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12 pages, 13187 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electro-Thermo-Optical Modulation of Silicon Nitride Integrated Photonic Filters for Analog Applications

by Clement Deleau, Han Cheng Seat, Olivier Bernal and Frederic Surre

Photonics 2026, 13(2), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13020149 - 3 Feb 2026

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High-quality spectral filters with versatile tuning mechanisms are essential for applications in photonic integrated circuits, including sensing, laser stabilization, and spectral signal processing. We report the implementation of thermo-optic (TO) and electro-optic (EO) spectral tuning in silicon nitride Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) and micro-ring [...] Read more.

High-quality spectral filters with versatile tuning mechanisms are essential for applications in photonic integrated circuits, including sensing, laser stabilization, and spectral signal processing. We report the implementation of thermo-optic (TO) and electro-optic (EO) spectral tuning in silicon nitride Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) and micro-ring resonators (MRRs) by functionalizing the devices with a PMMA:JRD1 polymer cladding and integrating titanium tracks as heaters and electrodes. The fabricated MZIs and MRRs exhibit narrow linewidths of 25–30 pm and achieved TO tuning efficiencies of 1.7 and 13 pm/mW and EO tuning efficiencies of 0.33 and 1.6 pm/V, respectively. Closed-loop regulation using TO and EO effects enables stable half-fringe locking under environmental perturbations. This simple, broadly compatible hybrid platform demonstrates a practical approach to dual-mode spectral tuning and modulation in integrated photonic filters, providing a flexible route toward compact, reconfigurable, and environmentally robust photonic circuits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Integrated Circuits: Emerging Spectra and Technologies)

13 pages, 1441 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optical Intensity Discrimination with Engineered Interface States in Topological Photonic Crystals

by Bartosz Janaszek and Paweł Szczepański

Micromachines 2026, 17(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17020165 - 27 Jan 2026

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Abstract

We propose a 1D photonic crystal with nonlinear graphene–spacer–graphene truncation, which enables a tunable, non-monotonic, and intensity-dependent transmission response. By employing synthetic geometrical space to obtain Fermi arc states, the structure is designed to support a real-space topologically protected Tamm plasmon polariton, revealing [...] Read more.

We propose a 1D photonic crystal with nonlinear graphene–spacer–graphene truncation, which enables a tunable, non-monotonic, and intensity-dependent transmission response. By employing synthetic geometrical space to obtain Fermi arc states, the structure is designed to support a real-space topologically protected Tamm plasmon polariton, revealing an intensity-dependent transmission peak within the THz spectral range. As such, the proposed thin-film structure may serve as a nonlinear DBR element that can be integrated into a laser cavity to provide intensity-selective feedback, thereby facilitating controllable pulse shaping and enabling passive pulse formation mechanisms such as mode-locking or Q-switching. Due to its topological robustness, spectral scalability, and electrical tunability via graphene biasing, the platform provides a new route toward compact, reconfigurable nonlinear reflectors for efficient and controllable laser pulse generation, thereby extending the functionality of conventional saturable absorbers and semiconductor DBRs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanophotonic Materials and Devices)

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13 pages, 3393 KB

Open AccessArticle

Q-Switched High-Order Harmonic Mode-Locked Noise-like Pulses in an Erbium/Ytterbium Fiber Laser

by Marco Vinicio Hernández-Arriaga, José León Flores-González, Miguel Ángel Bello-Jiménez, Rosa Elvia López-Estopier, Erika Nohemí Hernández-Escobar, Yareli Navarro-Martínez, Olivier Pottiez, Luis Alberto Rodríguez-Morales, Mario Alberto García-Ramírez, Manuel Durán-Sánchez and Baldemar Ibarra-Escamilla

Photonics 2026, 13(2), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13020113 - 26 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This work presents, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental report of an erbium/ytterbium double-clad ring fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) operating in a self-starting Q-switched high-order harmonic mode locking noise-like pulse (QHML-NLP) regime. The NPR mechanism relies [...] Read more.

