Search Results (16)

Magnetic levitation (maglev) technology offers significant advantages for rail transport, including frictionless propulsion, reduced noise, and lower maintenance costs. However, its widespread adoption has been limited due to the need for a dedicated infrastructure incompatible with conventional rail networks. The MaDe4Rail project, funded by Europe’s Rail Joint Undertaking (ERJU), explores Maglev-Derived Systems (MDSs) as means to integrate maglev-inspired solutions into existing railway corridors with minimal modifications. This paper focuses on the so-called “hybrid MDS” configuration, which refers to levitating systems that can operate on existing rail infrastructure. Unlike current maglev systems, which require dedicated tracks, the proposed MDS system is designed to operate on conventional rail tracks, allowing for its compatibility with traditional trains and ensuring the interoperability of lines. In order to identify the most viable solution, two different configurations have been analysed. The evaluated scenario could benefit from the introduction of hybrid MDSs based on magnetic levitation, where a group of single vehicles, also called pods, is used in a virtual coupling configuration. The objective of this case study is to increase the capacity of traffic on the existing railway line by significantly reducing travel time, while maintaining a similar energy consumption to that of the current conventional trains operating on this line. Simulation results indicate that the hybrid MDS can optimise railway operations by taking advantage of virtual coupling to improve traffic flow, reducing travel times and energy consumption with the optimisation of the aerodynamic drag. The system achieves a balance between increased speed and energy efficiency, making it a viable alternative for future rail transport. An initial cost–benefit analysis suggests that the hybrid MDS could deliver substantial economic advantages, positioning it as a promising solution for enhancing European railway networks with minimal infrastructure investment. Full article

Achieving accurate positioning of maglev trains is one of the key technologies for the safe operation of maglev trains and train schedules. Aiming at magnetic levitation train positioning, there are problems such as being easily interfered with by external noise, the single positioning method, and traditional weighting affected by historical data, which lead to the deviation of positioning fusion results. Therefore, this paper adopts self-corrected weighting and Sage–Husa noise estimation algorithms to improve them and proposes a research method of multi-sensor information fusion and positioning of an AUKF magnetic levitation train based on self-correcting weighting. Multi-sensor information fusion technology is applied to the positioning of maglev trains, which does not rely on a single sensor. It combines the Sage–Husa algorithm with the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to form the AUKF algorithm using the data collected by the cross-sensor lines, INS, Doppler radar, and GNSS, which adaptively updates the statistical feature estimation of the measurement noise and eliminates the single-function and low-integration shortcomings of the various modules to achieve the precise positioning of maglev trains. The experimental results point out that the self-correction-based AUKF filter trajectories are closer to the real values, and their ME and RMSE errors are smaller, indicating that the self-correction-weighted AUKF algorithm proposed in this paper has significant advantages in terms of stability, accuracy, and simplicity. Full article

Magnetic levitation (maglev) offers unique opportunities for guided transport; however, only a few existing maglev systems have demonstrated their potential benefits. This paper explores the potential of maglev-derived systems (MDS) in conventional rail, focusing on the use of linear motors to enhance freight operations. Such traction boosters provide additional propulsion capabilities by reducing the train consist’s dependence on wheel–rail adhesion and improving performance without needing an additional locomotive. The study analyses the Gothenburg–Borås railway in Sweden, a single-track, mixed-traffic line with limited capacity and slow speeds, where installing linear motors on uphill sections would allow freight trains to match the performance of passenger trains, even under challenging adhesion conditions. Target speed profiles were precomputed using dynamic programming, while a model predictive control algorithm determined the optimal train state and control trajectories. The results show that freight trains can achieve desired speeds but at the cost of increased energy consumption. A system-level cost–benefit analysis reveals a positive impact with a positive benefit-to-cost ratio. Although energy consumption increases, the time savings and reduced CO₂ emissions from shifting goods from road to rail demonstrate substantial economic and environmental benefits, improving the efficiency and sustainability of rail freight traffic. Full article

