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33 pages, 4098 KiB  
Systematic Review
Pharmacological Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synoviocytes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Preclinical)
by Tatiana Bobkova, Artem Bobkov and Yang Li
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(8), 1152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081152 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Constitutive activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade underlies the aggressive phenotype of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, a quantitative synthesis of in vitro data on pathway inhibition remains lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to (i) aggregate [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Constitutive activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade underlies the aggressive phenotype of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, a quantitative synthesis of in vitro data on pathway inhibition remains lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to (i) aggregate standardized effects of pathway inhibitors on proliferation, apoptosis, migration/invasion, IL-6/IL-8 secretion, p-AKT, and LC3; (ii) assess heterogeneity and identify key moderators of variability, including stimulus type, cell source, and inhibitor class. Methods: PubMed, Europe PMC, and the Cochrane Library were searched up to 18 May 2025 (PROSPERO CRD420251058185). Twenty of 2684 screened records met eligibility. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality with SciRAP. Standardized mean differences (Hedges g) were pooled using a Sidik–Jonkman random-effects model with Hartung–Knapp confidence intervals. Heterogeneity (τ2, I2), 95% prediction intervals, and meta-regression by cell type were calculated; robustness was tested with REML-HK, leave-one-out, and Baujat diagnostics. Results: PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition markedly reduced proliferation (to –5.1 SD), IL-6 (–11.1 SD), and IL-8 (–6.5 SD) while increasing apoptosis (+2.7 SD). Fourteen of seventeen outcome clusters showed large effects (|g| ≥ 0.8), with low–moderate heterogeneity (I2 ≤ 35% in 11 clusters). Prediction intervals crossed zero only in small k-groups; sensitivity analyses shifted pooled estimates by ≤0.05 SD. p-AKT and p-mTOR consistently reflected functional changes and emerged as reliable pharmacodynamic markers. Conclusions: Targeted blockade of PI3K/AKT/mTOR robustly suppresses the proliferative and inflammatory phenotype of RA-FLSs, reaffirming this axis as a therapeutic target. The stability of estimates across multiple analytic scenarios enhances confidence in these findings and highlights p-AKT and p-mTOR as translational response markers. The present synthesis provides a quantitative basis for personalized dual-PI3K/mTOR strategies and supports the adoption of standardized long-term preclinical protocols. Full article
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16 pages, 1690 KiB  
Article
Effect of Photobiomodulation on Post-Endodontic Pain Following Single-Visit Treatment: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial
by Glaucia Gonçales Abud Machado, Giovanna Fontgalland Ferreira, Erika da Silva Mello, Ellen Sayuri Ando-Suguimoto, Vinicius Leão Roncolato, Marcia Regina Cabral Oliveira, Janainy Altrão Tognini, Adriana Fernandes Paisano, Cleber Pinto Camacho, Sandra Kalil Bussadori, Lara Jansiski Motta, Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez Duran, Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari, Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes and Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini Horliana
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(8), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15080347 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025
Abstract
The evidence for photobiomodulation in reducing postoperative pain after endodontic instrumentation is classified as low or very low certainty, indicating a need for further research. Longitudinal pain assessments over 24 h are crucial, and studies should explore these pain periods. Background/Objectives: This [...] Read more.
