and their relationship remains unclear. To solve this gap, mechanisms of consumer purchase intentions must be elucidated. We conducted a systematic meta-analysis to examine the relationships and factors moderating it, and used meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) to reveal the mechanism and boundaries. Forty-four studies (N = 21,370) were included to examine how risk perception and perceived value impact consumer purchase intention, showing that consumer purchase intention is affected positively by perceived value and negatively by risk perception. Risk perception and perceived value exhibit mutual interaction effects. Perceived value has a stronger relationship with consumer purchase intention than risk perception. In the moderator’s analysis, the effects of perceived value on consumers’ risk perception and of perceived risk on perceived value and purchase intention are stronger when consumers come from developing (vs. developed) countries. Impacts of perceived value on consumer purchase intention and risk perception and of risk perception on perceived value and purchase intention are stronger when consumers are non-students (vs. students). When analyzing the three models’ mechanisms of action, Model 1 better explained consumer intention’s boundaries and impact mechanisms. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analytic study summarizing how risk perception and perceived value impact consumers’ purchase intention, revealing the mechanism and boundaries of consumer behavior and illuminating a forward-looking new perspective outlining research directions. Full article

Background and Objectives: Seroma formation is the most common postoperative complication following mastectomy and axillary dissection, negatively affecting wound healing and delaying adjuvant therapy. Despite numerous surgical and pharmacological approaches, no universally effective strategies have been established. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the effects of porcine dermal collagen (PDC), tranexamic acid (TXA), and thymoquinone (TQ) on seroma formation and tissue repair. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled experimental study was conducted using 40 female Wistar albino rats that underwent modified radical mastectomy and axillary dissection. All surgical and postoperative procedures were performed in accordance with the institutional animal welfare and ethical guidelines, including postoperative analgesic administration. The animals were divided into four groups: control, PDC, TXA, and TQ (n = 10 each). Seroma volume was measured on postoperative day 14. Histopathological evaluation, immunohistochemical analysis (FGF2, VEGF, TGF-β1, p53), and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to assess tissue remodeling and molecular responses. Results: All treatment groups demonstrated a significant reduction in seroma volume compared to the control group, with the most pronounced decrease observed in the TQ and TXA groups (p < 0.0001), while PDC showed a moderate effect (p < 0.01). Histopathological analysis revealed increased collagen deposition and fibrin formation in the PDC and TQ groups, whereas TXA exhibited a more limited remodeling profile than the others. Immunohistochemical and molecular analyses showed significant upregulation of VEGF across all groups, with broader and more consistent increases in the PDC and TQ groups. TGF-β1 and FGF2 expression demonstrated region-specific increases, particularly in the thoracic tissue. p53 expression remained relatively stable in the TXA group but was elevated in specific regions in the PDC and TQ groups. Importantly, the increased inflammatory infiltration, edema, vascular proliferation, and fibrin deposition observed in the TQ group may reflect not only active tissue remodeling processes but also prolonged inflammatory activation and enhanced fibrotic responses and should therefore be interpreted cautiously. Conclusions: PDC, TXA, and TQ differentially modulate postoperative seroma formation via distinct biological mechanisms. While TXA primarily exerts a targeted anti-seroma effect and PDC enhances extracellular matrix stabilization, TQ is associated with broader angiogenic, inflammatory, and tissue remodeling responses within this preclinical rat model. These findings should be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating, and additional mechanistic studies and clinical investigations are necessary before definitive therapeutic conclusions can be established regarding the use of TQ in human breast surgery settings. Full article