This work presents, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental report of an erbium/ytterbium double-clad ring fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) operating in a self-starting Q-switched high-order harmonic mode locking noise-like pulse (QHML-NLP) regime. The NPR mechanism relies on an arrangement composed of a beam splitter cube, a half-wave retarder, and a quarter-wave retarder. Through specific adjustments of the wave retarders and pump power, the laser cavity engages the QHML-NLP regime, where mode-locked burst-like pulses containing a significant number of NLPs are modulated by a giant Q-switched envelope. The laser system emits at the 132nd-order harmonic mode locking (HML) frequency, representing the highest order achieved to date in the framework of QHML-NLP. Additional features include a broadband optical spectrum with dual-wavelength emission at 1568.4 nm and 1605.9 nm, and maximum energies of 2.37 µJ for the Q-switched envelope and 200 nJ for the mode-locked burst-like pulse. These detailed experimental results reveal remarkable aspects in the NLP dynamics, contributing to a deeper understanding of their physical mechanisms and highlighting their potential as novel laser sources for micromachining and nonlinear optics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mid-IR Active Optical Fiber: Technology and Applications)

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11 pages, 5308 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tunable Wavelength-Multiplexed Dual-Frequency Bound Pulse in a Carbon-Nanotube-Based Fiber Laser

by Lin Wang, Guoqing Hu, Yan Wang, Guangwei Chen, Liang Xuan, Zhehai Zhou and Jun Yu

Micromachines 2026, 17(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17010133 - 20 Jan 2026

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Abstract

We experimentally and theoretically demonstrate coexistence of three different wavelength-multiplexed bound dual-frequency pulses in an all-fiber mode-locked fiber laser, effectively achieved by exploiting polarization-dependent loss effects and two uneven gain peaks of Er-doped fiber. With the single wall carbon-nanotube-based intensity modulation, wavelength-multiplexed dual-frequency [...] Read more.

We experimentally and theoretically demonstrate coexistence of three different wavelength-multiplexed bound dual-frequency pulses in an all-fiber mode-locked fiber laser, effectively achieved by exploiting polarization-dependent loss effects and two uneven gain peaks of Er-doped fiber. With the single wall carbon-nanotube-based intensity modulation, wavelength-multiplexed dual-frequency pulses located at 1531.1 nm and 1556.6 nm are obtained. Changing the polarization rotation angles in the fiber cavity, one of the two asynchronous pulses evolves into a bound state of a doublet, in which the center wavelength of the bound solitons is centered at ~1530 nm or ~1556 nm. The relative phase between the two bound solitons or modulation depth of bound solitons can be switched by a polarization controller. A simulation method based on coupled Ginzburg–Landau equations is provided to characterize the laser physics and understand the mechanism behind the dynamics of tuning between different bound dual-frequency pulses. The proposed fiber laser will provide a potential way to understand multiple soliton dynamics and implementation in optical frequency combs generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Photonics and Optoelectronics, 2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 1045 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Kerr-Lens Mode-Locked Tm,Ho:Ca(Gd,Y)AlO₄ Laser

by Zhang-Lang Lin, Peixiong Zhang, Pavel Loiko, Xavier Mateos, Ge Zhang, Zhen Li, Zhenqiang Chen, Uwe Griebner, Weidong Chen and Valentin Petrov

Photonics 2026, 13(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13010038 - 31 Dec 2025

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Abstract

We demonstrate Kerr-lens mode-locked operation of a Tm,Ho:Ca(Gd,Y)AlO₄ laser pumped by a narrow-linewidth, continuous-wave Ti:sapphire laser at 797 nm. Soliton pulses as short as 145 fs are generated at 2087.8 nm in σ-polarization via soft-aperture Kerr-lens mode-locking, with an average output power [...] Read more.

