Search Results (280)

The investigation of fluid flow channeling and viscous fingering during immiscible two-phase displacement in subsurface porous media is crucial for optimizing CO₂ geological sequestration and improving hydrocarbon recovery. In this study, we develop a pore-scale numerical framework for unsteady state immiscible displacement based on a body-centered cubic percolation network, which explicitly captures the coupled effects of pore-scale heterogeneity, capillary number, and unfavorable viscosity ratio on flow channeling and viscous fingering. The simulations reveal that viscous fingering and flow channeling preferentially occur along overlapping high conductivity pathways that conform to the minimum energy dissipation principle. Along these preferential routes, the local balance between viscous and capillary forces governs the stability of the two-phase interface and gives rise to distinct patterns and intensities of viscous fingering in the invading phase. Building on these insights, we establish a theoretical framework that quantifies how the critical pore radius and capillary number control the onset and growth of interfacial instabilities during immiscible displacement. The model demonstrates that lowering the injection rate, and hence, the effective capillary number, suppresses viscous fingering, leading to more stable displacement fronts. These findings provide practical guidance for the design of injection schemes, helping to enhance oil and gas recovery and improve the storage efficiency and security of CO₂ geological sequestration projects. Full article

A 14-year-old spayed female Jindo dog presented with a firm, non-painful right-sided cervical mass. Computed tomography identified three distinct, separate masses thought to be arising from the right thyroid lobe; the largest measured 66.6 mm × 42.0 mm × 37.6 mm with an estimated volume of 56 cm³ and showed invasion into the right internal jugular vein. Multiple hepatic nodules were detected without evidence of pulmonary metastasis and regional lymph node involvement. Right thyroidectomy with resection of the invaded vein and partial liver lobectomy were performed. The histologic results confirmed all three masses as follicular-compact thyroid carcinomas, and the hepatic lesion as metastatic thyroid carcinoma. The dog recovered uneventfully, remained euthyroid, and showed no local recurrence over a 5-month follow-up. In human medicine, multifocality is common in papillary thyroid carcinoma and is associated with a high rate of recurrence. This report documents the first canine case of multifocal thyroid carcinoma, featuring macroscopic vascular invasion and an uncommon metastatic pattern in which the liver was affected in the absence of detectable pulmonary lesion. The presence of multifocal disease within a single canine thyroid lobe necessitates comprehensive cross-sectional imaging, meticulous surgical planning with vascular considerations, and long-term monitoring to optimize the prognosis of this carcinoma. Full article

CO₂ miscible flooding provides dual advantages in enhancing oil recovery and facilitating geological sequestration, and has become a key technical approach for developing low-permeability oil reservoirs and carbon emission reduction. The pore-scale flow mechanisms governing CO₂ behavior during miscible flooding are crucial for achieving efficient oil recovery and secure geological storage of CO₂. In this study, pore-scale two-phase flow simulations of CO₂ miscible flooding in porous media are performed using a coupled laminar-flow and diluted-species-transport framework. The model captures the effects of diffusion, concentration distribution, and pore structure on the behavior of CO₂ miscible displacement. The results indicate that: (1) during miscible flooding, CO₂ preferentially displaces oil in larger pore throats and subsequently invades smaller throats, significantly improving the mobilization of oil trapped in small pores; (2) increasing the injection velocity accelerates the displacement front and improves oil utilization in dead-end and trailing regions, but a “velocity saturation effect” is observed—when the inject velocity exceeds 0.02 m/s, the displacement pattern stabilizes and further gains in ultimate recovery become limited; (3) higher injected CO₂ concentration accelerates CO₂ accumulation within the pores, enlarges the miscible sweep area, promotes a more uniform concentration field, leads to a smoother displacement front, and reduces high-gradient regions, thereby suppressing local instabilities, and improves displacement efficiency, although its effect on overall recovery remains modest; (4) CO₂ dynamic viscosity strongly influences flow stability: low-viscosity conditions promote viscous fingering and severe local bypassing, whereas higher viscosity stabilizes flow but increases injection pressure drop and energy consumption, indicating a necessary trade-off between flow stability and operational efficiency. Full article