The evidence for photobiomodulation in reducing postoperative pain after endodontic instrumentation is classified as low or very low certainty, indicating a need for further research. Longitudinal pain assessments over 24 h are crucial, and studies should explore these pain periods. Background/Objectives: This double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial evaluated the effect of PBM on pain following single-visit endodontic treatment of maxillary molars at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Primary outcomes included pain at 24 h; secondary outcomes included pain at 4, 8, and 12 h, pain during palpation/percussion, OHIP-14 analysis, and frequencies of pain. Methods: Approved by the Research Ethics Committee (5.598.290) and registered in Clinical Trials (NCT06253767), the study recruited adults (21–70 years) requiring endodontic treatment in maxillary molars. Fifty-eight molars were randomly assigned to two groups: the PBM Group (n = 29), receiving conventional endodontic treatment with PBM (100 mW, 333 mW/cm2, 9 J distributed at 3 points near root apices), and the control group (n = 29), receiving conventional treatment with PBM simulation. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale. Results: Statistical analyses used chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests, with explained variance (η2). Ten participants were excluded, leaving 48 patients for analysis. No significant differences were observed in postoperative pain at 24, 4, 8, or 12 h, or in palpation/percussion or OHIP-14 scores. Pain frequencies ranged from 12.5% to 25%. Conclusions: PBM does not influence post-treatment pain in maxillary molars under these conditions. These results emphasize the importance of relying on well-designed clinical trials to guide treatment decisions, and future research should focus on personalized dosimetry adapted to the anatomical characteristics of the treated dental region to enhance the accuracy and efficacy of therapeutic protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Precision Anesthesia and Pain Management)
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17 pages, 3193 KiB  
Article
Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Additions on the Stability of Soil Carbon Fractions in Subtropical Castanopsis sclerophylla Forests
by Yunze Dai, Xiaoniu Xu and LeVan Cuong
Forests 2025, 16(8), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16081264 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool plays an extremely important role in regulating the global carbon (C) cycle and climate change. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition caused by human activities has significant impacts on soil C sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystem. To [...] Read more.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool plays an extremely important role in regulating the global carbon (C) cycle and climate change. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition caused by human activities has significant impacts on soil C sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystem. To investigate the effects of N and P deposition on soil C sequestration and C-N coupling relationship in broad-leaved evergreen forests, a 6-year field nutrient regulation experiment was implemented in subtropical Castanopsis sclerophylla forests with four different N and P additions: N addition (100 kg N·hm−2·year−1), N + P (100 kg N·hm−2·year−1 + 50 kg P·hm−2·year−1), P addition (50 kg P·hm−2·year−1), and CK (0 kg N·hm−2·year−1). The changes in the C and N contents and stable isotope distributions (δ13C and δ15N) of different soil organic fractions were examined. The results showed that the SOC and total nitrogen (STN) (p > 0.05) increased with N addition, while SOC significantly decreased with P addition (p < 0.05), and N + P treatment has low effect on SOC, STN (p > 0.05). By density grouping, it was found that N addition significantly increased light fraction C and N (LFOC, LFN), significantly decreased the light fraction C to N ratio (LFOC/N) (p < 0.05), and increased heavy fraction C and N (HFOC, HFN) accumulation and light fraction to total organic C ratio (LFOC/SOC, p > 0.05). Contrary to N addition, P addition was detrimental to the accumulation of LFOC, LFN and reduced LFOC/SOC. It was found that different reactive oxidized carbon (ROC) increased under N addition but ROC/SOC did not change, while N + P and P treatments increased ROC/SOC, resulting in a decrease in SOC chemical stability. Stable isotope analysis showed that N addition promoted the accumulation of new soil organic matter, whereas P addition enhanced the transformation and utilization of C and N from pre-existing organic matter. Additionally, N addition indirectly increased LFOC by significantly decreasing pH; significantly contributed to LFOC and ROC by increasing STN accumulation promoted by NO3-N and NH4+-N; and decreased light fraction δ13C by significantly increasing dissolved organic C (p < 0.05). P addition had directly significant negative effect on LFOC and SOC (p < 0.05). In conclusion, six-year N deposition enhances soil C and N sequestration while the P enrichment reduces the content of soil C, N fractions and stability in Castanopsis sclerophylla forests. The results provide a scientific basis for predicting the soil C sink function of evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem under the background of future climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Soil)
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25 pages, 10826 KiB  
Article
Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Nitrogen-Mediated Delay of Premature Leaf Senescence in Red Raspberry Leaves
by Qiang Huo, Feiyang Chang, Peng Jia, Ziqian Fu, Jiaqi Zhao, Yiwen Gao, Haoan Luan, Ying Wang, Qinglong Dong, Guohui Qi and Xuemei Zhang
Plants 2025, 14(15), 2388; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152388 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025
Abstract
The premature senescence of red raspberry leaves severely affects plant growth. In this study, the double-season red raspberry cultivar ‘Polka’ was used, with N150 (0.10 g N·kg−1) selected as the treatment group (T150) and N0 (0 g N·kg−1 [...] Read more.