Among pathways toward carbon neutrality, substituting hydrocarbons with hydrogen-carrier fuels such as ammonia presents significant potential for carbon emission reduction. This study examines the combustion characteristics of ammonia (NH₃) and simulated LPG consisting of 70% propane (C₃H₈) and 30% butane (C₄H₁₀) by volume blends under non-premixed conditions using a crossflow slot burner. Flame appearance, OH* chemiluminescence, flame temperature, and CO and NO_x emissions were evaluated at equivalence ratios (Φ) of 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0, with ammonia fractions ranging from 0% to 70%. Increasing ammonia content decreased OH* chemiluminescence intensity, indicating a reduced radical pool and lower reaction intensity, particularly under lean conditions. Nevertheless, stable combustion was achieved at Φ = 1.0 due to improved mixing and heat recirculation. Flame temperature declined by only 9.3%, even at 70% ammonia, confirming good thermal stability. NO_x emissions exhibited non-monotonic behavior, increasing at moderate ammonia fractions due to fuel-bound nitrogen and thermal mechanisms, and then decreasing at higher ammonia levels as flame temperature and radical activity diminished, while CO emissions remained low up to 50% ammonia near stoichiometric conditions but increased under ultra-lean operation because of limited oxidation kinetics. These results highlight the feasibility of simulated LPG–NH₃ blends as transitional low-carbon fuels in practical combustion systems. Full article

Jellyfish stings are the most common type of marine life injuries. However, at present, the treatment measures against jellyfish stings are mostly empirical and supportive, with uncertain therapeutic outcomes, and there is a lack of specific antidotes based on the toxic mechanism of jellyfish venom in clinical practice. In our previous study, polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was found to neutralize the toxicity of jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai venom (NnV) in vivo and in vitro. Herein we further demonstrated that EGCG exerted its antagonistic effect against NnV through inhibiting the oxidative stress, pro-apoptotic proteins, and systemic inflammatory responses. Subsequently, we constructed a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-EGCG/tetracycline hydrochloride (HTC) co-loaded micellar nanocomplex in order to enhance the stability and bioavailability of EGCG in vivo, which successfully integrated the membrane-repair function of PEG, the enzyme inhibitory effect of HTC and the antioxidant properties of EGCG. Notably, this micellar nanocomplex demonstrated significant protective effects against both functional damage and pathological alterations in a non-lethal NnV-envenomed mouse model. When administered 1 h after NnV envenomation, EGCG (40 mg/kg), HTC and PEG-EGCG (containing 40 mg/kg EGCG) only partially improved abnormal blood biochemical indicators and moderately alleviated histopathologic damage, and PEG-EGCG/HTC containing merely 8 mg/kg EGCG completely mitigated the toxic reactions in envenomed mice. In the preventive regimen, the administration of EGCG, HTC or PEG-EGCG 30 min before exposure showed no significant improvement in abnormal blood biochemical indicators and histopathologic damage, while PEG-EGCG/HTC could still significantly improve the functional impairments and histopathologic damage of the heart and liver in NnV-envenomed mice. These findings suggest the clinical translational potential of PEG-EGCG/HTC against jellyfish envenomation. Full article

Four onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars with different bulb colors (yellow Y14, red R12, red R10 and white W3) were characterized for phenotypic, metabolic, volatile, antioxidant, flavor and transcriptomic variations, to unravel key metabolites and molecular mechanisms responsible for quality differentiation. Y14 possessed the maximum bulb weight (535.34 g) and diameter (13.10 cm), along with the highest total phenolic content (3.10 mg·g⁻¹), showing superior yield and antioxidant properties. In R12, upregulated expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes enhanced carotenoid accumulation, resulting in vivid bulb color. R10 had high total phenols (3.89 mg·g⁻¹) and the richest sweet-associated volatiles, featuring strong antioxidant activity and distinct sweetness. By contrast, W3 exhibited moderate flavor but inferior performance in yield, antioxidant capacity, pigment and volatile levels relative to the other three cultivars. Comprehensive assessment indicated that Y14 serves as an excellent processing material, R12 and R10 are ideal for fresh consumption and functional food development, and W3 is well-suited for raw salads. This study lays a theoretical foundation for onion quality improvement, targeted breeding and efficient utilization. Full article