This study aims to elucidate the physiological and biochemical alterations induced by parasitic Cuscuta sp. (dodder) in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), a key forage crop. Comparative analyses between infected and healthy plants revealed that significant reductions in chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, and protein levels in the leaf and stem tissues of Cuscuta-infested plants were evident. The parasitic infection led to increased activities in antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) in stems, but not in leaves. Phenolic compounds were significantly lower both in leaves and stems of dodder-infected lucerne plants. No statistically significant changes were detected in jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) levels in both plant parts, suggesting that classical defense signaling pathways may not be predominantly activated under Cuscuta-mediated stress. Possibly, host defense might be impaired. Histological examinations demonstrated active structural defense responses, including localized tissue remodeling and the formation of callose-like structures at haustorial penetration sites. DNA fragmentations showed that Cuscuta-infected M. sativa plants exhibited slightly higher instability. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the molecular and biochemical basis of the Cuscuta-lucerne interactions and highlight the need for further investigation into host defense mechanisms. We assume that active defense structural parts at early growth stages of lucerne or hypersensitive-type responses occurring in the early penetration phase might fend off the invading holoparasite. The results also offer a valuable foundation for the development of Cuscuta-resistant lucerne cultivars and support the design of integrated, sustainable weed management strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects of parasitic plants on forage production systems. Full article

Background: Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) comprises high-grade (HG) and low-grade (LG) variants, classified by aggressiveness, recurrence risk, and stage—either non-invasive (pTa) or invading the lamina propria (pT1). Cystoscopy remains the diagnostic gold standard, with no less-invasive alternatives, while molecular mechanisms driving tumorigenesis and treatment response are poorly understood. Methods: To address this gap, we conducted a preliminary top-down proteomic study on fresh biopsies from pTa-LG and pT1-HG NMIBC at initial diagnosis to identify molecular differences and potential prognostic biomarkers. Results: Distinct protein profiles were observed between stages. Highly abundant proteins in pT1-HG were associated with nitric oxide biosynthesis, signal transduction, inhibition of apoptosis, protein folding, and immune response. Proteins of low abundance were related to cellular localization, cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion, phagocytosis, and tissue development. Notably, multiple proteoforms of PDC6I/ALIX, a protein implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, proliferation, and PD-L1 surface presentation, were significantly downregulated in pT1-HG tumors. Furthermore, the abundance of proteins such as GANAB, GALE, THIC, SEPT8, and MYDGF/C19orf10 correlated with tumor size, suggesting their potential as prognostic biomarkers. Conclusions: These proteins, taken together, indicate that they may serve as valuable prognostic markers, offering a path toward more personalized management of NMIBC beyond the traditional one-size-fits-all approach. Full article

The nutria or coypu (Myocastor coypus M.) is endemic to South America. However, this species invaded Central Europe in the 19th century. The rapid spread of the invasive nutria across Central Europe triggered countless ecological conflicts with the local species. In the current research, we surveyed two populations in Slovakia and compared the reproductive performance of this species to its reproductive performance in other countries, where it is native. A total of 69 nutria were harvested from the wild in 2022–2024. The result of the postmortem analysis reveals no intersexual differences in the body weight and length. A visual inspection of the uterus among 25 female specimens confirmed that 16 (64%) were pregnant, including 3 individuals with the body size characteristics of young nutrias. The pregnancy rate was estimated at 90% (9 out of 10) in spring and 47% (7 out of 15) in autumn. The average number of embryos per individual was 6.94 ± 2.22 for all females, and it was 6.27 ± 2.05 in spring and 8.8 ± 1.64 in autumn, with no significant difference between seasons (p > 0.05). No clear relationship between the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the fertility of females, i.e., the number of embryos, was observed. Our results highlight the crucial need to raise public awareness about the invasive characteristics of the species and contribute to the establishment of an effective intervention techniques, including the establishment of the necessary legal framework for eradicating emerging populations across Central European habitats. Full article