In this work, a novel levitation magnet with damping coil is proposed to address the existing issues and improve reliability. The fault mechanism of the existing magnet is analyzed and validated using a coupling model combined with inductive voltage experiments. The magnetic yoke with damping coils is designed and the equivalent magnetic circuit (EMC) model of the magnet is established. The nonlinearity of magnetic materials and the magnetic flux fluctuation due to the tooth-slot effect are considered in the EMC model. Simultaneously, the transient finite element (FEM) model is built. The magnetic flux of yoke, the inductive current of the damping coil, and the magnetic force are analyzed. A good agreement is found between EMC and FEM. Additionally, the static magnetic force is tested on the magnet test platform to validate EMC and FEM models. Results reveal that compared with the existing magnet, the magnetic flux fluctuation with damping coils is significantly reduced, and the inductive voltages with the damping coil are significantly decreased. The novel magnet with damping coils featuring excellent magnetic characteristics is more advantageous for the system’s security and durability. Full article

The colonization of Mars poses unprecedented challenges in developing sustainable and efficient transportation systems to support inter-settlement connectivity and resource distribution. This study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of two proposed transportation systems for Martian colonies: a ground-based magnetically levitated (maglev) train and a low-orbital spaceplane. Through simulation models, we assess the energy consumption, operational and construction costs, and environmental impacts of each system. Monte Carlo simulations further provide insights into the cost variability and financial risk associated with each option over a decade. Our findings reveal that while the spaceplane system offers lower average costs and reduced financial risk, the maglev train boasts greater scalability and potential for integration with Martian infrastructural development. The maglev system, despite its higher initial cost, emerges as a strategic asset for long-term colony expansion and sustainability, highlighting the need for balanced investment in transportation technologies that align with the goals of Martian colonization. Further extending our exploration, this study introduces advanced analysis of alternative transportation technologies, including hyperloop systems, drones, and rovers, incorporating dynamic environmental modeling of Mars and reinforcement learning for autonomous navigation. In an effort to enhance the realism and complexity of our navigation simulation of Mars, we introduce several significant improvements. These enhancements focus on the inclusion of dynamic atmospheric conditions, the simulation of terrain-specific obstacles such as craters and rocks, and the introduction of a swarm intelligence approach for navigating multiple drones simultaneously. This analysis serves as a foundational framework for future research and strategic planning in Martian transportation infrastructure. Full article

Maglev transportation is a highly promising form of transportation for the future, primarily due to its friction-free operation, exceptional comfort, and low risk of derailment. Unlike conventional transportation systems, maglev trains operate with no mechanical contact with the track. Maglev trains achieve levitation and guidance using electromagnetic forces controlled by a magnetic levitation control system. Therefore, the magnetic levitation control system is of utmost importance in maintaining the stable operation performance of a maglev train. However, due to the open-loop instability and strong nonlinearity of the control system, designing an active controller with self-adaptive ability poses a substantial challenge. Moreover, various uncertainties exist, including parameter variations and unknown external disturbances, under different operating conditions. Although several review papers on maglev levitation systems and control methods have been published over the last decade, there has been no comprehensive exploration of their modeling and related control technologies. Meanwhile, many review papers have become outdated and no longer reflect the current state-of-the-art research in the field. Therefore, this article aims to summarize the models and control technologies for maglev levitation systems following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) criteria. The control technologies mainly include linear control methods, nonlinear control methods, and artificial intelligence methods. In addition, the article will discuss maglev control in other scenarios, such as vehicle–guideway vibration control and redundancy and fault-tolerant design. First, the widely used maglev levitation system modeling methods are reviewed, including the modeling assumptions. Second, the principle of the control methods and their control performance in maglev levitation systems are presented. Third, the maglev control methods in other scenarios are discussed. Finally, the key issues pertaining to the future direction of maglev levitation control are discussed. Full article

A maglev train is a new type of high-speed railway transportation. A high-temperature superconducting (HTS) maglev system is one of the typical representatives in the field of maglev trains. In order to research the levitation characteristics of an HTS maglev train, the force characteristics and operation performance of the train were researched. However, at present, there is still no research that simulates the real load situation of a running maglev train while analyzing the suspension frame. Regarding this issue, in this paper, the suspension frame is simulated and analyzed to simulate the real load situation of a maglev train. The results show that the suspension frame of an HTS maglev train can bear corresponding loads under different working conditions, and its strength and stiffness meet the requirements of use, safety, and reliability. Random irregularity in the permanent magnet track of an HTS maglev train route is inevitable, which will make the suspension frame produce a vibration response under different running speeds of the train. Vibration of the suspension frame of the train is inevitable. For the electromagnetic levitation (EMS) train, researchers considered monitoring the train status. However, at present, there is no suspension frame condition monitoring device for an HTS maglev train. In addition, the levitation height of the suspension frame affects the suspension performance and traction performance of the vehicle, and the vibration of the suspension frame during running affects the dynamic performance and safety of the suspension frame and the vehicle. Regarding the issue above, through a suspension frame monitoring system, the lateral and vertical vibration acceleration and levitation height of the suspension frame are monitored at different train speeds. The maximum value of vibration acceleration and the fluctuation range of levitation height are within the safe range. It is verified that the simulation analysis of the suspension frame of an HTS maglev train is correct, the suspension frame is safe, and the train can run safely. Full article

