Search Results (641)

Chronic hyperglycemia inflicts serious cellular damage by inducing oxidative stress through the excessive production of free radicals. This oxidative milieu may impair the cellular redox capacity and disrupt the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. This study aimed to investigate plasma levels of components of the IGF system and antioxidant biomarkers in young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared to age-matched healthy controls in Brazil. This study included 129 patients with T1DM (76 female, 53 male; mean age 26.97 ± 0.6 years) and 95 healthy controls (61 female, 34 male; mean age 27.35 ± 0.68 years). Young Brazilian adults with T1DM had significantly lower mean IGF-I and higher mean IGFBP-1 levels compared to healthy controls. The T1DM group showed a more atherogenic profile, characterized by a significantly elevated ApoB/ApoA1 ratio and increased oxidized LDL levels. However, a subset of patients with significantly better glycemic control exhibited serum IGF-I and IGFBP-1 levels within the normal range observed in controls, which may indicate the presence of residual functional beta-cell activity or reflect better glycemic control in this subgroup. Antioxidant components and oxidative stress biomarkers were significantly upregulated in the T1DM group compared to the control group, suggesting a compensatory adaptive response. No significant correlation was observed between biomarkers of oxidative stress and the IGF-system. Full article

Background and Objectives: Type I interferon (IFN-I) transcriptional signatures are widely utilised as readouts of innate immunity. We evaluated whether age and sex affect single interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and the composite IFN-I score, with implications for control selection and assay calibration. Materials and Methods: Ninety-five healthy individuals (53 males, 42 females; 18 days to 89 years) were studied. Whole-blood expressions of IFI27, IFI44L, IFIT1, ISG15, RSAD2 and SIGLEC1 was quantified by RT-qPCR, normalised to GAPDH and calibrated to a paediatric reference. Age associations used Spearman’s rho; sex differences, two-sided Mann–Whitney U tests. Results: Age effects were modest and gene-specific: IFI44L declined and IFI27 increased with age (significant overall and in females), whereas in males only IFI44L decreased; other ISGs were null (|r| ≤ 0.36). The composite IFN-I score showed no association with age or sex, indicating that aggregation mitigates small gene-level variation and that demographic influences on baseline IFN-I readouts appear minimal within this six-gene whole-blood qPCR panel in our cohort. Conclusions: Methodologically, a single primary cut-off within homogeneous pipelines is appropriate. Although best practice favours age-, sex- and matrix-matched healthy controls, our data show no significant age- or sex-related differences in the composite IFN-I score; matching therefore primarily supports comparability and clinical governance rather than correction of demographic shifts. Full article

Background: Obesity is a major contributor to chronic kidney disease (CKD) through mechanisms involving inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Premenopausal female rats are known to be protected from cardiovascular disorders vs. age matched male rats. The current study investigates if there are sex differences in obesity-induced renal inflammation in SS leptin receptor mutant (SS^LepR mutant) rats as a model of metabolic syndrome. Method: Male and female lean and obese SS^LepR mutant rats were used in the current study to assess changes in metabolic parameters and markers of renal inflammation. Results: Obese SS^LepR rats showed significant increases in body weight, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and cholesterol vs. lean control, although their blood glucose levels remained comparable to lean rats. Plasma leptin, insulin, and TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) levels were significantly elevated in obese SS^LepR rats vs. lean control rats, with no apparent sex differences. Obesity was associated with an elevation in renal injury since protein and albumin excretion levels were significantly elevated in obese SS^LepR rats vs. lean control rats, with no apparent sex differences. The elevation in renal injury was associated with increased renal fibrosis as evidenced by increased collagen deposition and TGF-β expression in the kidney of obese SS^LepR rats vs. lean control rats. Increased renal fibrosis also coincided with increased renal inflammation and apoptosis as evidenced by increased macrophage infiltration and IL-6 expression in the kidneys of obese SS^LepR rats vs. lean control rats. Conclusion: These findings indicate that obesity triggers renal inflammation and fibrosis independent of hyperglycemia in SS^LepR rats, and these changes may override sex-based protective effects seen in females in other experimental rodent models of cardiovascular diseases. Full article

