Multiple Dissipative Solitons in an Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Mode-Locked with Ethylene Glycol

Abstract

We report the experimental observation of dissipative solitons (DS) in an erbium-doped fiber laser mode-locked with ethylene glycol. Stable individual dissipative solitons with the fundamental repetition frequency of 35.17 MHz are obtained. The spectral profiles exhibit dynamic variation, adopting either a parabolic-like or an M-like shape at varying pump levels. Moreover, through increasing the pump power and/or appropriately regulating the polarization controller, multiple dissipative solitons, including soliton pairs and soliton triplet states have also been achieved. The generation mechanism is attributed to the phenomenon of peak clamping effect. This is the first demonstration of a dissipative soliton laser utilizing ethylene glycol as a saturable absorber. It is anticipated that this demonstration will spur further attention on organic liquid SAs and potentially extend significant influence for the application of ultrafast lasers.

1. Introduction

Ultrashort pulse fiber lasers have been extensively investigated owing to their inherent advantages of high pulse quality, flexibility, and compactness, making them suitable for a wide range of applications in micromachining, biomedical science, spectroscopy, and ultrafast photonics [1,2,3,4]. As the primary approach to obtain ultrashort pulses in fiber lasers, mode-locking technology is generally implemented with various saturable absorbers (SAs), which are typically classified into two categories: artificial SAs and real SAs. Artificial SAs leverage nonlinear effects to realize the saturable absorption function, such as nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) [5]; whereas lasers mode-locked by NPR may exhibit fluctuations in stability during prolonged use, potentially due to their heightened sensitivity to external environmental influences. Meanwhile, the implementation of an all-fiber structure with a real saturable absorber enables the advancement of fiber lasers from the laboratory research stage to that of a commercial instrument. In practice, real SAs exploit the intrinsic properties of the materials employed to achieve intensity-dependent nonlinear absorption, exemplified by semiconductor saturable absorption mirrors (SESAMs) [6], single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) [7], graphene [8], topological insulators (TIs) [9], transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) [10], and black phosphorus (BP) [11], among others [12]. Nevertheless, these saturable absorbers still present some challenges. SESAMs, constrained by their inherent energy bandgap, typically demonstrate a narrow operational bandwidth and are associated with high costs due to the sophisticated and specialized equipment required for their fabrication. The operational bandwidth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is contingent upon the diameter of the CNTs employed, yet integrating CNT composites into high-power fiber lasers increases the risk of damage. In contrast, graphene offers a wider operating bandwidth, rendering it more suitable for mode-locked lasers; nonetheless, the modulation depth of single-layer graphene is typically inferior to 1%, which results in a low saturation strength and, consequently, a significant limitation on the pulse energy and duration [13]. For TIs and TMDs, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and/or pulsed laser deposition (PLD) are inevitably used in the fabrication of SAs, rendering the manufacturing process highly complex [14]. Additionally, BP is inherently unstable because of its susceptibility to moisture absorption and oxidation, giving rise to substantial fluctuations in its optical properties.

Recently, organic liquid-based saturable absorbers have attracted tremendous attention for the generation of ultrashort pulses. As a novel kind of saturable absorber, organic liquid-SAs possess the virtues of a broad wavelength absorption range, high liquidity, effective heat diffusivity, high damage thresholds, cost-effectiveness, and easy of fabrication. In 2015, Z. Wang et al. first demonstrated a self-starting ultrafast fiber laser mode-locked by alcohol-SA, where a bright pulse working at 1.6 μm was produced with the pulse duration of 972 fs and pulse energy of ~0.6 nJ [15]. Subsequently, Q-switched fiber lasers based on alcohol saturable absorbers were also reported, generating pulses operating at 1.55 μm (C waveband) in an Er-doped laser cavity and 1.88 μm in a Tm-doped laser cavity, respectively [16,17]. Moreover, the modulation depth of alcohol saturable absorbers can be readily adjusted by varying the concentration of organic liquid used, thereby accommodating the diverse requirements of ultrafast fiber lasers in different design situations. Nevertheless, the volatility of alcohol necessitates tightly sealed packaging to ensure its stability. Consequently, alternative non-volatile organic liquid SAs, such as HQCDCL2H2O [18], pure water [19,20], glycerin [21], and ethylene glycol [22], have been successively explored and proposed, prompting a rapid development of pulsed fiber lasers based on organic liquid-SAs.

