Search Results (4,880)

The flotation efficiency of magnesite in the slurry system is critically influenced by its surface wettability. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the interactions between water molecules and the magnesite (104) surface. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, systematic evaluations were conducted, encompassing frontier orbital energies, water molecule adsorption behavior, and the water wetting process. Results indicate that electrons readily transfer from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of water to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of magnesite. Specifically, the chemisorption of a single water molecule onto the magnesite surface was observed, with a calculated adsorption energy of −91.6 kJ/mol. This process involves an interaction between the oxygen atom of water and a surface magnesium atom, leading to the formation of an Mg–O_W bond. This bond primarily arises from hybridization between the Mg 2p, Mg 2s, and O_W 2p orbitals. Furthermore, water molecules within the first adsorbed monolayer exhibited an average adsorption energy of −66.3 kJ/mol, which further confirms the occurrence of chemisorption. Notably, minimal changes were observed in the orbital interactions between water molecules and surface Mg atoms, a trend consistent with the single-molecule adsorption case. The average adsorption energies for the second and third water layers were calculated to be −63.2 kJ/mol and −45.6 kJ/mol, respectively. The stabilization of the hydration layer structure is attributed to the hydrogen-bonding network formed among water molecules in the outer layers. As the number of water layers increases, the structural disorder of water molecules on the magnesite surface progressively intensifies. This decrease in adsorption energy with increasing layer number is attributed to the progressively enhanced contribution of hydrogen-bonding interactions between water molecules across different layers. Consequently, the magnesite surface exhibits a low contact angle, indicating high intrinsic hydrophilicity. Collectively, these findings provide molecular-level insights into the wettability of the magnesite surface, thereby contributing to a more fundamental understanding of magnesite flotation mechanisms. Full article

This review synthesizes four decades of scientific and industrial developments in packaging glass, integrating structural, technological, and sustainability perspectives. Glass remains the benchmark material for inert, transparent, and fully recyclable containment, yet its scope has expanded from conventional bottles and vials to advanced functional and electronic encapsulation. Packaging glasses are classified into five main families—soda–lime, borosilicate, aluminosilicate, recycled (cullet-rich), and functional/electronic—and compared across key domains: mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical, barrier, and hermetic. Quantitative tables and normalized diagrams illustrate how compositional and processing trends govern structure, processability, and performance. Advances in forming, surface engineering, and melting practice are analyzed for their contributions to lightweighting, durability, and decarbonization. Sustainability is addressed through cullet utilization, energy demand, life-cycle indicators, and regulatory alignment, defining pathways toward circular and low-carbon production. Overall, packaging glass emerges as a circular, chemically stable, and traceable material system, while advances in high-integrity glass formulations now support hermetic encapsulation for diagnostic, electronic, and energy devices. Full article

The growing miniaturization of electronic systems and the expansion of sustainable, autonomous IoT technologies emphasize the need for efficient, ultra-low-power energy harvesting devices. This study evaluates fifteen devices from five industry leaders for use in small-scale autonomous seed germination systems. Its novelty lies in applying a competitive profile matrix within a flexible multicriteria evaluation framework based on the simple additive weighting (SAW) method that uses a comprehensive set of competitive technology factors (CTFs). The results demonstrate that a transparent and structured methodology can generate prioritized lists of suitable energy harvesters while accounting for technical, economic, and environmental trade-offs. The study also shows that device rankings depend on the scope and objectives of the project. If these change, then the CTF selection, classification, and weighting adjust accordingly. Therefore, the relevance of this study lies in the adaptability, replicability, and audibility of the proposed framework, which supports the selection of informed technology for autonomous, IoT-based germination systems and other technological projects. Full article

Diamond has been extensively examined as an appealing material for use in quantum optics and quantum information processing owing to the existence of various classes of optically active defects, referred to as “color centers,” which can be engineered into its crystal structure. Among these defects, the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy center (NV⁻) stands out as the most prominent type. Despite the progress made, the number of emitters characterized by reproducible fabrication processes within the desired spectral range at room temperature, with limited or no damage to the parent diamond lattice, remains restricted. Herein, we are proposing for the first time the creation of the FV⁻ center in diamond via low-energy implantation, which is particularly interesting as it possesses characteristic light absorption and magnetic properties similar to NV⁻ centers. The low-energy ion-implanted FV centers in diamond show more desirable optical emission properties at room temperature (RT). Additionally, as per DFT calculations, the flat bands near the Fermi energy indicate dominant electron–electron interactions, an important prerequisite for observing emergent behavior as seen in systems such as twisted bi-layer graphene. Consequently, as-developed new luminescent defects such as Fluorine Vacancy Centers (FV) with desirable spectral and quantum emission properties would be a significant breakthrough in diamond-based quantum materials. Full article