Background: The post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection represent a growing public health concern. While associations between COVID-19 and metabolic disorders have been reported, less is known about this risk in young, healthy populations. This study aimed to quantify the risk of developing new-onset metabolic disorders following SARS-CoV-2 infection among U.S. active-duty service members. Methods: We conducted a propensity score-matched cohort study using U.S. Military Health System data between July 2020 and June 2021 of active-duty service members (ADSM) aged 18 to 65 years old. COVID-19 infections were identified through ICD-10 codes or laboratory results. A 1:2 matched cohort compared 103,789 COVID-19 exposed individuals with 207,578 controls. Outcomes included incident diagnoses of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia (HLD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) within one year. Cox proportional hazards models calculated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) while controlling for obesity and overweight status. Results: The median age for both those with and without COVID-19 infection was 26 years (interquartile range 22–33 years), with males comprising the majority of participants (81.1% male, 18.9% female). COVID-19 infection was associated with significantly increased hazards for incident HTN (aHR 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01–1.18), HLD (aHR 1.30; 95% CI, 1.10–1.54), and MASLD (aHR 1.36; 95% CI, 1.15–1.60). However, no significant increased risk was observed for T2DM or MetS. Conclusions: COVID-19 infection was associated with significantly increased risk of developing HTN, HLD, and MASLD, highlighting important long-term metabolic consequences in a young, healthy population. Full article

Background: Opioid use disorder (OUD) and associated overdose deaths have reached epidemic proportions worldwide over the past two decades, with death rates for men consistently reported at twice the rate for women. We have recently reported sex-specific differences in electrocortical activity in persons with OUD in a visual object recognition task. The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system is implicated in OUD but also plays a critical role in some disorders of visual attention and a modulatory role in the processing of visual stimuli in the blue cone pathway of the retina. We hypothesized that electrocortical responses to color stimuli would be affected differentially in men and women with OUD. Methods: Using a controlled, cross-sectional, age-matched (18–56 years) design, we evaluated color processing in male and female subjects recruited from a community-based, high-intensity residential substance abuse and detoxification treatment program. We evaluated electroencephalogram (EEG) event-related potentials (ERPs) and reaction time (RT), in male and female participants with OUD (n = 38) vs. sex- and age-matched non-OUD control participants (n = 37) in a simple color recognition Go/No-Go task, as well as perceptual and behavioral responses in physiological and neuropsychological tests. Results: N200, P300, and late potential (LP) Relevant stimulus-induced ERPs were evoked by the task and were well-differentiated from Irrelevant distractor stimuli. P300 amplitudes were significantly greater and N200 and LP latencies were significantly shorter in male vs. female non-OUD controls in this task. There were significant sex differences in N200, P300, and LP amplitudes and latencies between male vs. female non-OUD subjects and OUD differences with blue color as the Relevant stimulus. In the Binocular Rivalry Test, there were shorter dwell times for perceiving a blue stimulus in male OUD subjects and there were significant sex and OUD differences in neuropsychological tests including Finger Tapping, Trails A/B, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Conclusions: These findings suggest that there are significant sex-related physiological, perceptual, and cognitive differences in color processing that may result from deficits in DA production in the retina that mirror deficits in mesolimbic DA transmission correlating with OUD, suggesting that blue color processing has the potential to be an effective biomarker for brain DA and for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment efficacy in substance use disorders. Full article