The premature senescence of red raspberry leaves severely affects plant growth. In this study, the double-season red raspberry cultivar ‘Polka’ was used, with N150 (0.10 g N·kg−1) selected as the treatment group (T150) and N0 (0 g N·kg−1) set as the control (CK). This study systematically investigated the mechanism of premature senescence in red raspberry leaves under different nitrogen application levels by measuring physiological parameters and conducting a combined multi-omics analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics. Results showed that T150 plants had 8.34 cm greater height and 1.45 cm greater ground diameter than CK. The chlorophyll, carotenoid, soluble protein, and sugar contents in all leaf parts of T150 were significantly higher than those in CK, whereas soluble starch contents were lower. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide anion (O2) generation rate in the lower leaves of T150 were significantly lower than those in CK. Superoxide sismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in the middle and lower functional leaves of T150 were higher than in CK, while catalase (CAT) activity was lower. Transcriptomic analysis identified 4350 significantly differentially expressed genes, including 2062 upregulated and 2288 downregulated genes. Metabolomic analysis identified 135 differential metabolites, out of which 60 were upregulated and 75 were downregulated. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis showed enrichment in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (ko00940) and flavonoid biosynthesis (ko00941) pathways, with the former acting as an upstream pathway of the latter. A premature senescence pathway was established, and two key metabolites were identified: chlorogenic acid content decreased, and naringenin chalcone content increased in early senescent leaves, suggesting their pivotal roles in the early senescence of red raspberry leaves. Modulating chlorogenic acid and naringenin chalcone levels could delay premature senescence. Optimizing fertilization strategies may thus reduce senescence risk and enhance the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of the red raspberry industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology)
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17 pages, 1893 KiB  
Systematic Review
Attention Deficit and Memory Function in Children with Bronchial Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 104,975 Patients with Trial Sequential Analysis
by Plamen Penchev, Daniela Milanova-Ilieva, Lyubomir Gaydarski, Petar-Preslav Petrov, Kostadin Ketev, Pavel Stanchev, Noor Husain and Nikolai Ramadanov
Children 2025, 12(8), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12081013 - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Introduction: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease affecting approximately 5 million children in the US, but little is known about whether asthma alters children’s attention and memory functions. Most studies on this topic focus on psychiatric and QoL outcomes rather than cognitive functions, [...] Read more.
Introduction: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease affecting approximately 5 million children in the US, but little is known about whether asthma alters children’s attention and memory functions. Most studies on this topic focus on psychiatric and QoL outcomes rather than cognitive functions, leaving a gap in the literature. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the attention deficit and memory function outcomes in children with bronchial asthma. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to 28 February 2025 for studies evaluating attention deficit and memory function in children with bronchial asthma. Outcomes of interest included attention deficit and memory function. Statistical analysis was performed with R 4.3.1. Heterogeneity was accessed using the I2 statistics and Cochrane Q test. The standardized mean difference (SMD) with restricted maximum-likelihood estimator random-effects method was computed for all outcomes. Results: A total of seven studies were included in the final meta-analysis, comprising 104,975 patients, of whom 10,200 (9.7%) had bronchial asthma (mean age ± 8.98 years, mean 45% females). In the pooled analysis, children with asthma had a worsened attention deficit compared to the healthy group (SMD 0.29; 95% CI [0.07; 0.51]; p = 0.01; I2 = 92%). However, no statistically significant difference was found in memory function between groups (SMD −0.24; 95% CI [−1.81; 1.33]; p = 0.77; I2 = 96%). Conclusions: Children with asthma showed significantly higher attention deficit scores compared to healthy children. No statistically significant differences were observed in memory function between the groups. These findings may have implications for early cognitive screening in pediatric asthma management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents)
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18 pages, 255 KiB  
Article
Making the Invisible Visible: Addressing the Sexuality Education Needs of Persons with Disabilities Who Identify as Queer in Kenya
by Amani Karisa, Mchungwani Rashid, Zakayo Wanjihia, Fridah Kiambati, Lydia Namatende-Sakwa, Emmy Kageha Igonya, Anthony Idowu Ajayi, Benta Abuya, Caroline W. Kabiru and Moses Ngware
Disabilities 2025, 5(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities5030069 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Persons with disabilities face barriers to accessing sexuality education. For those who identify as queer, these challenges are compounded by stigma, ableism, and heteronormativity, resulting in distinct and overlooked experiences. This study explored the sexuality education needs of persons with disabilities who identify [...] Read more.
