Search Results (294)

Current climate change has led to significant changes in precipitation patterns in the Loess Hilly Region, resulting in frequent extreme rainfall events, which have a significant impact on restoring the soil hydrological function of grasslands in this area. This study focuses on the restoration of grasslands through the conversion of farmland in the Loess Hilly Region. Using natural rainfall as the control, seven precipitation gradient treatments were established with rainout shelters: +20%, +40%, and +60% rainfall increases, and −20%, −40%, and −60% rainfall decreases. The changes in infiltration characteristics were then analyzed. Long-term increased rainfall promoted vegetation restoration and improved soil physicochemical properties. Compared with the natural rainfall control, the +20%, +40%, and +60% rainfall increase treatments enhanced the total porosity of the 0–5 cm soil layer by 0.29%, 4.64%, and 3.18%, respectively, and increased the soil organic carbon content by 28.42%, 62.46%, and 63.16%, respectively. Soil infiltration rate was also enhanced accordingly. Relative to the steady-state infiltration rate of the control (4.76 mm/min), the +20%, +40%, and +60% treatments increased the rate by 1.13%, 16.67%, and 22.54%, respectively, with the +60% treatment achieving the highest steady-state infiltration rate of 5.83 mm/min. The macroaggregate content in the +40% treatment was 47.70%, which was significantly higher than that in the other treatments. The increase in infiltration was related to the increase in total porosity, organic carbon, and the content and stability of large aggregates. Moderate rainfall increases can promote organic carbon accumulation and the formation of large aggregates, enhancing soil infiltration capacity; however, rainfall intensities exceeding 60% can damage the soil structure, and infiltration no longer significantly increases. Full article

Background/Objectives: DNA-targeting small molecules that induce replication stress represent a promising strategy in anticancer drug development. 1,8-Naphthalimide (NI) derivatives are well-established DNA-intercalating agents, and heterocyclic annulation offers a rational approach to enhancing their potency and tumor selectivity. Here, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of benzofuran-containing naphthalimide derivatives, with particular focus on the lead dinitro-substituted compound 5d. Methods: Cytotoxic activity was assessed using the MTT assay in A549 (p53 wild-type), H1299 (p53-null), and MRC-5 cells. Long-term antiproliferative effects were evaluated by clonogenic survival assay. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Replication stress and DNA damage were quantified by EdU incorporation and γH2AX immunofluorescence, respectively. Apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V/PI staining and caspase-3/7 activation assay. p53 nuclear accumulation and autophagy induction were evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blot, using LC3 as an autophagic marker. Results: All compounds exhibited cytotoxic activity in the nanomolar range, with 5d emerging as the most potent and selective. Clonogenic survival was significantly reduced, indicating durable suppression of proliferative capacity. Treatment with 5d induced G₁ arrest in A549 cells and the accumulation of H1299 cells in G₂/M, consistent with p53-dependent and p53-independent checkpoint activation, respectively. EdU incorporation was markedly reduced, while γH2AX intensity increased, collectively supporting a replication stress-driven mechanism of DNA damage. Apoptosis was confirmed by increased Annexin V-positive populations and caspase-3/7 activation. LC3 puncta formation and LC3-I/LC3-II conversion were increased, indicating LC3 processing and autophagosome accumulation consistent with the activation of autophagy-related processes. Conclusions: 5d induces a cellular phenotype consistent with replication stress, including reduced EdU incorporation, γH2AX accumulation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptotic cell death in a p53 status-dependent manner. These findings establish benzofuran-annulated naphthalimides as a promising scaffold for the development of anticancer agents that exploit replication stress vulnerabilities in tumor cells. Full article

This study aims to empirically analyze the patterns, intensity, and perceived barriers to physical activity among Polish university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research utilized a diagnostic survey method, employing a questionnaire. The online survey was conducted from December 2020 to May 2022 via the Webankieta.pl platform. The minimum sample size, calculated using the standard formula for estimating a proportion in a large population, was set at 1100 participants and was exceeded, with 1260 students providing valid responses. The results show that over half (55.8%, mainly women) of the respondents did not participate in regular physical activity during the pandemic. Participants cited lack of desire, fatigue, and low motivation—not pandemic restrictions—as primary reasons. Conversely, 44.2% of respondents, mostly men, reported engaging in regular physical activity. Most engaged in moderate-intensity activities two to five times a week, with vigorous activities performed slightly less often. Women were more likely to do both types, while men favored strength training. The most common activities included walking (61.6%), simple gymnastic exercises (43.1%), strength training with equipment (35.0%), cycling (34.5%), and calisthenics (30.2%). The majority (81.3%) exercised at home or nearby (33.4%). Reported barriers, especially among those who exercised regularly, were pandemic-related, such as limited or closed access to gyms, fitness centers, and pools (59.1%), along with time constraints (44.7%) and low motivation or determination (32.0%). The findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions to boost physical activity among university students, particularly women and those with fewer financial resources. Universities should consider implementing programs that promote accessible, regular activity and initiatives to enhance motivation and foster long-term, health-promoting habits. Full article