Background/Objectives: School violence represents a significant concern for educational communities worldwide, affecting student well-being and academic development. While prior research has documented prevalence rates and risk factors, limited studies have examined social–cognitive factors associated with antisocial behavior specifically within vocational education contexts using integrated analytical approaches. This exploratory cross-sectional study examined social–cognitive factors—specifically self-reported attitudes about aggression norms, prosocial attitudes, and school climate perceptions—associated with violence-supportive attitudes among Greek vocational students. Methods: A cross-sectional design employed validated self-report instruments and traditional statistical methods. The sample comprised 76 vocational high school students (38.2% male; ages 14–18; response rate 75.2%) from one school in Patras, Greece. Validated instruments assessed attitudes toward interpersonal peer violence (α = 0.87), peer aggression norms across four subscales (α = 0.83–0.90), and school climate dimensions (α = 0.70–0.75). Analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations with bootstrapped confidence intervals, MANOVA for multivariate group comparisons, independent samples t-tests, propensity score matching for urban–rural comparisons, polynomial regression for developmental patterns, and path analysis for theoretical model testing. Results: Strong associations emerged between perceived school-level and individual-level aggression norms (r = 0.80, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.71, 0.87]), representing one of the strongest relationships documented in school violence research. Violence-supportive attitudes demonstrated inverse associations with prosocial alternative norms (r = −0.37, p < 0.001, 95% CI [−0.55, −0.16]). Significant gender differences emerged for teacher–student relationships (d = −0.78, p = 0.002), with females reporting substantially more positive perceptions. Propensity-matched urban students demonstrated higher aggression norm endorsement compared to rural students across multiple indicators (d = 0.61–0.78, all p < 0.020). Polynomial regression revealed curvilinear developmental patterns with optimal teacher relationship quality during mid-adolescence (ages 15–16). Path analysis supported a sequential association model wherein school-level norms related to individual attitudes through prosocial alternative beliefs (indirect effect β = −0.22, p = 0.002, 95% CI [−0.34, −0.11]). Conclusions: This preliminary investigation identified social–cognitive factors—particularly normative beliefs about aggression at both individual and environmental levels—as strongly associated with violence-supportive attitudes in Greek vocational education. The exceptionally strong alignment between school-level and individual-level aggression norms (r = 0.80) suggests that environmental normative contexts may play a more substantial role in attitude formation than previously recognized in this educational setting. Gender and urban–rural differences indicate meaningful heterogeneity requiring differentiated approaches. Future research should employ longitudinal designs with multi-informant assessment and larger multi-site samples to establish temporal precedence, reduce method variance, and test causal hypotheses regarding relationships between normative beliefs and behavioral outcomes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) has historically been used in obstetrics as a tocolytic and to prevent eclamptic seizures. MgSO₄ has also been investigated as a potential neonatal neuroprotectant for infants born preterm. However, randomized controlled trials of prenatal MgSO₄ have shown mixed results, with single-center observational studies also suggesting differential effects by sex. We sought to evaluate sex-dependent associations between prenatal MgSO₄ exposure and standardized neurodevelopmental outcomes in a large, multi-center cohort of extremely preterm neonates (24–0/7 to 27–6/7 weeks’ gestation) from the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial (PENUT). Methods: The relationship between maternal MgSO₄ exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes assessed at 2 years using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Index, 3rd edition was examined by sex in n = 666 infants (n = 328 female, n = 338 male). To account for confounding by indication, we performed both matching and inverse probability weighting using 17 maternal predictors of MgSO₄ exposure. Results: In both unadjusted and adjusted (weighted and matched) analyses, no relationship between MgSO₄ exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes was seen, either overall or by sex. Conclusions: This study reaffirms the safety of MgSO₄, but appropriate clinical trials of MgSO₄ in extremely preterm infants are still required to better understand any effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Full article