We demonstrate Kerr-lens mode-locked operation of a Tm,Ho:Ca(Gd,Y)AlO₄ laser pumped by a narrow-linewidth, continuous-wave Ti:sapphire laser at 797 nm. Soliton pulses as short as 145 fs are generated at 2087.8 nm in σ-polarization via soft-aperture Kerr-lens mode-locking, with an average output power of 203 mW (0.5% output coupler) at ~80.5 MHz. To the best of our knowledge, this result represents the first demonstration of a Kerr-lens mode-locked laser based on a Tm,Ho:Ca(Gd,Y)AlO₄ crystal exhibiting both structural and compositional disorder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Rare-Earth Doped Material for Photonics)

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12 pages, 3382 KB

Open AccessArticle

Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Laser Based on a TiO₂/SiO₂-Assisted Microsphere Resonator

by Tianjiao Wu, Tianshu Wang and Baoqun Li

Photonics 2026, 13(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13010037 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 332

Abstract

A composite dual-cavity passively mode-locked fiber laser based on a functionalized microsphere resonator is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The nonlinear response of the resonator is enhanced by depositing TiO₂ film on a SiO₂ microsphere, which leads to improved mode-locking performance. The [...] Read more.

A composite dual-cavity passively mode-locked fiber laser based on a functionalized microsphere resonator is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The nonlinear response of the resonator is enhanced by depositing TiO₂ film on a SiO₂ microsphere, which leads to improved mode-locking performance. The wavelength selectivity and optical field confinement of the microsphere resonator are exploited, allowing it to simultaneously serve as an intracavity narrowband filter and a nonlinear modulation element. The threshold of the mode-locked laser was measured to be as low as 34 mW, and stable mode-locked operation was achieved at a pump power of 105.7 mW, with a pulse duration of 2.8 ns, a repetition rate of 13.88 MHz, and a signal-to-noise ratio of 74.86 dB. The output spectrum exhibited a central wavelength of 1560.12 nm, a 3 dB linewidth of 0.06 nm, and a side-mode suppression ratio of 55.13 dB. This straightforward design provides an effective approach for the miniaturization of passively mode-locked fiber lasers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Fiber Laser Technology and Its Application: 2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 4149 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers Based on Saturable Absorbers

by Jiayi Xie, Tengfei Liu, Xilong Liu, Fang Wang and Weiwei Liu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1819; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231819 - 1 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Ultrashort fiber lasers are one of the current research hotspots in the field of lasers. They have the advantages of compact structure and high beam quality. Passively mode-locking using saturable absorbers (SAs) is an important scheme for generating picosecond and femtosecond pulses. A [...] Read more.

Ultrashort fiber lasers are one of the current research hotspots in the field of lasers. They have the advantages of compact structure and high beam quality. Passively mode-locking using saturable absorbers (SAs) is an important scheme for generating picosecond and femtosecond pulses. A deep understanding of the passive mode-locking mechanism is key to maturing ultrafast laser technology. In recent years, the passively mode-locking technology of SAs has been improved in material systems, device preparation, and cavity structures. SAs are primarily divided into artificial SAs and real SAs. Real SAs primarily include semiconductor saturable absorption mirrors (SEASAMs) and nanomaterials. Artificial SAs primarily include nonlinear optical loop mirrors (NOLMs), nonlinear multimode interference (NLMMI), nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR), and the Mamyshev oscillator. Herein, we mainly review passively mode-locked fiber lasers employing various SAs, as well as their working principles and technical characteristics. By focusing on the representative achievements, the developmental achievements of ultrafast lasers based on SAs are demonstrated. Finally, the prevailing challenges and promising future research directions in SA’s mode-locking technology are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Energy Pulsed Laser-Driven Synthesis and Modification of Nanomaterials)

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11 pages, 2222 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of a 30 GHz Spaced Astro-Comb Filtered by a Fabry–Pérot Cavity in Vacuum

by Qi Zhou, Ruoao Yang, Fei Zhao, Gang Zhao, Aimin Wang, Xing Chen and Zhigang Zhang

Photonics 2025, 12(12), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12121184 - 30 Nov 2025

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Abstract

We demonstrate a compact astro-comb with ~30 GHz line spacing covering the 560–900 nm range, seeded by a 1 GHz Yb:fiber laser frequency comb phase-locked to a rubidium clock for long-term frequency stability. The comb spacing is multiplied by a passively stabilized Fabry–Pérot [...] Read more.

