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Volume 14
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10.3390/technologies14020082
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Ultra-Low-Power Energy Harvesters for IoT-Based Germination Systems: A Decision Framework Using Multi-Criteria Analysis

by
Enrique García-Gutiérrez
1,†,
Daniel Aguilar-Torres
1,2,†,
Omar Jiménez-Ramírez
3,
Eliel Carvajal-Quiroz
3 and
Rubén Vázquez-Medina
1,*,†
1
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Unidad Querétaro, Cerro Blanco 141, Colinas del Cimatario, Querétaro 76090, Mexico
2
Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación, Insurgentes Sur 1582, Crédito Constructor, Benito Juárez, Mexico City 03940, Mexico
3
Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica Unidad Culhuacan, Santa Ana 1000, San Francisco Culhuacan, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04440, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Technologies 2026, 14(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020082
Submission received: 19 December 2025 / Revised: 13 January 2026 / Accepted: 24 January 2026 / Published: 27 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Topic Efficient and Sustainable Agricultural Resource Use: Advances in Research Methods and Applications)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The growing miniaturization of electronic systems and the expansion of sustainable, autonomous IoT technologies emphasize the need for efficient, ultra-low-power energy harvesting devices. This study evaluates fifteen devices from five industry leaders for use in small-scale autonomous seed germination systems. Its novelty lies in applying a competitive profile matrix within a flexible multicriteria evaluation framework based on the simple additive weighting (SAW) method that uses a comprehensive set of competitive technology factors (CTFs). The results demonstrate that a transparent and structured methodology can generate prioritized lists of suitable energy harvesters while accounting for technical, economic, and environmental trade-offs. The study also shows that device rankings depend on the scope and objectives of the project. If these change, then the CTF selection, classification, and weighting adjust accordingly. Therefore, the relevance of this study lies in the adaptability, replicability, and audibility of the proposed framework, which supports the selection of informed technology for autonomous, IoT-based germination systems and other technological projects.
Keywords: energy harvesting; ultra-low-power devices; multicriteria decision-making; sustainable electronics; smart agriculture energy harvesting; ultra-low-power devices; multicriteria decision-making; sustainable electronics; smart agriculture

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

García-Gutiérrez, E.; Aguilar-Torres, D.; Jiménez-Ramírez, O.; Carvajal-Quiroz, E.; Vázquez-Medina, R. Ultra-Low-Power Energy Harvesters for IoT-Based Germination Systems: A Decision Framework Using Multi-Criteria Analysis. Technologies 2026, 14, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020082

AMA Style

García-Gutiérrez E, Aguilar-Torres D, Jiménez-Ramírez O, Carvajal-Quiroz E, Vázquez-Medina R. Ultra-Low-Power Energy Harvesters for IoT-Based Germination Systems: A Decision Framework Using Multi-Criteria Analysis. Technologies. 2026; 14(2):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020082

Chicago/Turabian Style

García-Gutiérrez, Enrique, Daniel Aguilar-Torres, Omar Jiménez-Ramírez, Eliel Carvajal-Quiroz, and Rubén Vázquez-Medina. 2026. "Ultra-Low-Power Energy Harvesters for IoT-Based Germination Systems: A Decision Framework Using Multi-Criteria Analysis" Technologies 14, no. 2: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020082

APA Style

García-Gutiérrez, E., Aguilar-Torres, D., Jiménez-Ramírez, O., Carvajal-Quiroz, E., & Vázquez-Medina, R. (2026). Ultra-Low-Power Energy Harvesters for IoT-Based Germination Systems: A Decision Framework Using Multi-Criteria Analysis. Technologies, 14(2), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14020082

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