Background: Despite the increasing adoption of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB), data on its long-term outcomes—particularly regarding sex-based differences—remain limited. This study presents a robust 20-year analysis comparing males and females, assessing perioperative outcomes, long-term survival, and independent predictors of mortality to inform sex-sensitive clinical decision-making. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of 676 patients (138 females, 538 males) undergoing MIDCAB was performed. Propensity score matching (PSM) generated balanced female and male cohorts (n = 129 each). Preoperative demographics, short-term outcomes, and long-term survival were assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression modelling. Results: In unmatched cohorts, females exhibited significantly lower NYHA class distribution (p = 0.011) and higher atrial fibrillation prevalence (p = 0.038), with otherwise comparable comorbidities. Propensity score matching achieved cohort balance, and short-term outcomes—including 30-day mortality, stroke/TIA, and reoperation—were similar across sexes. Kaplan–Meier analysis of matched cohorts revealed no significant survival difference (log-rank p = 0.3370), though females demonstrated greater 20-year survival than males (77.6% versus 55.8%). In females, age 70–79 (HR 2.66; 95% CI: 1.02–6.95; p = 0.046) and cerebrovascular disease (HR 5.33; 95% CI: 1.49–19.03; p = 0.010) were independently associated with mortality. In males, significant predictors included diabetes (HR 1.86; 95% CI: 1.02–3.38; p = 0.042), chronic kidney disease (HR 4.92; 95% CI: 1.21–20.02; p = 0.026), pulmonary disease (HR 2.35; 95% CI: 1.20–4.60; p = 0.013), cerebrovascular disease (HR 4.77; 95% CI: 1.97–11.56; p < 0.001), and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HR 0.17; 95% CI: 0.06–0.43; p < 0.001). Conclusions: This 20-year study, the longest to date, demonstrates that MIDCAB achieves durable and equivalent long-term survival in males and females. It highlights sex-specific predictors of mortality, emphasizing the necessity for personalized preoperative risk assessment and postoperative management. Full article

Objective: To explore the value of multimodal molecular imaging in diagnosing and differentiating dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data and multimodal molecular imaging of 40 probable DLB patients treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (August 2017–December 2024). All 40 had ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT; 15 had ¹³¹I-MIBG imaging; 11 had ¹⁸F-FP-CIT PET/CT. A total of 12 patients with poor cognition or atypical ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT underwent ¹⁸F-AV45 PET/CT (2 also had ¹⁸F-PM-PBB3 imaging). A sex- and age-matched control group (cognitively normal, same-period health checkup ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) was included. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT images were visually and semi-quantitatively analyzed (ROI, SPM). ¹⁸F-AV45 PET/CT was assessed both visually and semi-quantitatively; ¹³¹I-MIBG imaging and ¹⁸F-FP-CIT PET/CT were visually evaluated. Results: The 40 DLB patients (29 males, 11 females; mean age 72 years) had distinct initial symptoms: 8 (20%) presented with cognitive decline as the first symptom, 23 (57.5%) with parkinsonian symptoms as the first symptom, and 9 (22.5%) with both symptoms occurring simultaneously. Mean intervals: 16.25 months from initial cognitive decline to parkinsonian symptoms, and 24.43 months from initial parkinsonian symptoms to cognitive decline. All had parkinsonian symptoms and cognitive impairment; 38 (95%) had visual hallucinations; and 26 (65%) had REM sleep behavior disorder. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT: 30(75%) showed typical occipital hypometabolism and posterior cingulate island sign; 10 (25%) had atypical findings. ¹³¹I-MIBG (15/15, 100%): cardiac sympathetic denervation. ¹⁸F-FP-CIT (10/11, 90.9%): basal ganglia dopaminergic damage. ¹⁸F-AV45 (9/12, 81.8%): positive. Semi-quantitative ¹⁸F-FDG analysis revealed parietal, occipital, and lateral temporal hypometabolism in DLB (left more severe than right). Conclusions: Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) presents with pre-onset parkinsonism and cognitive impairment, plus high rates of visual hallucinations and sleep disorders. Key imaging features—occipital hypometabolism/island sign on ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT, cardiac sympathetic denervation on ¹³¹I-MIBG, and basal ganglia dopaminergic damage on ¹⁸F-FP-CIT—aid DLB diagnosis. ¹⁸F-AV45 PET/CT detects Aβ pathology in severely cognitively impaired patients, suggesting these DLB patients may have underlying AD pathology beyond DLB. Full article