We demonstrate a compact astro-comb with ~30 GHz line spacing covering the 560–900 nm range, seeded by a 1 GHz Yb:fiber laser frequency comb phase-locked to a rubidium clock for long-term frequency stability. The comb spacing is multiplied by a passively stabilized Fabry–Pérot cavity, which is vacuum-sealed (3.3 × 10⁻⁵ Pa) and temperature-controlled at 25 ± 0.05 °C, exhibiting a resonance linewidth of 80.56 MHz. Characterization using a high-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer reveals sharp, evenly spaced comb lines with a maximum side-mode suppression ratio of 23.86 dB. The estimated radial velocity (RV) precision reaches ~63 cm/s, and further reduction in measurement noise is expected to achieve <10 cm/s precision, meeting the stringent requirements of next-generation astronomical spectrographs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultrafast Optics: From Fundamental Dynamics to Transformative Technologies)

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12 pages, 5301 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics of h-Shaped Pulse to GHz Harmonic State in a Mode-Locked Fiber Laser

by Lin Wang, Guoqing Hu, Yan Wang, Guangwei Chen, Liang Xuan, Zhehai Zhou and Jun Yu

Micromachines 2025, 16(12), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121358 - 29 Nov 2025

Viewed by 423

Abstract

We experimentally and through simulations demonstrate a passively mode-locked fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation, which generates the evolution from h-shaped pulses to GHz harmonic trains. When the polarization angle is continuously changed, the h-shaped pulse sequentially evolves into multiple pulses, bunched [...] Read more.

We experimentally and through simulations demonstrate a passively mode-locked fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation, which generates the evolution from h-shaped pulses to GHz harmonic trains. When the polarization angle is continuously changed, the h-shaped pulse sequentially evolves into multiple pulses, bunched solitons, and harmonic pulses. The maximum order of harmonic trains obtained in experiments is 120, corresponding to the repetition frequency of 1.03996 GHz. The coupled Ginzburg-Landau equation and two-time-scale approach to gain is provided to characterize the laser physics. The fast and slow evolution of gain contributes to the stabilization and length of one soliton pattern, respectively. The proposed fiber laser is cost effective and easy to implement, providing a potential way to study soliton dynamics in depth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Photonics and Optoelectronics, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 2871 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic-Algorithm-Driven Intelligent Spatiotemporal Mode-Locking in All-Fiber Laser with Hysteresis

by Yangbing Lin, Yongguo Zheng and Xinhai Zhang

Photonics 2025, 12(11), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12111138 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 669

Abstract

We demonstrate a robust intelligent spatiotemporal mode-locked fiber laser with large modal dispersion, based on the nonlinear polarization rotation mechanism and an electric polarization controller (EPC). The hysteresis phenomenon induced by the polarization controller poses a substantial challenge to achieving stable intelligent spatiotemporal [...] Read more.

We demonstrate a robust intelligent spatiotemporal mode-locked fiber laser with large modal dispersion, based on the nonlinear polarization rotation mechanism and an electric polarization controller (EPC). The hysteresis phenomenon induced by the polarization controller poses a substantial challenge to achieving stable intelligent spatiotemporal mode-locking (STML). To address this, we propose and implement a memory-diffusion genetic algorithm to achieve stable STML operation with a single-pulse energy of 8.6 nJ via automatic EPC optimization. Thus, understanding and coping with hysteresis is crucial for realizing robust intelligent STML fiber lasers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an intelligent all-fiber STML laser operating under large modal dispersion. This work provides a new pathway toward achieving stable and intelligent spatiotemporal mode locking in fiber lasers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction between Photonics and Machine Learning)