Persons with disabilities face barriers to accessing sexuality education. For those who identify as queer, these challenges are compounded by stigma, ableism, and heteronormativity, resulting in distinct and overlooked experiences. This study explored the sexuality education needs of persons with disabilities who identify as queer in Kenya—a neglected demographic—using a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through a focus group discussion with six participants and analyzed thematically. Three themes emerged: invisibility and erasure; unprepared institutions and constrained support networks; and agency and everyday resistance. Educational institutions often overlook the intersectional needs of persons with disabilities who identify as queer, leaving them without adequate tools to navigate relationships, sexuality, and rights. Support systems are often unprepared or unwilling to address these needs. Societal attitudes that desexualize disability and marginalize queerness intersect to produce compounded exclusion. Despite these challenges, participants demonstrated agency by using digital spaces and informal networks to resist exclusion. This calls for policy reforms that move beyond tokenism to address the lived realities of multiply marginalized groups. Policy reform means not only a legal or governmental shift but also a broader cultural and institutional process that creates space for recognition, protection, and participation. Full article
19 pages, 2222 KiB  
Article
Low Metabolic Variation in Environmentally Diverse Natural Populations of Temperate Lime Trees (Tilia cordata)
by Carl Barker, Paul Ashton and Matthew P. Davey
Metabolites 2025, 15(8), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15080509 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 53
Abstract
Background: Population persistence for organisms to survive in a world with a rapidly changing climate will require either dispersal to suitable areas, evolutionary adaptation to altered conditions and/or sufficient phenotypic plasticity to withstand it. Given the slow growth and geographically isolated populations [...] Read more.
Background: Population persistence for organisms to survive in a world with a rapidly changing climate will require either dispersal to suitable areas, evolutionary adaptation to altered conditions and/or sufficient phenotypic plasticity to withstand it. Given the slow growth and geographically isolated populations of many tree species, there is a high likelihood of local adaption or the acclimation of functional traits in these populations across the UK. Objectives: Given the slow growth and often isolated populations of Tilia cordata (lime tree), we hypothesised that there is a high likelihood of local adaptation or the acclimation of metabolic traits in these populations across the UK. Our aim was to test if the functional metabolomic traits of Tilia cordata (lime tree), collected in situ from natural populations, varied within and between populations and to compare this to neutral allele variation in the population. Methods: We used a metabolic fingerprinting approach to obtain a snapshot of the metabolic status of leaves collected from T. cordata from six populations across the UK. Environmental metadata, longer-term functional traits (specific leaf area) and neutral allelic variation in the population were also measured to assess the plastic capacity and local adaptation of the species. Results: The metabolic fingerprints derived from leaf material collected and fixed in situ from individuals in six populations of T. cordata across its UK range were similar, despite contrasting environmental conditions during sampling. Neutral allele frequencies showed almost no significant group structure, indicating low differentiation between populations. The specific leaf area did vary between sites. Conclusions: The low metabolic variation between UK populations of T. cordata despite contrasting environmental conditions during sampling indicates high levels of phenotypic plasticity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Plant Defence, 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 3027 KiB  
Article
Molecular and Morphological Evidence Reveals Four New Neocosmospora Species from Dragon Trees in Yunnan Province, China
by Mei Jia, Qi Fan, Zu-Shun Yang, Yuan-Bing Wang, Xing-Hong Wang and Wen-Bo Zeng
J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080571 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 70
Abstract
Neocosmospora (Nectriaceae) is a globally distributed fungal genus, traditionally recognized as a group of plant pathogens, with most members known to cause severe plant diseases. However, recent studies have demonstrated that many of these fungi can also colonize plants endophytically, with [...] Read more.