Heat transport in heterogeneous materials can deviate markedly from classical Fourier behavior when microstructural disorder, trapping effects, nonlinear mobility, and long-range temporal correlations interact across multiple spatial and temporal scales. These mechanisms may produce delayed relaxation, persistent thermal footprints, front deformation, and non-classical spreading patterns that are not adequately represented by conventional integer-order diffusion models. In this study, a modeling and simulation framework is developed for anomalous heat transport in heterogeneous media using a two-dimensional time-fractional porous medium equation. The model combines a Caputo fractional time derivative, which represents thermal memory, with nonlinear degenerate porous-medium diffusion, spatially heterogeneous conductivity, localized volumetric heating, and Robin-type convective boundary exchange. A conservative fully discrete numerical scheme is constructed using flux-based finite differences for the heterogeneous nonlinear diffusion operator and an $L1$ approximation for the Caputo derivative. The nonlinear algebraic system at each time level is solved using an under-relaxed Picard frozen-coefficient iteration with non-negativity enforcement and sparse direct solution of the resulting linear systems. The numerical implementation is verified through a manufactured-solution convergence study, and additional analyses are performed to examine computational cost, Picard iteration behavior, coefficient-regularization sensitivity, strong-source effects, heterogeneous conductivity structures, and long-time thermal-footprint persistence. The results show that heterogeneous conductivity mainly redirects heat through preferential pathways and enlarges the spatial footprint while producing negligible changes in global heat content. Stronger fractional memory, represented by smaller fractional order, increases the persistence and spatial reach of moderate heating, whereas larger porous-medium exponents confine heat near the source and preserve higher local peaks. Source amplitude increases the thermal burden and footprint monotonically over the tested range, including strong forcing, without producing an abrupt localization-spreading transition. Boundary exchange remains secondary in the short-time interior-heating regime considered. These findings demonstrate that the proposed two-dimensional time-fractional porous medium framework provides a verified and physically interpretable model for non-Fourier heat transport in heterogeneous materials, where local intensity, global heat retention, and spatial thermal exposure must be assessed jointly. Full article

Interior built environments influence user behavior through more than deliberate rational evaluation. They shape attention, movement, affective comfort, perceived safety, wayfinding, and well-being through bounded cognition, affective appraisal, heuristics, embodied perception, and automatic approach–avoidance processes. The research gap addressed in this review concerns the fact that prior work on interior environments, wayfinding, indoor environmental quality, neuroarchitecture, atmospherics, and behavioral decision-making remains fragmented across separate studies, and existing reviews rarely explain how these mechanisms can be organized into a design-usable framework for interior built environments. This narrative review synthesizes foundational and recent literature across building design, environmental psychology, neuroarchitecture, virtual reality, indoor environmental quality, wayfinding, and behavioral decision-making to clarify how decision mechanisms translate into interior design variables such as lighting, color, spatial organization, materiality, form, sensory atmosphere, environmental legibility, thermal comfort, and controllability. The review distinguishes bounded rationality, heuristics and biases, dual-process accounts, affective and atmospheric processing, prospect–refuge dynamics, mere exposure, and room-effect research rather than treating them as a single “non-rational” category. It proposes an integrative framework in which interior cues are processed through perceptual and affective appraisal; moderated by individual, cultural, contextual, temporal, and ethical factors; and expressed through behavioral outcomes such as navigation, approach or withdrawal, dwell time, perceived quality, usability, stress regulation, and well-being. The paper contributes to human-centered building design by formalizing a mechanism-based account of how interior environments can support behavior without reducing users to passive recipients of environmental manipulation. It concludes with practical implications for design briefing, post-occupancy evaluation, VR-based testing, healthcare and workplace audits, safety-critical settings, and future longitudinal validation. Full article