To date, the majority of research on mode-locked fiber lasers employing organic liquid absorbers has centered on the generation of conventional solitons (CSs), which are initiated through the interplay between self-phase modulation (SPM) and group velocity dispersion (GVD) in an anomalous dispersion region. It is worth mentioning that the energy of a solitary CS pulse is intrinsically constrained due to the soliton area theorem. Consequently, further escalating pump power will result in pulse splitting [23]. In contrast, dissipative solitons (DSs) that are predominantly manifested in the net normal-dispersion or all normal-dispersion regions possess the capability to attain comparatively elevated pulse energies, which necessitates a multifaceted equilibrium of nonlinearity, dispersion, gain, and loss within the cavity [24]. Therefore, exploring the potential of organic liquid SAs mode-locking in positive dispersion lasers to generate dissipative solitons holds significant scientific intrigue.

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate that by adopting an ethylene glycol saturable absorber, stabilized mode-locking operations are obtained in a net positive dispersion laser. Both individual dissipative soliton and multiple dissipative solitons (involving soliton pairs and soliton triplets) are successfully attained by precisely manipulating the polarization state and the pump power in the laser cavity. The observed multiple DSs are caused by the cavity pulse peak clamping effect under narrow gain bandwidth conditions. Our experimental results are consistent with previous theoretical investigation on dissipative solitons. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first demonstration of such a dissipative soliton fiber laser using ethylene glycol as the SA.

2. Experimental Setup

To further investigate the optical properties of ethylene glycol, we measured its absorption spectrum. As illustrated in Figure 1, ethylene glycol possesses a broad wavelength absorption band, which is attributed to its inherent molecular structure. As shown in the inset, the ethylene glycol molecule includes four covalent bonds: C-H, C-O, C-C, and O-H, the stretching and/or bending vibrations of which result in the broadband absorption characteristics. The absorption near 1500 nm is consistent with the first-order second harmonic generated by the stretching vibrations of O-H and C-H bonds; the absorption around 1800 nm arises from the bending vibrations of O-H bonds; and the strong absorption near 2000 nm originates from the resonant bending vibrations of C-H and O-H bonds [25]. Particularly, the strong absorption of ethylene glycol at 1500 nm makes it possible to achieve Q-switched or mode-locked pulses in erbium-doped fiber lasers. Moreover, the relaxation time of ethylene glycol (resulting from electronic transitions between vibrational energy levels of molecules) is typically in the picosecond scale [26], less than the cavity round-trip time of pulses (generally on the nanosecond scale), which meets the requirement of mode locking as a saturable absorber.

In addition, as an organic liquid-SA, ethylene glycol-SA likewise has virtues of the high liquidity, effective heat diffusivity, high damage thresholds, cost-effectiveness, and easy fabrication [27]. Moreover, the stability of ethylene glycol-SA is extremely excellent due to its low volatility, making it an excellent candidate for saturable absorbers.