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10 pages, 2130 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multiple Dissipative Solitons in an Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Mode-Locked with Ethylene Glycol

by Wenyan Zhang, Huijie Jiang, Lei Zheng, Nannan Liu, Kun Yang and Li Zhan

Photonics 2025, 12(11), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12111113 - 11 Nov 2025

Viewed by 415

Abstract

We report the experimental observation of dissipative solitons (DS) in an erbium-doped fiber laser mode-locked with ethylene glycol. Stable individual dissipative solitons with the fundamental repetition frequency of 35.17 MHz are obtained. The spectral profiles exhibit dynamic variation, adopting either a parabolic-like or [...] Read more.

We report the experimental observation of dissipative solitons (DS) in an erbium-doped fiber laser mode-locked with ethylene glycol. Stable individual dissipative solitons with the fundamental repetition frequency of 35.17 MHz are obtained. The spectral profiles exhibit dynamic variation, adopting either a parabolic-like or an M-like shape at varying pump levels. Moreover, through increasing the pump power and/or appropriately regulating the polarization controller, multiple dissipative solitons, including soliton pairs and soliton triplet states have also been achieved. The generation mechanism is attributed to the phenomenon of peak clamping effect. This is the first demonstration of a dissipative soliton laser utilizing ethylene glycol as a saturable absorber. It is anticipated that this demonstration will spur further attention on organic liquid SAs and potentially extend significant influence for the application of ultrafast lasers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Fiber Lasers: Advances in Design, Fabrication and Applications)

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18 pages, 5120 KB

Open AccessArticle

Harmonics-Assisted 50-Fold Optical Phase Amplification with a Self-Mixing Thin-Slice Nd:GdVO₄ Laser with Wide-Aperture Laser-Diode Pumping

by Kenju Otsuka and Seiichi Sudo

Photonics 2025, 12(11), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12111098 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 537

Abstract

Harmonic-assisted phase amplification was investigated in a 300-µm-thick Nd:GdVO₄ laser with coated end mirrors in the self-mixing interference scheme. The key event is the self-induced hybrid skew cosh Gaussian (abbreviated as skew ch-G)-type transverse mode oscillation in a thin-slice solid-state laser with [...] Read more.

Harmonic-assisted phase amplification was investigated in a 300-µm-thick Nd:GdVO₄ laser with coated end mirrors in the self-mixing interference scheme. The key event is the self-induced hybrid skew cosh Gaussian (abbreviated as skew ch-G)-type transverse mode oscillation in a thin-slice solid-state laser with wide-aperture laser-diode pumping. The present hybrid skew-chG mode was proved to be formed by the locking of nearly frequency-degenerate TEM₀₀ and annular fields. The resultant modal-interference-induced gain modulation at the beat frequency between the two modal fields, which is far above the relaxation oscillation frequency, increased the experimental self-mixing modulation bandwidth accordingly. Fifty-fold phase amplification was achieved in a strong optical feedback regime. Full article

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7 pages, 1442 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Watt-Level, Narrow-Linewidth, Tunable Green Semiconductor Laser with External-Cavity Synchronous-Locking Technique

by Chunna Feng, Bangze Zeng, Jinhai Zou, Qiujun Ruan and Zhengqian Luo

Sensors 2025, 25(21), 6758; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216758 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 568

Abstract

External-cavity GaN semiconductor lasers at blue wavelengths enable narrow-linewidth and high-power output but is difficult at >500 nm green wavelengths due to the so-called ‘green gap’. In this Letter, we demonstrate a watt-level, narrow-linewidth, tunable green semiconductor laser based on external-cavity synchronous-locking technique. [...] Read more.