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are essential for ensuring the reliable operation of electronic devices and safeguarding human health, yet conventional metal-polymer materials are non-biodegradable, energy-intensive, and difficult to recycle. This study prepared a biodegradable paper-based shielding material; renewable cellulose filter paper was employed as the sole substrate, and graphene was integrated to construct an electromagnetic shielding network. A low-cost paper-based electromagnetic shielding preparation method was developed, and the performance of the material was analyzed in electromagnetic shielding applications. Samples were fabricated through a simple impregnation-evaporation-lamination process. It has a thickness of 1 mm for single layers and a maximum conductivity of 21.3 S/m. The influence of sample thickness on electromagnetic shielding in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) was investigated, when the graphene filter cake loading reached 20 wt%, the SE_T values for triple-layer electromagnetic shielding papers reach 36 dB at 8.2 GHz and 33 dB at 12.4 GHz. A phone box for indoor environments and a card holder with anti-radio-frequency identification (RFID) functionality were designed. Furthermore, achievable design solutions for an EMI shielding wallpaper in medical and artistic installations were proposed. Full article

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are essential for electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and grid storage, but their rapidly increasing demand is paralleled by growing waste volumes. Current disposal methods remain costly, complex, energy-intensive, and environmentally unsustainable. This pilot study investigates a scalable, low-impact disposal method by incorporating LIB waste into concrete, evaluating both the structural and environmental effects of LIB waste on concrete performance. Several cement–mortar cube specimens were cast and tested under compression using the cement–mortar mix with varying battery waste components, such as black mass and varied metals. All mortar mixes maintained an identical water-to-cement ratio. The compressive strength of the cubes was measured at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after casting and compared. The mix containing black mass exhibited a 35% reduction in compressive strength on day 28, whereas the mix containing varied metals showed a 55% reduction relative to the control mix without LIB waste. A case study was conducted to evaluate the combined structural and environmental performance of a concrete specimen incorporating LIB waste by estimating the embodied carbon (EC) for each mix and comparing the strength-to-net EC ratio. Selective incorporation of LIB waste into concrete provides a practical, low-carbon upcycling pathway, reducing both embodied carbon and landfill burden while enabling greener, non-structural construction materials. This sustainable approach simultaneously mitigates battery waste and lowers cement-related CO₂ emissions, delivering usable concrete for non-structural and low-strength structural applications. Full article

Seawater electrolysis offers a promising route for sustainable hydrogen production in coastal areas, leveraging solar energy while reducing freshwater consumption. Yet, chloride-induced corrosion severely limits conventional electrodes such as titanium, which depend on passive titanium dioxide films and display minimal hydrogen evolution reaction activity (|i₀,H₂| ≈ 0.001–0.01 A/m²). Here, we report for the first time the use of copper-based coordination compounds—a triazole-derived polymer (CC_Cu) and a Prussian Blue Analogue (CuHCF)—as dual-function electrodes combining corrosion resistance with electrocatalytic activity. Structural integrity was verified by FTIR, TGA, XRD, and SEM/EDS analyses. Electrochemical tests in 0.5 M NaCl, interpreted using mixed potential theory, revealed corrosion potentials (E_corr) of −40 mV versus Standard Hydrogen Electrode (CuHCF) and −23 mV versus Standard Hydrogen Electrode (CC_Cu), and corrosion current densities of 0.259 and 0.379 A/m², respectively. Both exhibited hydrogen evolution reaction exchange current densities significantly higher than titanium (0.019 A/m² for CuHCF and 0.062 A/m² for CC_Cu). CuHCF achieved a Tafel slope of 222 mV/dec, comparable to NiMoP alloys and carbon steel. Complementary density functional theory calculations elucidated how metal–ligand interactions and electronic redistribution govern both catalytic performance and degradation. These findings introduce a new concept of semi-electrocatalysts, where copper coordination compounds act as structurally adaptive, low-cost materials bridging corrosion resistance and hydrogen evolution in seawater systems. Full article

Solar-driven hydrogen production via photocatalytic water splitting represents a promising route toward sustainable and low-carbon energy systems. Among emerging photocatalysts, porphyrin-based framework materials, specifically porphyrinic metal–organic frameworks (PMOFs) and porphyrinic covalent organic frameworks (PCOFs), have attracted increasing attention owing to their strong visible-light absorption, tunable electronic structures, permanent porosity, and well-defined catalytic architectures. In these systems, porphyrins function as versatile photosensitizers whose photophysical properties can be precisely tailored through metalation, peripheral functionalization, and integration into ordered frameworks. This review provides a comprehensive, design-oriented overview of recent advances in PMOFs, PCOFs, and hybrid porphyrinic architectures for photocatalytic H₂ evolution. We discuss key structure–activity relationships governing light harvesting, charge separation, and hydrogen evolution kinetics, with particular emphasis on the roles of porphyrin metal centers, secondary building units, linker functionalization, framework morphology, and cocatalyst integration. Furthermore, we highlight how heterojunction engineering through coupling porphyrinic frameworks with inorganic semiconductors, metal sulfides, or single-atom catalytic sites can overcome intrinsic limitations related to charge recombination and limited spectral response. Current challenges, including long-term stability, reliance on noble metals, and scalability, are critically assessed. Finally, future perspectives are outlined, emphasizing rational molecular design, earth-abundant catalytic motifs, advanced hybrid architectures, and data-driven approaches as key directions for translating porphyrinic frameworks into practical photocatalytic hydrogen-generation technologies. Full article

Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) have gained considerable attention as promising power sources for sustainable energy conversion due to their high energy density, low toxicity, and renewable ethanol feedstock. However, the sluggish ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) kinetics and the formation of strongly adsorbed intermediates (e.g., CO*, CH_x*) severely hinder catalytic efficiency and durability. Rhodium (Rh)-based catalysts stand out for their balanced intermediate adsorption, efficient C–C bond cleavage, and superior CO tolerance arising from their unique electronic structure. This review summarizes recent advances in Rh-based EOR catalysts, including monometallic Rh nanostructures, Rh-based alloys, and Rh–support composites. The effects of morphology, alloying, and metal–support interactions on activity, selectivity, and stability are discussed in detail. Strategies for structural and electronic regulation—such as nanoscale design, alloying modulation and interfacial engineering—are highlighted to enhance catalytic performance. Finally, current challenges and future directions are outlined, emphasizing the need for Rh-based catalysts with high activity, selectivity and stability, integrating in situ characterization with theoretical modeling. This work provides insights into the structure–activity relationships of Rh-based catalysts and guidance for designing efficient and durable anode catalysts for practical DEFC applications. Full article

Cremastra appendiculata, a rare medicinal orchid, has extremely low natural seed germination due to immature embryos and dense seed coats, impeding its conservation. Commensal germination with fungi is effective, but the action pathways remain unclear. This study combined morphological observation (scanning electron microscopy and section observation), physiological–biochemical detection (lignocellulolytic enzyme activities, nutrient/hormone contents, FTIR analysis) and transcriptomics to explore Coprinellus radians’ role in C. appendiculata seed germination, with commensal and non-commensal cultures on OMA medium set as experimental and control groups. Results showed C. radians significantly promoted C. appendiculata seed germination and protocorm development (superior to non-commensal conditions). Morphologically, C. radians hyphae invaded seed coats at 6 days post-inoculation; embryos broke through coats and formed apical meristems at 12 days, developing into peloton-containing protocorms at 25 days (breaking dormancy). Physiologically, C. radians secreted lignocellulolytic enzymes (laccase, cellulase, xylanase) to degrade coats, enhancing permeability and water uptake, while driving nutrient accumulation (starch, soluble sugars) and hormone balance. Transcriptomically, symbiosis activated carbon/energy metabolism genes, enriching starch-sucrose metabolism and glycolysis pathways. This study clarifies C. radians’ multi-dimensional action pathways in promoting C. appendiculata germination, providing support for rare orchid conservation. Full article

The growing incorporation of distributed energy resources (DER) in power distribution grids, although pivotal to the energy transition, increases operational variability and amplifies the exposure to disturbances that can compromise resilience and the continuity of service during contingencies. Addressing these challenges requires both a shift toward flexible distribution architectures and the adoption of advanced power electronics interfacing systems. In this setting, this paper proposes a resilience-oriented strategy for medium-voltage (MV) distribution systems and clustered hybrid AC/DC microgrids interfaced through solid-state transformers (SSTs). When a fault occurs along an MV feeder segment, the affected microgrids naturally transition to islanded operation. However, once their local generation and storage become insufficient to sustain autonomous operation, the proposed framework reconfigures the power routing within the cluster by activating an emergency low-voltage DC (LVDC) power path that bypasses the faulted MV section. This mechanism enables controlled power sharing between microgrids during prolonged MV outages, ensuring the supply of priority loads without oversizing SSTs or reinforcing existing infrastructure. Experimental validation on a reduced-scale SST prototype demonstrates stable grid-forming and grid-following operation. The reliability of the proposed scheme is supported by both steady-state and transient experimental results, confirming accurate voltage regulation, balanced sinusoidal waveforms, and low current tracking errors. All tests were conducted at a switching frequency of 50 kHz, highlighting the robustness of the proposed architecture under dynamic operation. Full article