The experimental setup of the mode-locked laser is built as illustrated in Figure 2. A 2.6 m Erbium-doped fiber (EDF) (CorActive, EDF-L-1500, Québec, QC, Canada) with a dispersion parameter of −26 ps/nm/km at 1550 nm, is forward pumped by a 980 nm diode laser. The pump laser with the maximum output power of 500 mW is coupled into the cavity through a 980/1550 nm wavelength division multiplexer (WDM). A polarization independent isolator (PI-ISO) is inserted to ensure the unidirectional operation of the laser. A conventional polarization controller (PC) with three paddles is adopted to adjust the cavity polarization and loss to optimize mode-locking output pulses. A home-made ethylene glycol-SA produced by sandwiching the ethylene glycol between two fiber ferrule connectors is connected between the PI-ISO and the PC, which is similar to the fabrication process of alcohol-SA in reference [15]. The ethylene glycol-SA possess superior qualities: wide operation waveband, high damage threshold, cost effective, good stability, and ease of fabrication. Employing a balance detected system (similar as that in Ref. [15], the input pulsed laser (Menlo Systems, LAC-1550, Planegg, Germany) centered at the wavelength of 1568.8 nm with the repetition rate of ~50 MHz and the pulse duration of ~200 fs), the nonlinear absorption of ethylene glycol-SA as a nonlinear function of the average pump power is measured. As shown in Figure 3, the modulation depth is estimated to be ~9.6%. A 90/10 coupler (OC) with ninety percent is fed back into the cavity to maintain adequate gain, while a 10% output port is monitored to investigate the pulse characteristics by an optical spectrum analyzer (Yokogawa AQ6370D, Tokyo, Japan) with a spectral resolution of 0.02 nm, and an oscilloscope (Rohde & Schwarz, RTO 2022, 2 GHz, Munich, Germany), and a radiofrequency spectrum analyzer (Keysight N9000B, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) via a high-speed 10 GHz bandwidth photodetector (Newport 818BB-51F, Irvine, CA, USA).

All the optical components are linked into a ring, where their fused tail fibers are standard single-mode fibers (SMFs) with the dispersion parameter of 17 ps/km/nm at 1550 nm. The ring cavity length is around 5.8 m, and the total dispersion is calculated to be 0.017 ps² for a dissipative soliton mode-locking regime, in which DS can be induced by mutual interaction among dissipative processes deriving from the normal cavity dispersion, nonlinear effect, gain, loss, and the effective cavity gain bandwidth filtering [28].

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Single Dissipative Soliton Operation

In the proposed laser, when the pump power exceeds a threshold of 100 mW, a self-starting mode-locked pulse operation is achieved by careful adjustment of the polarization controller. The characteristics of the stable pulse are demonstrated in Figure 4. As shown in Figure 4a, the optical spectrum displays steep spectral edges, which is universally acknowledged as a generic feature of nonlinear pulse propagation in normal dispersion fiber lasers, indicating that the mode-locked pulses have been successfully shaped to DSs. Notably, different from the typical DSs with rectangular shapes, the optical spectrum displays a bell-like shape with a narrow spectrum width. The central wavelength of the DS is located at 1567.31 nm, with a 3 dB spectrum width of 1.05 nm, akin to bandwidths observed in the SESAM mode-locked laser [29], which is attributed to the narrow bandwidth spectral filtering effect induced by limited gain bandwidth [30]. Furthermore, this appearance may also originate from the large cavity birefringence or/and the associated birefringence filter effect [31]. Time characteristics of the pulse sequence are displayed in Figure 4b. The temporal period of the dissipative pulse is recorded at 28.4 ns, corresponding to the total cavity length of 5.8 m. In addition, we estimate the pulse width by amplifying the profile of a single pulse, due to the absence of an autocorrelator in our laboratory. As present in Figure 4c, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is ~1.3 ns, assuming a Gaussian profile. Actually, according to the Fourier transform limit, the minimum achievable pulse width is calculated to be 3.4 ps. Figure 4d depicts the radio-frequency (RF) spectrum of the dissipate pulse under a pump power of 225 mW. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is larger than 60 dB at the fundamental repetition frequency of 35.17 MHz, with a resolution of 2 kHz, confirming that the laser mode-locking operation is highly stable. The laser output power coupled through the 10% optical coupler is about 14.35 mW, thus the peak power is around 0.31 W. This combination of low peak power and broad pulse width renders this laser system an ideal candidate for generating seed pulse in amplification application scenarios.