External-cavity GaN semiconductor lasers at blue wavelengths enable narrow-linewidth and high-power output but is difficult at >500 nm green wavelengths due to the so-called ‘green gap’. In this Letter, we demonstrate a watt-level, narrow-linewidth, tunable green semiconductor laser based on external-cavity synchronous-locking technique. The laser consists of two green edge-emitting laser diodes (LDs), beam-shaping devices and a visible-wavelength diffraction grating. Because the two green (∼518 nm) LDs have similar spectral and lasing characteristics and are adjacently parallel in spatial mode, synchronous locking of both beam can readily generated with the help of diffraction grating. Namely, the two green LDs are locked at the same wavelength and the 3dB–linewidth is sharply narrowed from 4 nm to 0.06 nm. The locked wavelength can be tuned from 512.2 to 520.2 nm. The maximum output power reaches 1.53 W at 518 nm with a 3dB–linewidth of 0.15 nm. This is, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, an external-cavity synchronous-locking green semiconductor laser with watt-level output power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)

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11 pages, 8619 KB

Open AccessArticle

Doppler Lidar Based on Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers

by Yibing Chen, Mengxi Zhou, Wenxuan Ma, Zhenxing Sun, Yuechun Shi, Hui Zou and Yunshan Zhang

Micromachines 2025, 16(11), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16111239 - 30 Oct 2025

Viewed by 537

Abstract

This paper presents a Doppler lidar system based on a mode-locked semiconductor laser (ML-SL) source. The ML-SL consists of two sections: a Fabry–Pérot (F-P) cavity and a saturable absorber (SA) region. The system utilizes multiple phase-correlated modes of the optical frequency comb to [...] Read more.

This paper presents a Doppler lidar system based on a mode-locked semiconductor laser (ML-SL) source. The ML-SL consists of two sections: a Fabry–Pérot (F-P) cavity and a saturable absorber (SA) region. The system utilizes multiple phase-correlated modes of the optical frequency comb to acquire multiple Doppler shift signals; through cross-referencing of these signals, the robustness of the velocimetry system is enhanced. Experimental validation of precise velocity measurements for moving objects was conducted within the speed range of 0.005 m/s to 0.5 m/s. For target speeds of 0.563 m/s and 0.00563 m/s, the maximum and minimum absolute errors were 0.00064 m/s and 0.00003 m/s, respectively, with relative errors consistently below 1%. Comparative experiments demonstrated that utilizing multiple comb teeth reduces the maximum absolute error from 0.001286 m/s (observed when using a single tooth) to 0.000833 m/s. Furthermore, the velocity resolution of the system was analyzed: a frequency resolution of 30 Hz corresponds to a velocity resolution of 0.1117 m/s, while improving the frequency resolution to 1 Hz yields a velocity resolution of 0.0037 m/s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Integration Technology and Semiconductor Laser Array Chip Technology)

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10 pages, 5463 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Power Single-Frequency Continuous-Wave Tunable 1064/532 nm Dual-Wavelength Laser

by Weina Peng, Pixian Jin, Jing Su, Jiao Wei and Huadong Lu

Micromachines 2025, 16(11), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16111201 - 23 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 909

Abstract

A high-power single-frequency continuous-wave wideband continuously tunable dual-wavelength laser at 1064/532 nm is presented in this paper. Firstly, a thermally insensitive cavity containing a type-I phase-matching LiB₃O₅ crystal and an uncoated quartz etalon was specially designed, which provided the fundamental [...] Read more.

A high-power single-frequency continuous-wave wideband continuously tunable dual-wavelength laser at 1064/532 nm is presented in this paper. Firstly, a thermally insensitive cavity containing a type-I phase-matching LiB₃O₅ crystal and an uncoated quartz etalon was specially designed, which provided the fundamental condition for the generation of a high-power single-frequency 1064 nm and 532 nm laser. By carefully optimizing the mode matching, the maximal output powers of 13.3 W at 1064 nm and 12.5 W at 532 nm were achieved when the pump power was 63.7 W, and the total optical–optical efficiency of 40.5% was achieved. After the transmission peak of etalon was locked to the oscillating frequency of the resonator, the continuous frequency tuning ranges of the achieved laser were as wide as 26.75 GHz at 1064 nm and 53.5 GHz at 532 nm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Optoelectronic Materials/Devices and Their Applications)

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