Neocosmospora (Nectriaceae) is a globally distributed fungal genus, traditionally recognized as a group of plant pathogens, with most members known to cause severe plant diseases. However, recent studies have demonstrated that many of these fungi can also colonize plants endophytically, with certain strains capable of promoting plant growth and stimulating the production of secondary metabolites. In this study, 13 strains of Neocosmospora were isolated from the stems and leaves of Dracaena cambodiana and D. lourei in Yunnan Province, China. To clarify the taxonomic placement of these strains, morphological examination and multi-gene (ITS, nrLSU, tef1, rpb1, and rpb2) phylogenetic analyses were performed. Based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence, four new species are introduced and described here: N. hypertrophia, N. kunmingense, N. rugosa, and N. simplicillium. This study expands our understanding of the fungal diversity associated with Dracaena, provides essential data for the taxonomy of Neocosmospora, and serves as a resource for the future development and utilization of Neocosmospora endophytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Evolution, Biodiversity and Systematics)
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14 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
Associations Between Quality of Nursing Work Life, Work Ability Index and Intention to Leave the Workplace and Profession: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Nurses in Croatia
by Snježana Čukljek, Janko Babić, Boris Ilić, Slađana Režić, Biljana Filipović, Jadranka Pavić, Ana Marija Švigir and Martina Smrekar
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(8), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22081192 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 152
Abstract
Introduction: Nurses are the largest group of healthcare workers, and healthcare managers should pay attention to the quality of work life and the health and working capacity of nurses in order to ensure a sufficient number of nurses and a stable workforce. Aim: [...] Read more.
Introduction: Nurses are the largest group of healthcare workers, and healthcare managers should pay attention to the quality of work life and the health and working capacity of nurses in order to ensure a sufficient number of nurses and a stable workforce. Aim: The present study aimed to determine nurses’ quality of work life, work ability index and intention to leave the nursing profession and to examine the associations between nurses’ quality of work life, work ability index and intention to leave the nursing profession. Methods: An online cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 498 nurses completed the instrument, consisting of demographic data, Brooks’ Quality of Nursing Work Life Survey (BQNWL), Work Ability Index Questionnaire (WAIQ) and questions on their intention to leave their current job or the nursing profession. Results: Most nurses had a moderate quality of work life (QWL) (73.7%) and a good work ability index (WAI) (43.78%). Men (p = 0.047), nurses who study (p = 0.021), nurses who do not have children (p = 0.000) and nurses who do not take care of their parents (p = 0.000) have a statistically significantly higher total WAIQ score. Most nurses (61.1%) had considered changing jobs in the last 12 months, and 36.9% had considered leaving the nursing profession. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the total BQNWL and the total WAI. The study found no correlation between QWL, WAI and intention to change jobs or leave the profession, which was unexpected. Conclusions: To ensure the provision of necessary nursing care and a healthy working environment for nurses, it is necessary to regularly monitor QWL and WAI and take measures to ensure the highest quality of working life. Further longitudinal and mixed-methods research is needed to understand the relationship between QWL, WAI and intention to leave. Full article
16 pages, 2613 KiB  
Article
Lingonberry Leaves Modify Rumen Protozoa Population, Carbohydrate Digestion, and Morphology of Gastrointestinal Tract in Sheep: A Preliminary Study
by Małgorzata P. Majewska, Renata Miltko, Grzegorz Bełżecki, Marcin Barszcz, Misza Kinsner and Barbara Kowalik
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3161; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153161 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 176
Abstract
Leaves, the main by-product of lingonberry harvesting, can be effectively used as a functional feed additive due to their health-promoting properties. This study evaluated the effects of lingonberry leaf (LL) supplementation on rumen fermentation, protozoal populations, and gastrointestinal morphology in sheep. Eight one-year-old [...] Read more.