As new advanced vehicles, electromagnetic suspension (EMS)-type maglev trains have received wide attention because of their advantages such as high speed, no mechanical friction, low noise, low cost and energy consumption, strong climbing ability, and green environmental protection. The open-loop instability is one of the key points and difficulties for the levitation control systems of maglev trains. The closed-loop feedback control method must be applied to realize stable levitation. However, there are currently many levitation control methods just in theory. Considering their advantages and disadvantages, it is a major demand for maglev trains to select efficient, stable, applicable, and cost-saving methods to improve their dynamic performance and safety, which motivated this review. First, the current status of research on maglev trains is introduced in this paper, including types, system components, and research modes in various countries, followed by an analysis of the levitation control methods for EMS-type maglev trains. Then, the technical characteristics of the levitation control systems are described according to the basic principles of levitation systems, model building, mathematical derivation, and control objectives. Next, three kinds of typical levitation control methods are reviewed, namely, linear state feedback methods, nonlinear control methods, and intelligent control methods, according to their improvements and applications. Lastly, we summarize and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods, and future developments of levitation control are suggested. Full article

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnetic levitation (maglev) trains for designed high speed need a non-contact braking method that can produce stable and sufficient braking forces to ensure the safety of the train during emergency braking. In order to study the braking effects of permanent magnet eddy current braking (PMECB) used in HTS maglev vehicles and its effects on the levitation performance of HTS maglev vehicles, an equivalent two-dimensional simulation model of PMECB for a HTS maglev test vehicle under different working air gaps of 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm was established in Maxwell software. Then, a 6 degree of freedom dynamic model of the vehicle was established in Universal Mechanism software. In the dynamic simulation, the normal force of PMECB was not considered, and only the detent force of PMECB was taken as the excitation of the vehicle. The simulation results show that PMECBs can reduce the vehicle to relatively low speed in a few seconds. During the operation of PMECBs, the levitation height and levitation force of the maglev Dewar will be affected, and maximum variations in levitation heights and levitation forces occur on the Dewars at both ends of the vehicle. These help us to understand the braking and levitation performance of HTS maglev vehicles under the action of PMECBs and enrich the design idea of braking and levitation systems of HTS maglev vehicles equipped with PMECBs. Full article

In the mid-low speed Maglev train, the levitation force produced by end electromagnets is influenced by the train speed due to the eddy current effect, especially the front-end electromagnets at high speed. In this paper, the eddy current effect of front-end electromagnets is calculated by an analytical method, which is validated by the Finite Element method (FEM). To compensate a decrease of levitation force, two improved structures of end electromagnet modules are designed and compared. One is the permanent magnet compensation structure, designed by inserting a piece of permanent magnet (PM), and called the PM hybrid structure, and the other is an additional electromagnet compensation structure, which adopts five electromagnets, and called the five-coil structure. In terms of comparison, the five-coil structure can not only produce a high enough levitation force, but can also be easily manufactured. Its effectiveness is verified by the prototype application. Full article

In high-speed magnetic railways, it is necessary to create the forces that lift the train. This effect is achieved by using active (EMS) or passive (EDS) magnetic systems. In a passive system, suspension systems with permanent magnets arranged in a Halbach array can be used. In this paper, an original Halbach array with various alternately arranged horizontally and vertically magnetized magnets is proposed. Correctly selected geometry allows us to obtain higher values of levitation forces and lower braking forces in relation to a system with identical horizontally and vertically magnetized elements. The effect of such a shape of the magnetic arrangement is the reduction of instantaneous power consumption while traveling due to the occurrence of lower braking forces. In order to perform a comparative analysis of the various geometries of the Halbach array, a simulation model was developed in the ANSYS Maxwell program. The performed calculations made it possible to determine the optimal dimensions of horizontally and vertically magnetized elements. The results of calculations of instantaneous power savings for various cruising speeds are also included. Full article