Objectives: Skeletal muscle architecture (SMA) defines the mechanical limits of force production. However, its associations with force–time strategy under externally loaded conditions have received little research attention. This exploratory study examined associations between vastus lateralis (VL) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) architecture and force–time strategy, jump-height retention, and stretch–shortening cycle (SSC) transfer-efficiency in collegiate basketball players. Methods: Seventeen collegiate male basketball players completed B-mode ultrasonographic assessment of VL and LG architecture, including muscle thickness, pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length. Athletes performed the squat jump (SJ), loaded squat jump (LSJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and loaded countermovement jump (LCMJ) on force platforms, with a 20 kg external load applied for loaded conditions. Loaded retention, defined as the percentage of jump height preserved under load, was proposed as a unified construct. Pearson’s correlations were calculated, with Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) corrections applied within predefined functional groups and pooled across morphology-sensitive correlations. Results: LG PA showed a large negative association with LCMJ rate of force development (r = −0.68 [−0.87, −0.30]) and a large positive association with LCMJ time to peak force (r = 0.68 [0.29, 0.87]), both surviving within-group FDR correction. VL PA was associated with eccentric acceleration time and concentric time across jump conditions (r = 0.52 to 0.61), interpreted as exploratory. Transfer-efficiency indices showed no significant associations with SMA, except for the LCMJ/LSJ concentric time ratio, which showed a moderate negative association with LG PA (r = −0.49 [−0.79, −0.01]). Conclusions: Resting muscle architecture was associated with the temporal and rate characteristics of force expression under load, rather than with the gross preservation of jump height. Integrating architectural assessment with loaded force–time profiling warrants further investigation as a means of characterizing individual force-development strategies. Full article

Background: Public healthcare systems face persistent workforce retention challenges that undermine service continuity, organizational resilience, and public value creation. Although leadership is frequently identified as a relevant lever, the literature remains theoretically fragmented and often treats leadership effects as direct and context-free. Methods: This review adopts a PRISMA-guided systematic literature review as a theory-building strategy. Searches were conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed using combinations of terms related to leadership, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, turnover intention, and retention in healthcare settings. The review identified 640 records, removed 372 duplicates, screened 268 titles and abstracts, assessed 90 full-text records for eligibility, and retained 30 peer-reviewed studies for configurative synthesis. The analysis combined thematic synthesis with configurative mapping to identify mechanisms, recurring patterns, and contextual contingencies. Results: The review shows three consistent patterns. First, leadership is linked to retention predominantly through organizational commitment, especially affective and normative commitment, rather than through direct effects. Second, institutional and organizational conditions—particularly red tape and working conditions—shape the strength of leadership–commitment relationships. Third, workforce heterogeneity, including generational differences, affects how leadership practices and organizational environments are interpreted, although these dynamics are rarely theorized explicitly in the literature. Conclusions: The article develops a governance-sensitive integrative framework in which people-centered leadership influences turnover intentions indirectly through organizational commitment, while red tape and working conditions operate as contextual moderators. By embedding leadership within Public Administration and governance theory, the review clarifies the literature’s main explanatory gap and provides a foundation for comparative empirical testing and for more sustainable workforce strategies in public healthcare systems. Full article

School discipline disproportionately affects Black students and is associated with diminished academic outcomes. However, the mechanisms through which exclusionary discipline constrains college/university degree attainment—and the role of mental health in this pathway—remain underexplored with longitudinal data from a large urban birth cohort. This study examines whether depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between high school discipline and college/university degree attainment, and whether this mediation pathway varies by race and sex. Using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 1417), I employed generalized structural equation modeling (GSEM) to test a serial mediation model: school discipline (Year 15) → depressive symptoms (Year 15) → college-going behaviors (Year 15) → college/university degree attainment (Year 22). Bootstrap confidence intervals (1000 replications) tested indirect effects. Moderation analyses examined whether the mediation pathway differed by race, sex, and depressive symptoms’ severity. School discipline significantly predicted higher depressive symptoms (b = 0.46, p = 0.001), which in turn predicted fewer college-going behaviors (b = −0.02, p = 0.001) and lower odds of college/university degree attainment (OR = 0.89, p = 0.001). The total indirect effect through depressive symptoms was significant (b = −0.06, 95% BC CI [−0.134, −0.017]). Sex, but not race (F = 0.24, p = 0.868), moderated the discipline–depressive pathway: discipline increased depressive symptoms more strongly for females (b = 0.78, p = 0.001) than males (b = 0.21, p = 0.251). Depressive symptoms amplified discipline’s effect on college/university degree attainment (interaction OR = 0.39, p = 0.037). Depressive symptoms partially mediate school discipline’s negative effect on college attainment, with the strongest effects among females. Higher education institutions must prepare to support students whose K-12 experiences were marked by exclusionary discipline. Full article