Particularly, it should be noted that the spectral profiles of the single solitons undergo a dynamic change at varying pumping levels, exhibiting characteristics such as a parabolic, Π-shaped, or M-shaped morphology. Figure 5 presents the optical spectral evolution under different pump power. As illustrated in Figure 5a–c, the center wavelength of this mode-locked fiber laser exhibits a blueshift when the pump power is increased from 120 mW to 300 mW. Meanwhile, the 3 dB spectral bandwidth are 0.92, 1.58, and 1.60 nm, respectively, changing in an escalating trend. The dynamic variation in the spectrum is attributed to the increase in gain and nonlinear effects caused by the increasing pump power, which is completely consistent with the simulation results mentioned in reference [32].

Remarkably, at the elevated pump power of 300 mW, two prominent spectral lobes emerge, centered at 1565.68 nm and 1566.64 nm. The occurrence of the M-shaped spectrum induced by the increased pump power can be ascribed to the enhanced absorption processes in the erbium-doped fiber, leading to a decrease in gain at the center of the spectrum, while higher gain can still be obtained on both sides, so the cavity filtering effects was enhanced and the M-shaped spectral is induced. Furthermore, the specific output wavelengths are dependent on the length of the gain fibers, the cavity configuration, the pump power, and the pump wavelengths [33]. Figure 5d shows the variation in pulse shapes at different pump powers. Increasing nonlinearity induced by the increase in the pump power keeps the temporal pulse profile with higher peaks. Meanwhile, the temporal pulse widths slightly decrease with the increased nonlinearity, agreeing well with the previous work [32].

3.2. Dissipative Soliton Pairs Operation

As mentioned above, stable single dissipative soliton operation can be facilitated in a limited pump power range from 100 mW to 300 mW. When the pumping intensity dramatically changes beyond this range, the required balance for the generation of single-soliton states is broken, resulting in the emergence of continuous-wave or multi-soliton states [34].

By deliberately raising the pump power to a level exceeding 300 mW, the single DS becomes more energetic, leading to the formation of oscillatory soliton pairs within the laser cavity. Figure 6 illustrates the time-domain profiles of these oscillating soliton pairs at various instances. As depicted in Figure 6a, a weak soliton appears initially on the right side of a single soliton at a pumping power of 305 mW, indicating that a stable asymmetric soliton pair state has been established. In the initial state, without PC regulation, this weak soliton pair oscillates with low intensity and slow speed; when the pumping power is increased to 345 mW, the weak soliton oscillates with gradually enhanced intensity and the oscillation speed is further strengthened, as shown in Figure 6b. The pulsed laser enters the state of oscillating soliton pairs and is transformed into a stabilized soliton pair after a short period of oscillatory shaping of oscillating soliton pairs, and finally a stabilized soliton pair is obtained. As present in Figure 6c, further increasing the pump power to 360 mW, the two solitons exhibited identical pulse heights on the oscilloscope alignment, indicating that they possessed the same pulse energy, i.e., as the pump intensity varies, the energies of the two pulses undergo simultaneous changes while maintaining a constant height. This phenomenon bears resemblance to the soliton energy quantization observed in conventional solitons lasers.

Noteworthy, in the whole oscillation process, the instantaneous distance between the main and weaker pulses remains constant. The process of transferring a stable asymmetric soliton pair to an oscillating soliton pair is longer than that of transferring an oscillating soliton pair to a stable soliton pair, indicating that there is a prolonged transient period for mode-locking operations from a stable asymmetric soliton pair to a subsequent stable soliton pair. Ultimately, the increased gain induced by the pumping parameter facilitates the formation of symmetric oscillating soliton pairs, and the higher the gain, the more the oscillations decay and the symmetric soliton pairs remain stable [35]. In addition, the separation between the adjacent pulses can be changed by slightly adjusting the orientation of the PC. As described in Figure 6d, another stable asymmetric soliton pair chain with different separation is observed when we fine-tune the PC’s direction under the constant pump power.