High-energy methods dominate the development of lipid nanoparticles but often require specialized equipment that increases production costs. Low-energy approaches, particularly those free of organic solvents, offer a promising alternative. This study aimed to obtain nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) using a solvent-free, low-energy process combining microemulsification and phase inversion. Cetearyl alcohol and PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil were selected as the solid lipid and surfactant, respectively; the formulation and process were optimized through a Box–Behnken Design. Incorporation of the ionic surfactant extended colloidal stability, while the poloxamer in the aqueous phase enhanced steric stabilization. Resveratrol was efficiently encapsulated (E.E. = 98%), contributing to reduced particle size (291 nm), improved homogeneity (PDI = 0.25), and positive surface charge (+43 mV). Scale-up yielded stable particles carrying resveratrol with a mean size of 507 nm, PDI = 0.24, and ZP = +52 mV. The optimized formulation remained stable for 90 days at 8 °C. In vitro release demonstrated a sustained and controlled release profile, with significantly lower resveratrol release compared to the free compound. Thermal analysis confirmed drug incorporation within the lipid matrix, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed spherical particles (~200 nm) and SAXS indicated a nanostructure of ~50 nm. Overall, this study demonstrates that solvent-free, low-energy processing can produce stable and scalable NLC formulations, successfully encapsulating resveratrol with favorable physicochemical properties and controlled release behavior. These findings highlight a simple, cost-effective strategy for developing lipid-based nanocarriers with potential applications in drug delivery. Full article

Due to the negative resistance effect of power electronic devices, power systems with a high proportion of renewable energy face a significant resonance risk. To address this, this paper proposes a resonance-suppression strategy for high-penetration renewable energy systems based on an active amplitude and phase corrector (APC). Firstly, by considering its internal dynamics and complete control loops, the impedance model of the APC is derived. Next, the similarities and differences between resonance stability and harmonic resonance are analyzed using the s-domain and frequency-domain admittance matrices, concluding that resonance suppression for low-damping s-domain modes can be handled in the frequency domain. Then, a supplementary APC control strategy in the abc-frame is proposed, which improves impedance magnitude at specific frequencies while keeping the phase almost unchanged. Finally, the proposed strategy is validated through case studies on an offshore wind power system in Zhejiang Province. Full article

The global clean energy transition requires power conversion technologies that combine high efficiency, operational flexibility, and reduced environmental impact over their entire service life. Solid-state transformers (SSTs) have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional line-frequency transformers, offering bidirectional power flow, high-frequency isolation, and advanced control capabilities that support renewable integration and electrified infrastructures. This paper presents a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of conventional transformers and SSTs across representative power-system applications, including residential and industrial distribution networks, electric vehicle fast-charging infrastructure, and transmission–distribution interface substations. The analysis follows a cradle-to-grave approach and is based on literature-derived LCA data, manufacturer specifications, and harmonized engineering assumptions applied consistently across all case studies. The results show that, under identical assumptions, SST-based solutions are associated with indicative lifecycle CO₂ emission reductions of approximately 10–30% compared to conventional transformers, depending on power rating and operating profile (≈90–1000 t CO₂ over 25 years across the four cases). These reductions are primarily driven by lower operational losses and reduced material intensity, while additional system-level benefits arise from enhanced controllability and compatibility with renewable-rich and hybrid AC/DC grids. The study also identifies key challenges that influence the sustainability performance of SSTs, including higher capital cost, thermal management requirements, and the long-term reliability of power-electronic components. Overall, the results indicate that SSTs represent a relevant enabling technology for future low-carbon power systems, while highlighting the importance of transparent assumptions and lifecycle-oriented evaluation when comparing emerging grid technologies. Full article

The valorization of dredged sediments represents a major environmental and logistical challenge, particularly in the context of forthcoming regulations restricting their marine disposal. This study investigates the potential of untreated dredged sediments as sustainable raw materials for geopolymer binder development, with the dual objective of sustainable sediment management and reduction in cement-related environmental impact. Dredged sediments from the Grand Port Maritime de Bordeaux (GPMB) were activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃), both alone and in combination, with supplementary aluminosilicate and calcium-rich co-products, to assess their reactivity and effect on binder performance. A multi-scale experimental approach combining mechanical testing, calorimetry, porosity analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was employed to challenge the commonly assumed inert behavior of sediments within geopolymer matrices, to elucidate gel formation mechanisms, and to optimize binder formulation. The results show that untreated sediments actively participate in alkali activation, reaching compressive strengths of up to 5.16 MPa at 90 days without thermal pre-treatment. Calcium-poor systems exhibited progressive long-term strength development associated with the formation of homogeneous aluminosilicate gels and refined microporosity, whereas calcium-rich systems showed higher early age strength but more limited long-term performance, linked to heterogeneous gel coexistence and increased total porosity. These findings provide direct evidence of the intrinsic reactivity of untreated dredged sediments and highlight the critical role of gel chemistry and calcium content in controlling long-term performance. The proposed approach offers a viable pathway for low-impact, on-site sediment valorization in civil engineering applications. Full article