Leaves, the main by-product of lingonberry harvesting, can be effectively used as a functional feed additive due to their health-promoting properties. This study evaluated the effects of lingonberry leaf (LL) supplementation on rumen fermentation, protozoal populations, and gastrointestinal morphology in sheep. Eight one-year-old Polish Mountain Sheep ewes (mean body weight: 33 kg) were allocated to a control (basal diet; forage-to-concentrate ratio 60:40) or an experimental group (basal diet + 9.30 g/kg DM dried LLs) in a completely randomised design (n = 4 per group) over 34 days. Both diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. LL additive significantly reduced Isotrichidae protozoal counts (p < 0.001) and ruminal pectinolytic activity (p = 0.043), without altering short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) or methane concentrations (p > 0.1). Histological analyses showed increased ruminal papilla width and surface area (p < 0.001) and decreased duodenal villus height and muscular layer thickness (p < 0.01). Inflammatory lesions (reddish foci) were identified in the liver in both groups. These findings demonstrate that LL supplementation affected specific protozoal population, fibrolytic activity, and gastrointestinal morphology. Further study on a larger number of animals is recommended to validate the effects and assess the safety and efficacy of LLs as a dietary additive in ruminant nutrition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Benefits and Applications of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds)
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20 pages, 3123 KiB  
Article
Plant Electrophysiological Parameters Represent Leaf Intracellular Water–Nutrient Metabolism and Immunoregulations in Brassica rapa During Plasmodiophora Infection
by Antong Xia, Yanyou Wu, Kun Zhai, Dongshan Xiang, Lin Li, Zhanghui Qin and Gratien Twagirayezu
Plants 2025, 14(15), 2337; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152337 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 202
Abstract
Although Brassica rapa (B. rapa) is vital in agricultural production and vulnerable to the pathogen Plasmodiophora, the intracellular water–nutrient metabolism and immunoregulation of Plasmodiophora infection in B. rapa leaves remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze the responsive mechanisms of [...] Read more.
Although Brassica rapa (B. rapa) is vital in agricultural production and vulnerable to the pathogen Plasmodiophora, the intracellular water–nutrient metabolism and immunoregulation of Plasmodiophora infection in B. rapa leaves remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze the responsive mechanisms of Plasmodiophora-infected B. rapa using rapid detection technology. Six soil groups planted with Yangtze No. 5 B. rapa were inoculated with varying Plasmodiophora concentrations (from 0 to 10 × 109 spores/mL). The results showed that at the highest infection concentration (PWB5, 10 × 109 spores/mL) of B. rapa leaves, the plant electrophysiological parameters showed the intracellular water-holding capacity (IWHC), the intracellular water use efficiency (IWUE), and the intracellular water translocation rate (IWTR) declined by 41.99–68.86%. The unit for translocation of nutrients (UNF) increased by 52.83%, whereas the nutrient translocation rate (NTR), the nutrient translocation capacity (NTC), the nutrient active translocation (NAT) value, and the nutrient active translocation capacity (NAC) decreased by 52.40–77.68%. The cellular energy metabolism decreased with worsening Plasmodiophora infection, in which the units for cellular energy metabolism (∆GE) and cellular energy metabolism (∆G) of the leaves decreased by 44.21% and 78.14% in PWB5, respectively. Typically, based on distribution of B-type dielectric substance transfer percentage (BPn), we found PWB4 (8 × 109 spores/mL) was the maximal immune response concentration, as evidenced by a maximal BPnR (B-type dielectric substance transfer percentage based on resistance), with increasing lignin and cork deposition to enhance immunity, and a minimum BPnXc (B-type dielectric substance transfer percentage based on capacitive reactance), with a decreasing quantity of surface proteins in the B. rapa leaves. This study suggests plant electrophysiological parameters could characterize intracellular water–nutrient metabolism and immunoregulation of B. rapa leaves under various Plasmodiophora infection concentrations, offering a dynamic detection method for agricultural disease management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)
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21 pages, 14138 KiB  
Case Report
Multi-Level Oncological Management of a Rare, Combined Mediastinal Tumor: A Case Report
by Vasileios Theocharidis, Thomas Rallis, Apostolos Gogakos, Dimitrios Paliouras, Achilleas Lazopoulos, Meropi Koutourini, Myrto Tzinevi, Aikaterini Vildiridi, Prokopios Dimopoulos, Dimitrios Kasarakis, Panagiotis Kousidis, Anastasia Nikolaidou, Paraskevas Vrochidis, Maria Mironidou-Tzouveleki and Nikolaos Barbetakis
Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(8), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32080423 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 188
Abstract
Malignant mediastinal tumors are a group representing some of the most demanding oncological challenges for early, multi-level, and successful management. The timely identification of any suspicious clinical symptomatology is urgent in achieving an accurate, staged histological diagnosis, in order to follow up with [...] Read more.