On the basis of a generalized interdisciplinary method that consists of a modification of Hamilton–Ostrogradski principle by expanding the Lagrange function with two components that address the functions of dissipation energy and the energy of external conservative forces, a mathematical model is presented of an electromechanical system that consists of the force section of a magneto-levitation non-contact maglev suspension in a prototype traction vehicle. The assumption that magnetic potential hole, generated naturally by means of cryogenic equipment, is present in the levitation suspension, serving to develop the model system. Contrary to other types of magnetic cushion train suspensions, for instance, maglev–Shanghai or Japan–maglev, this suspension does not need a complicated control system, and levitation is possible starting from zero train velocity. As high-temperature superconductivity can be generated, the analysis of levitation systems, including the effect of magnetic potential holes, has become topical. On the basis of the model of a prototype maglev train, dynamic processes are analyzed in the levitation system, including the effect of the magnetic potential hole. A system of ordinary differential equations of the dynamic state is presented in the normal Cauchy form, which allows for their direct integration by both explicit and implicit numerical methods. Here, the results of the computer simulations are shown as figures, which are analyzed. Full article

The association of elevated rail structures and Maglev (magnetic levitation) trains is a promising alternative for urban transportation. Besides being cost-effective in comparison with underground solutions, the Maglev technology is a clean and low-noise mass transportation. In this paper, we propose a low-cost automatic braking system for Maglev trains. There is a myriad of sensors and positioning techniques used to improve the accuracy, precision and stability of train navigation systems, but most of them result in high implementation costs. In this paper, we develop an affordable solution, called Redundant Autonomous Safe Braking System (RASBS), for the MagLev-Cobra train, a magnetic levitation vehicle developed at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil. The proposed braking system employs GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers at the stations and trains, which are connected via an ad-hoc wireless network. The proposed system uses a cooperative error correction algorithm to achieve sub-meter distance precision. We experimentally evaluate the performance of RASBS in the MagLev prototype located at the campus of UFRJ, Brazil. Results show that, using RASBS, the train is able to dynamically set the precise location to start the braking procedure. Full article

Sub-sonic linear synchronous motors (LSMs) with high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets, which aim to accelerate to a velocity of 1200 km/h in the near-vacuum tubes of 0.001 atm for the Hyperloop, are newly introduced in this paper. By the virtue of the combination of LSMs and electrodynamic suspensions (EDSs) with HTS magnets, a large air-gap of 24 cm, low magnetic resistance forces of below 2 kN, and the efficient as well as practical design of propulsion power supply systems of around 10 MVA could be guaranteed at a sub-sonic velocity. The characteristics of the proposed LSMs with HTS magnets, in addition, are widely analyzed with theories and simulation results. Optimal design methods for LSMs and inverters, which account for more than half of the total construction cost, are introduced with design guidelines and examples for the commercialization version of the Hyperloop. At the end of the paper, in order to verify the proposed design models of the sub-sonic LSMs, two different test-beds—i.e., 6 m long static and 20 m long dynamic propulsion test-beds—are fabricated, and it is found that the experimental results are well matched with proposed design models as well as simulation results; therefore, the design methods constitute guidelines for the design of sub-sonic LSMs for the Hyperloop. Full article

The maglev train is a whole new method of transportation without wheels, consisting of 20 groups of symmetry suspension units. The magnetic levitation system plays a major role in suspending the maglev train stably and following the track quickly with the desired gap. However, vertical track irregularity in the maglev train line has a dreadful effect on the tracking performance of the magnetic levitation system. The investigations carried out by our team have revealed that the fluctuation of the suspension gap becomes more and more serious with increases in running speed. In this paper, a mathematical model with consideration of vertical track irregularity is established. In order to overcome and suppress the fluctuation of the suspension gap, we propose a new strategy which includes installing an accelerometer on the electromagnet to address this problem. This strategy has already been successfully implemented and applied to the suspension controller for a magnetic levitation system in the Changsha maglev express. Real operation data indicates the tracking performance of the magnetic levitation system was obviously improved. Full article