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is widely used in health monitoring, but its reliability is often compromised by artifacts, limiting accurate peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) estimation. Moreover, physiological and demographic factors can substantially alter PPG waveform morphology. We propose a lightweight, real-time predictive modeling approach that adapts to subject-specific PPG signal dynamics to improve monitoring robustness under conditions prone to artifacts. A total of 459 min of dual-wavelength PPG signals, together with reference SpO2 values, were collected from 17 healthy volunteers (2 female, 15 male, mean age $27\pm 3$ years old) undergoing controlled desaturation in the 85–100% range after being instructed to remain still. Cardiac pulses were segmented and decomposed into AC and DC components, and the adequacy of several signal models, ranging from sums of Gaussians to Fourier series, and polynomial expansions of different orders, was evaluated. A space of representative signal features was built from the best-performing model, and used to generate machine learning-based predictions for each pulse using the preceding four clean pulses. Predicted pulses could be directly compared with their originals, enabling accurate error estimation without simulated data. The predicted signals closely matched the originals, achieving mean $R^2$ scores above 0.9, and an SpO2 estimation RMSE of 1.28%. In practical use, the same approach could be applied to overcome artifact-corrupted segments if combined with a signal quality assessment module. Therefore, this algorithm provides a promising pathway toward more reliable SpO2 monitoring in wearable systems, particularly under hypoxic conditions. Full article

Generalised joint hypermobility (GJH) describes an excessive range of joint movement and is associated with increased musculoskeletal injury risk, joint pain, and instability. This study compares lower limb biomechanical characteristics between children with and without GJH. Children aged 5–18 years with GJH (Beighton score ≥ 6/9 pre-puberty, ≥5/9 post-puberty) were age- and sex-matched with controls (Beighton score ≤ 2/9). Biomechanical measures included internal hip rotation, quadriceps (Q) angle, tibial torsion, ankle range of motion (ROM), and foot posture index (FPI). Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi-square were used to assess group differences. Fifty-two participants (median age 11 years, 69% females) included 27 children with GJH and 25 healthy children. Internal hip rotation, Q-angle, ankle ROM and FPI were significantly higher for children with GJH (p < 0.001) than healthy peers. While tibial torsion showed no difference in males, females had greater internal tibial torsion [median difference: right −4° (95%CI:−7,−2), p = 0.002; left −5° (95%CI:−7,−1), p = 0.010]. The largest differences were in ankle ROM [median difference: right 9° (95%CI:7,12); left 9° (95%CI:6,12)]. Children with GJH present different biomechanical measures than non-GJH peers. Further research into the clinical relevance of ROM at the hip, ankle and foot for children with GJH which are movement planes not assessed in Beighton score is warranted. Full article

Background: The edible gonads of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus are highly valued, yet sex cannot be determined externally, limiting selective harvest and quality control. Objective: We aimed to test whether headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics can discriminate sex from gonadal volatilomes. Methods: Gonads from 29 individuals (21 females, 8 males) were profiled by this technique. Spectral data were modeled with Partial Least Squares–Linear Discriminant Analysis (PLS–LDA), Variable Importance in Projection scores highlighted key features, and Mann–Whitney tests assessed univariate differences. Tentative identifications were assigned by library match and curated for potential environmental artifacts. Results: Chemometric modeling yielded a clear female–male separation. Female gonads were enriched in low-odor-threshold oxygenates—aldehydes (hexanal, heptanal) and alcohols (1-penten-3-ol, 1-octen-3-ol)—together with diet-linked monoterpenes (e.g., D-limonene), consistent with PUFA LOX/HPL pathways and macroalgal inputs. Male gonads were dominated by saturated/branched hydrocarbons and long-chain alcohols with limited direct odor impact. Minor aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., styrene; 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene) were retained as environmental/artifact markers and excluded from biological interpretation. Conclusions: HS-SPME gas chromatography–mass spectrometry volatilomics coupled with PLS–LDA effectively distinguishes the sex of P. lividus gonads and rationalizes reported sensory differences. The marker set offers a basis for future non-destructive sexing workflows, pending confirmation with retention indices, authentic standards, and GC-olfactometry. Full article