Malignant mediastinal tumors are a group representing some of the most demanding oncological challenges for early, multi-level, and successful management. The timely identification of any suspicious clinical symptomatology is urgent in achieving an accurate, staged histological diagnosis, in order to follow up with an equally detailed medical therapeutic plan (interventional or not) and determine the principal goals regarding efficient overall treatment in these patients. We report a case of a 24-year-old male patient with an incident-free prior medical history. An initial chest X-ray was performed after the patient reported short-term, consistent moderate chest pain symptomatology, early work fatigue, and shortness of breath. The following imaging procedures (chest CT, PET-CT) indicated the presence of an anterior mediastinal mass (meas. ~11 cm × 10 cm × 13 cm, SUV: 8.7), applying additional pressure upon both right heart chambers. The Alpha-Fetoprotein (aFP) blood levels had exceeded at least 50 times their normal range. Two consecutive diagnostic attempts with non-specific histological results, a negative-for-malignancy fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA-biopsy), and an additional tumor biopsy, performed via mini anterior (R) thoracotomy with “suspicious” cellular gatherings, were performed elsewhere. After admission to our department, an (R) Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) was performed, along with multiple tumor biopsies and moderate pleural effusion drainage. The tumor’s measurements had increased to DMax: 16 cm × 9 cm × 13 cm, with a severe degree of atelectasis of the Right Lower Lobe parenchyma (RLL) and a pressure-displacement effect upon the Superior Vena Cava (SVC) and the (R) heart sinus, based on data from the preoperative chest MRA. The histological report indicated elements of a combined, non-seminomatous germ-cell mediastinal tumor, posthuberal-type teratoma, and embryonal carcinoma. The imminent chemotherapeutic plan included a “BEP” (Bleomycin®/Cisplatin®/Etoposide®) scheme, which needed to be modified to a “VIP” (Cisplatin®/Etoposide®/Ifosfamide®) scheme, due to an acute pulmonary embolism incident. While the aFP blood levels declined, even reaching normal measurements, the tumor’s size continued to increase significantly (DMax: 28 cm × 25 cm × 13 cm), with severe localized pressure effects, rapid weight loss, and a progressively worsening clinical status. Thus, an emergency surgical intervention took place via median sternotomy, extended with a complementary “T-Shaped” mini anterior (R) thoracotomy. A large, approx. 4 Kg mediastinal tumor was extracted, with additional RML and RUL “en-bloc” segmentectomy and partial mediastinal pleura decortication. The following histological results, apart from verifying the already-known posthuberal-type teratoma, indicated additional scattered small lesions of combined high-grade rabdomyosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma, as well as numerous high-grade glioblastoma cellular gatherings. No visible findings of the previously discovered non-seminomatous germ-cell and embryonal carcinoma elements were found. The patient’s postoperative status progressively improved, allowing therapeutic management to continue with six “TIP” (Cisplatin®/Paclitaxel®/Ifosfamide®) sessions, currently under his regular “follow-up” from the oncological team. This report underlines the importance of early, accurate histological identification, combined with any necessary surgical intervention, diagnostic or therapeutic, as well as the appliance of any subsequent multimodality management plan. The diversity of mediastinal tumors, especially for young patients, leaves no place for complacency. Such rare examples may manifest, with equivalent, unpredictable evolution, obliging clinical physicians to stay constantly alert and not take anything for granted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)
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12 pages, 3396 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Precursor pH on the Synthesis and Morphology of AuNPs Synthesized Using Green Tea Leaf Extract
by Oksana Velgosova, Zuzana Mikulková and Maksym Lisnichuk
Crystals 2025, 15(8), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15080682 - 26 Jul 2025
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Abstract
This study investigates the effect of precursor pH (1.3, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via a green synthesis approach using an aqueous extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves. The formation of AuNPs [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effect of precursor pH (1.3, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via a green synthesis approach using an aqueous extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves. The formation of AuNPs was monitored using UV-vis spectrophotometry and confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results confirmed that the morphology and size of the AuNPs are strongly dependent on the pH of the reaction medium. Based on spectral features, the color of the colloids, and TEM analysis, the synthesized samples were classified into three groups. The first (pH 8 and 10) contained predominantly spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of ~18 nm, the second (pH 1.3 and 2) contained different shaped nanoparticles (20–250 nm in diameter), and the third (pH 4 and 6) contained flower-like nanostructures with a mean diameter of ~60 nm. UV-vis analysis revealed good stability of all AuNP colloids, except at pH 1.3, where a significant decrease in absorbance intensity over time was observed. These findings confirm that tuning the precursor pH allows for controlled manipulation of nanoparticle morphology and stability in green synthesis systems. Full article
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14 pages, 857 KiB  
Article
Leaving School: A Healthy Transition in Late Adolescence?
by Max Herke
Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(8), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15080146 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 234
Abstract
Background: Adolescents’ subjective well-being (SWB) is a key indicator of quality of life. While its development during schooling has been widely studied, few studies have examined changes in SWB after leaving school due to the need for longitudinal data. This study investigates changes [...] Read more.