3.3. Dissipative Soliton Triplets’ Emission

Furthermore, similar scenarios also appeared for soliton triplets at elevated pumping parameters. When the pump power surpasses the two-soliton stability threshold of 420 mW, a third weak soliton is incorporated into the soliton pair, thereby establishing a soliton triplet state. As illustrated in Figure 7a,b, stable asymmetric soliton triplets and oscillating soliton triplets are achieved within the pumping scope of 420.5–435 mW and 435–450 mW, respectively. When the pumping parameter is further increased, the energies of the three solitons are found to be approximately equal, and a stable triplet is generated under suitable polarization, whose characteristics are presented in Figure 7c. The observation of soliton triplets is qualitatively similar to that of soliton pairs, which can be concluded that a weak soliton acquires energy through the interaction of the soliton pair; once the pump power is continuously increased, the laser begins to work in an oscillating soliton triplet regime; following a brief interval, the oscillating soliton triplet transfers into a stable soliton triplet.

For the formation of the multiple dissipative solitons, it is contributed to the soliton shaping of dispersive waves [34,35], which is different from soliton energy quantization effect inducing the multi-soliton generation in negative dispersion laser. As the pump strength is elevated, the soliton peak intensity increases; ultimately, the soliton peak is constrained by the cavity, which means that the peak-power-clamping effect is activated by the limited gain bandwidth and the saturable absorption of the ethylene glycol. Further increases in pump strength serve not to amplify the soliton itself, but the background dispersive waves. Instead of forming a noise-like wave, the background dispersive waves quickly evolve into a new DS, which then leads to the multiple dissipative solitons.

Moreover, in order to confirm that the mode-locking of multiple DS fiber lasers is indeed caused by the glycol saturable absorber, we purposely eliminated the glycol-SA from the laser cavity. Subsequently, the pulse train was no longer observed, and there were no indications of mode-locking. These results substantiate the pivotal role of the glycol-saturated absorber in the generation of dissipative soliton operation. Due to the high damage threshold and low volatility of ethylene glycol liquid, this pulsed laser exhibits excellent stability, which has been effectively verified through the experimental results: the spectral characteristics and output power of the dissipative pulses remain stable with no significant changes for up to several hours. In addition, the laser pulses mode-locked by the prepared ethylene glycol-SA can be reproduced after one month, confirming its robust reliability. Additionally, the long-term operation stability can be extended to several months or even years through proper encapsulation of the prepared glycol-SA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of a positive dispersion fiber laser adopting ethylene glycol as an SA, wherein both single dissipative soliton and multiple dissipative solitons (including soliton pairs and soliton triplets) have been generated. The observation corroborates the effectiveness of the ethylene glycol-SA in soliton operation, which possesses great potential in ultrashort pulse lasers.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we demonstrate a passively mode-locked fiber laser utilizing an ethylene glycol saturable absorber, working in the net-normal-dispersion regime. Through adjusting the polarization state and the pump power, stable DSs under the fundamental state are generated within the cavity. The produced single DS exhibits a center wavelength of 1567.31 nm, a 3 dB bandwidth of 1.05 nm, a repetition rate of 35.17 MHz, a pulse width of 1.3 ns, and an SNR of 63 dB. With an increase in pump power from 100 mW to 300 mW, the variation in the spectral profile of the individual solitons is induced, assuming either a parabolic-like, Π-like, or M-like shape. Moreover, further increasing the pump power results in the emergence of multiple DSs, involving soliton pairs and soliton triplets, which originates from the pulse peak clamping effect within the cavity. Our experimental results highlight the potential of ethylene glycol as an effective saturable absorber for passively mode-locked fiber lasers working in diverse soliton regimes.