Background/Objectives: High-grade gliomas (HGGs), including glioblastomas, are among the most aggressive brain tumors due to their high intratumoral heterogeneity and extensive infiltration. Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) frequently invade along white matter tracts such as the corpus callosum, but the molecular programs driving this region-specific invasion remain poorly defined. The aim of this study was to identify transcriptional signatures associated with GSC infiltration into the corpus callosum. Methods: We established an orthotopic xenograft model by implanting fluorescently labeled human GSCs into nude mouse brains. Tumor growth and invasion patterns were assessed using tissue clearing, light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, and histological analyses. To characterize region-specific molecular profiles, we performed microfluidic-based single-cell RNA expression analysis of 48 invasion- and stemness-related genes in cells isolated from the tumor bulk (TB) and corpus callosum (CC). Results: By six weeks post-implantation, GSCs displayed marked tropism for the corpus callosum, with distinct infiltration patterns captured by three-dimensional imaging. Single-cell gene expression profiling revealed significant differences in 7 of the 48 genes (14.6%) between TB- and CC-derived GSCs. These genes—NES, CCND1, GUSB, NOTCH1, E2F1, EGFR, and TGFB1—collectively defined a “corpus callosum invasion signature” (CC-Iv). CC-derived cells showed a unimodal, high-expression profile of CC-Iv genes, whereas TB cells exhibited bimodal distributions, suggesting heterogeneous transcriptional states. Importantly, higher CC-Iv expression correlated with worse survival in patients with low-grade gliomas. Conclusions: This multimodal approach identified a corpus callosum-specific invasion signature in glioma stem-like cells, revealing how local microenvironmental cues shape transcriptional reprogramming during infiltration. These findings provide new insights into the spatial heterogeneity of gliomas and highlight potential molecular targets for therapies designed to limit tumor spread through white matter tracts. Full article

Datura stramonium, which is originally native to Mexico, has been recognized as an invasive species following its introduction to China, where it has proliferated extensively. Despite its widespread impact, the mechanisms driving the invasion of D. stramonium remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, gaining insight into these mechanisms is essential for the development of effective strategies to prevent and control its further invasion. This study aims to elucidate the factors contributing to the successful invasion of D. stramonium in Tibet by examining genetic differentiation, allelopathic potential, and niche characteristics of its populations. Our findings reveal the following: (1) The genetic variation within 15 populations of D. stramonium is predominantly intra-populational, lacking distinct genealogical phylogeographic structure, and is indicative of recent population expansion. This suggests that human-mediated dispersal has played a significant role in the invasion of D. stramonium in Tibet. (2) Allelopathic assays demonstrate that extracts from various parts of D. stramonium exhibit significant inhibitory effects on the germination of Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste and Pisum sativum seeds. (3) D. stramonium exhibits the highest niche breadth within the plant community, coupled with a pronounced competitive ability for environmental resources. The invasion of D. stramonium poses a substantial threat to the diversity of local plant species. Consequently, the formulation of scientific management measures is of critical importance to prevent and control the invasion of D. stramonium and preserve biodiversity in the invaded area. Full article

The fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is a globally invasive species that causes serious damage to agriculture and forestry. Since the first invasion reported in Liaoning Province, China, it has spread extensively southward and was found in Shanghai in 2019. Owing to the climatic and environmental differences between these regions, the biology and population dynamics of H. cunea may have undergone changes in its newly invaded areas. In this study, we investigated the biology of H. cunea in Shanghai and monitored the population dynamics using sex-pheromone-baited traps. We analyzed the relationships between population dynamics and local meteorological factors, including temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration. Our result indicates high temperatures and large diurnal temperature ranges have significant effects (R² = 0.723, p < 0.001) on the survival and development of H. cunea. Consequently, they play an important role in shaping its population dynamics. These findings enhance our understanding of how H. cunea responds to Shanghai’s environmental conditions, provide a scientific basis for local pest management, and contribute to predicting its population trends. Full article