Background: Adolescents’ subjective well-being (SWB) is a key indicator of quality of life. While its development during schooling has been widely studied, few studies have examined changes in SWB after leaving school due to the need for longitudinal data. This study investigates changes in SWB among adolescents in Germany over the two years before and after leaving school, focusing on school type, socioeconomic position, gender, and family structure. Methods: We use data from the ninth-grade cohort of the German National Educational Panel Study, first surveyed in 2010 and followed annually. Growth modeling (specifically, a multilevel discontinuity model) is applied to analyze SWB trajectories and potential moderation by background characteristics. The final sample includes 19,767 observations from 6599 individuals. Results: SWB increases notably after leaving school and remains stable before and after the transition. The increase is smaller for adolescents completing higher secondary education, living in nuclear families, or identifying as male. These groups report higher SWB prior to the transition, so post-school changes reduce group differences. Conclusion: The findings suggest that schools may lack adequate resources to support adolescents in mastering key developmental challenges. While school is a critical environment, it may also impose pressures that are associated with lower well-being. Full article
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24 pages, 9486 KiB  
Article
StMAPKK1 Enhances Thermotolerance in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by Enhancing Antioxidant Defense and Photosynthetic Efficiency Under Heat Stress
by Xi Zhu, Yasir Majeed, Kaitong Wang, Xiaoqin Duan, Nengkang Guan, Junfu Luo, Haifei Zheng, Huafen Zou, Hui Jin, Zhuo Chen and Yu Zhang
Plants 2025, 14(15), 2289; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152289 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 254
Abstract
The functional role of MAPKK genes in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under high-temperature stress remains unexplored, despite their critical importance in stress signaling and yield protection. We characterized StMAPKK1, a novel group D MAPKK localized to plasma membrane/cytoplasm. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain [...] Read more.
The functional role of MAPKK genes in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under high-temperature stress remains unexplored, despite their critical importance in stress signaling and yield protection. We characterized StMAPKK1, a novel group D MAPKK localized to plasma membrane/cytoplasm. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed cultivar-specific upregulation in potato (‘Atlantic’ and ‘Desiree’) leaves under heat stress (25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C). Transgenic lines overexpressing (OE) StMAPKK1 exhibited elevated antioxidant enzyme activity, including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), mitigating oxidative damage. Increased proline and chlorophyll accumulation and reduced oxidative stress markers, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), indicate improved cellular redox homeostasis. The upregulation of key antioxidant and heat stress-responsive genes (StAPX, StCAT1/2, StPOD12/47, StFeSOD2/3, StMnSOD, StCuZnSOD1/2, StHSFA3 and StHSP20/70/90) strengthened the enzymatic defense system, enhanced thermotolerance, and improved photosynthetic efficiency, with significant improvements in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (Gs) under heat stress (35 °C) in StMAPKK1-OE plants. Superior growth and biomass (plant height, plant and its root fresh and dry weights, and tuber yield) accumulation, confirming the positive role of StMAPKK1 in thermotolerance. Conversely, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated suppression of StMAPKK1 led to a reduction in enzymatic activity, proline content, and chlorophyll levels, exacerbating oxidative stress. Downregulation of antioxidant-related genes impaired ROS scavenging capacity and declines in photosynthetic efficiency, growth, and biomass, accompanied by elevated H2O2 and MDA accumulation, highlighting the essential role of StMAPKK1 in heat stress adaptation. These findings highlight StMAPKK1’s potential as a key genetic target for breeding heat-tolerant potato varieties, offering a foundation for improving crop resilience in warming climates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Physiology and Stress Adaptation of Crops)
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