Objective: An association between sleep apnea and various urological symptoms has been reported in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze sex-related differences in the association between sleep apnea und subsequent urinary incontinence diagnosis. Methods: This study examined the incidence of urinary incontinence in a matched pair cohort with and without sleep apnea treated in 1293 general practices in Germany between January 2005 and December 2022 (74,453 vs. 372,256 individuals). The five-year cumulative incidence of urinary incontinence in the cohorts with and without sleep apnea was studied using Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank tests. Finally, a univariable Cox regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between sleep apnea and urinary incontinence. Stratified analyses were conducted by sex (male/female) and age group (18–50 years, 51–60 years, 61–70 years, >70 years). Results: Sleep apnea was significantly associated with urinary incontinence as compared to individuals without sleep disorder diagnosis (5.1% vs. 4.3%; p < 0.001), and this association remained robust in females (HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.29–1.46), but not in males (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.96–1.08) In females, the association was strongest in the age group 51–60 years (HR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.71–2.30). Conclusions: In conclusion, this study reports a significant association between sleep apnea and subsequent urinary incontinence diagnosis. Sex- and age-related differences should be taken into account, as associations were stronger for middle-aged females followed by younger females and no significant association was found regarding males. Full article

Pickleball is a recent sport, and very little scientific information exists on its match performance, especially for mixed doubles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the performance profile in relation to sex differences in terms of shot outcome, margin of victory, and advantage. Seventeen elite mixed double matches from Professional Pickleball Association tours were analyzed, specifically considering the final as well as the penultimate shot with regard to the sex of the opponent who played it to analyze the inter-player dynamics between the opponents. Elite mixed pickleball matches have been characterized by 1:1.4 work-to-rest ratio, with rallies meanly lasting 10.6 s and separated by 11.4 s between them. Among the 1678 final shots analyzed, males played significantly fewer forced errors and more winners than females, especially when the penultimate shot was played by a female opponent. No sex differences emerged when the penultimate shot was played by a male opponent. Additionally, males played more winners both when leading and when winning the match. Mixed doubles pickleball matches appear to be partially influenced by sex-imbalanced game dynamics, with a higher number of winners played by males, particularly when the preceding shot is played by a female, suggesting that this format offers only moderate inclusivity between sexes. Full article

Background/Objectives: PhenoAge utilizes biochemical biomarkers to differentiate mortality risk in persons of the same chronological age. However, the details of the relationship between PhenoAge and lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) remain unclear. We investigated the association between lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and biological age quantified by PhenoAge and PhenoAge acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel), comparing surgically treated patients with age- and BMI-matched controls. Methods: This study included 208 LSS patients who underwent surgery. The patients were categorized into four subgroups based on gender and age (≥70 years) at the time of surgery. Demographic data, blood biomarkers, body composition measurements, and Phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel), which was assessed by calculating the residuals from regressing PhenoAge on chronological age were compared among the groups. We also compared control groups matched for age and body mass index (BMI) for each of the four groups using medical examination data. Results: The mean age was 70.2 ± 9.3 years and the mean PhenoAgeAccel was −5.7 ± 6.5 years in the LSS group. PhenoAgeAccel was significantly lower in the control group (−8.5 ± 3.7 years) than in the LSS group, especially in young male (LSS: −2.9 ± 6.7, Control: −7.0 ± 2.8 years), old male (−4.8 ± 4.4, −6.7 ± 4.0 years), and old female (−6.9 ± 5.9, −10.8 ± 3.2 years) subgroups. In the correlation coefficient between PhenoAgeAccel and BMI, there were weak positive correlations (CC: 0.08–0.31) across all subgroups in the control group, whereas there was a weak negative correlation (CC: −0.29) in the old female subgroup in the LSS group. Conclusions: The impact of LSS on PhenoAgeAccel varied by age and gender, and the adverse effect of LSS could be particularly pronounced in elderly women with low BMIs. Full article