Avocado (Persea americana Miller), a crop of major economic importance in Mexico, is threatened by several quarantine pests, and recent reports have suggested that the lance fly Neosilba batesi (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) may be responsible for significant yield losses. To clarify the role of this species, we surveyed avocados from six localities in Veracruz State on the Gulf coast of Mexico and identified lance flies using both morphological and molecular tools. None of the symptoms previously attributed to N. batesi infestation in Hass avocado were observed in any of the fruits inspected across the six localities. However, 90 fruits displayed clear signs of borer attack by Conotrachelus spp. or other primary pests, and 64 of these damaged fruits (60%) yielded lance flies. Hass avocados were rarely infested and hosted only N. batesi, whereas creole avocados (P. americana var. drymifolia) were hosts to N. batesi, N. glaberrima, N. recurva, and N. flavitarsis and an undescribed species (Neosilba sp.3) that was detected by analysis of the COI gene sequences of males. Additionally, Lonchaea cristula was reported for the first time emerging from creole avocado. Each avocado yielded an average of between 2.3 and 21.0 adult lance flies. Infestation was more frequent and numerous in fruits collected from the ground than in those harvested directly from trees, supporting the idea that lance flies preferentially exploit pre-damaged or fallen fruits. Indeed, lonchaeid eggs were frequently observed deposited on the periphery or inside oviposition holes created by other pests. Overall, our results indicate that Neosilba spp. act as secondary invaders in Veracruz, with no evidence of N. batesi behaving as a primary pest in this region. None of the avocados were infested by species of Tephritidae and none of the Neosilba species we identified appear to pose a threat to avocado production in Mexico. This study highlights the value of combining morphological and molecular tools for species identification and underscores the importance of differentiating between primary and secondary invaders in the context of avocado pest management. Full article

Background/Objectives: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a very common skin malignancy of the head and neck area, with a propensity to spread to local lymph nodes. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a well-documented role in the progression of the disease. In this study, we developed and characterised multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTS) composed of patient-derived metastatic cSCC cell lines—each exhibiting distinct phenotypes—combined with either dermal- or lymph node-derived fibroblasts. We aimed to investigate how these cellular combinations influence MCTS formation, spatial architecture, and invasive behaviour. We hypothesised that the interplay between different cSCC and fibroblast cell combinations would differentially influence spheroid formation and invasion. Methods: Using live-cell microscopy we assessed the spatial architectures specific to each cell line-fibroblast combination and evaluated the expression of EMT and CAF markers. Furthermore, we utilised MCTS in invasion models to investigate associations between the mode of invasion and the EMT phenotype of the cancer cell line. Results: We show that metastatic cSCC/fibroblast MCTS self-organise into distinct spatial architectures. They also invade through collagen in a manner influenced by fibroblasts but dominated by the EMT status of the originating cancer cells. Conclusions: These findings highlight the physiological relevance and utility of MCTS as models for investigating tumour–stroma interactions and invasion dynamics in metastatic cSCC. Full article

Permeability of fissured sorbing rocks, such as coal and shale, controls gas transport and is relevant to a variety of scientific problems and industrial processes. Multiple gas transport and rock deformation mechanisms affect permeability evolution, including gas rarefaction effects, gas-sorption-induced anisotropic matrix–fracture interaction, and anisotropic deformation induced by effective stress variation. In this paper, a generic anisotropic permeability model is proposed to address the impacts of the above mechanisms and effects. Specifically, the influence of matrix–fracture interactions on permeability evolution is depicted through the nonuniform matrix swelling caused by the gas diffusion process from fracture walls into the matrix. The following characteristics are also incorporated in this model: (1) anisotropic mechanical and swelling properties, (2) arbitrary box-shaped matrix blocks due to the anisotropic rock structure, (3) adsorbability variation of different matrix blocks because of complex rock compositions, (4) adsorption hysteresis, and (5) dynamic tortuosity. The directional permeability models are derived based on the anisotropic poroelasticity theory and anisotropic swelling equations considering adsorption hysteresis. We use a gas-invaded-volume ratio to describe the nonuniform swelling of matrix blocks. Additionally, swelling of blocks with different adsorption and mechanical properties are characterized by a volume-weighted function. Finally, the anisotropic tortuosity is defined as a power law function of effective porosity. The model is verified against experimental data. Results show that four-stage permeability evolution with time can be observed. Permeability evolution in different directions follows its own ways and depends on anisotropic swelling, mechanical properties, and structures, even when the boundary conditions are identical. Adsorption hysteresis controls the local shrinkage region. Tortuosity variation significantly affects permeability but has the smallest influence on the local swelling region. The existence of multiple matrix types complicates the permeability evolution behavior. Full article

Metastases are responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths and remain one of the most complex and therapeutically challenging hallmarks of cancer. The metastatic cascade involves a multistep process by which cancer cells invade local tissue, enter and survive in circulation, extravasate, and ultimately colonize distant organs. Increasingly, the tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly the extracellular matrix (ECM), has emerged as a central regulator of these steps. Far from being a passive scaffold, the ECM actively influences cancer progression through its biochemical signals, structural properties, and dynamic remodeling. Among ECM components, collagens play a particularly pivotal role by mediating tumor cell adhesion, migration, invasion, survival, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge of the dual roles of collagen in the metastatic process, with a focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms. We highlight how altered ECM architecture and signaling contribute to metastatic niche formation and explore the potential of targeting ECM components as a strategy to enhance cancer therapy and improve patient outcomes. Full article

Biological invasions threaten biodiversity worldwide. The American blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896, among the Mediterranean’s most damaging invaders, takes up the challenge to transform this threat into gain. To turn its impact into economic value and guide control efforts, we analysed separately the meat composition and exoskeleton biopolymers of adult crabs from three Moroccan protected Sites of Biological and Ecological Interest: Marchica Lagoon (S₁), Moulouya Estuary (S₂), and Al Hoceima National Park (S₃). Marchica specimens exhibited the highest protein content (21.87 ± 1.15 g 100 g⁻¹, p < 0.001) and an elevated lipid fraction, yielding nutrient-dense meat suitable for premium markets. Moulouya crabs were noted for their taste potential, with a higher concentration of fat (1.73 ± 0.09%) and carbohydrates (0.91 ± 0.1%). Al Hoceima individuals displayed markedly mineralised exoskeletons producing lean and low-fat meat, valued in dietary applications. Exoskeleton organic-to-mineral (OM/MM) ratios and proximate composition revealed three adaptive profiles, opportunistic (S₁), acclimatory (S₂), and conservative (S₃), presumably correlated to local salinity, productivity, and substrate conditions, underscoring the species’ phenotypic plasticity. X-ray diffraction confirmed the α-chitin polymorph, while FTIR analysis indicated degrees of deacetylation consistent with high-purity chitosan. These findings support the development of a site-specific circular economy framework and may contribute to the ecological resilience of Morocco’s protected coastal areas. Full article

Introduction: Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) is a radical procedure for advanced pelvic malignancies involving adjacent organs. The Hugo™ RAS System is a novel robotic platform, but its application in TPE has not previously been reported. We describe the first case of robotic-assisted TPE using Hugo™ RAS in a patient with locally advanced rectal cancer invading the prostate. Methods: A 69-year-old male with mucous and bloody stools was diagnosed with cT4b (prostate, levator ani muscle) N0M0 rectal cancer. After short-course radiotherapy (25 Gy/5 fractions), robotic-assisted TPE was performed. Port placement was planned to coincide with future colostomy and urostomy sites to minimize abdominal wall trauma. En bloc resection was achieved, followed by pelvic reconstruction with a gluteus maximus musculocutaneous flap and fascia lata autograft. Urinary diversion was completed with a robotic intracorporeal Wallace-type ileal conduit. Results: The operation lasted 17 h 56 min, with 175 mL blood loss. Postoperatively, Clavien–Dindo grade IIIa paralytic ileus occurred but was managed conservatively. Pathology revealed pT4b (prostate) N1a M0 disease with negative circumferential margin (11 mm). No recurrence was observed at 9 months. Conclusions: This case highlights the technical feasibility and safety of Hugo™ RAS-assisted TPE. Further clinical experience is needed to confirm reproducibility and oncologic safety. Full article