The anomalous magnetic moment of the tau lepton, $a_{\tau }$, represents a fundamental test of the Standard Model (SM) and a high-sensitivity probe for New Physics in the third generation of leptons. Due to the tau’s extremely short lifetime, traditional spin-precession measurements remain inaccessible, necessitating innovative experimental strategies at high-energy colliders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current experimental landscape, highlighting the recent paradigm shift from LEP-era constraints to the unprecedented precision reached at the LHC. We emphasize the importance of Ultra-Peripheral Heavy-Ion Collisions (UPCs), which act as a “photon-photon collider” of extreme intensity. By leveraging the $Z^4$ enhancement of the coherent photon flux in Lead–Lead ($PbPb$) interactions, these collisions provide a theoretically robust “quasi-static” environment. To interpret these developments, we first establish the general theoretical framework within the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT). This allows us to critically compare the UPC results with the latest measurements from proton–proton collisions—including the recent CMS observation of the $\gamma \gamma \to \tau \tau$ process and the ATLAS constraints from the high-mass Drell–Yan tail—evaluating their complementarity and the challenges related to Effective Field Theory validity at the TeV scale. Finally, we outline the future prospects for $a_{\tau }$ at Belle II and the Future Circular Collider (FCC) stages. While FCC-hh in $PbPb$ mode provides a theoretically clean environment, its sensitivity remains limited to $\mathcal{O}\left({10}^{-2}\right)$. Conversely, the next generation of lepton facilities, specifically Belle II and FCC-ee, aims for the $\mathcal{O}\left({10}^{-5}\right)$ level, required to probe SM electroweak loop corrections. Long-term projections for a high-energy Muon Collider suggest a potential reach of $\mathcal{O}\left({10}^{-6}\right)$. Full article

Siziwang Banner in Inner Mongolia is a typical arid and semi-arid grassland region where ecological environmental quality is highly sensitive to climate variability and land use and land cover change (LULCC). Clarifying the long-term coupling relationship between LULCC and ecological environmental quality is essential for regional ecological protection and sustainable land management. Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, this study integrated multi-temporal Landsat imagery and CLCD-based land use datasets, including an updated 2024 land use layer, to construct a Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) using standardized and direction-corrected principal component analysis. land use transition matrix analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, ecological contribution rate calculation, and GeoDetector were further applied to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution patterns, ecological effects, and driving mechanisms of LULCC in Siziwang Banner from 2000 to 2024. The results showed that: (1) grassland was consistently the dominant land use type, accounting for more than 90% of the total area. The overall land use pattern was characterized by stable grassland dominance, decreasing farmland and unused land, and slight increases in grassland and construction land; forestland showed a high relative growth rate but remained very small in absolute area. (2) The regional ecological environmental quality remained at a lower-to-medium level, with mean RSEI values ranging from 0.27 to 0.47. RSEI showed a phased pattern of initial improvement, subsequent decline, and partial recovery; the marked decline around 2015 was associated with the combined effects of drought stress and land use degradation rather than a single driving factor. RSEI exhibited significant positive spatial autocorrelation, with Moran’s I values ranging from 0.898 to 0.993. High-value clusters were mainly distributed in the southern region, whereas low-value clusters were concentrated in the central and northern regions. (3) Different land use transitions produced differentiated ecological effects. The conversion of unused land to grassland contributed positively to ecological restoration, while grassland degradation and construction land expansion exerted negative effects. The positive RSEI response of some grassland-to-farmland transitions should be interpreted cautiously in relation to local irrigation and intensive farmland management. (4) GeoDetector results indicated that land use type and DEM were the dominant factors controlling the spatial differentiation of RSEI, with average q values of 0.7188 and 0.6178, respectively. The interaction between DEM and land use type showed the strongest explanatory power, indicating that ecological quality was jointly shaped by land use structure and natural background conditions. This study provides a scientific basis for grassland protection, unused-land restoration, farmland management, and spatially differentiated ecological restoration in Siziwang Banner and similar ecologically fragile arid and semi-arid grassland regions. Full article

Rice monoculture systems, often involving double- or triple-cropping cycles annually, require intensive agricultural practices that can lead to land degradation. This study evaluates land degradation within the long-term rice monoculture systems of Nakhon Sawan, Thailand, using the Sustainable Development Goal 15.3.1 framework. By focusing exclusively on persistent rice-growing areas, the study minimized the confounding signals of land-use conversion, allowing for an evaluation of the trajectories driven by combined agricultural management and climatic factors. The assessment integrated land use and land cover (LULC), soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, and land productivity. Findings indicate that 83% of the original paddy area remained long-term monoculture, with LULC-related degradation limited to 4% of the original paddy cultivation area. While SOC depletion was observed in a few districts, a broader potential carbon accretion trend was identified across the province, likely driven by sustainable post-harvest practices such as stubble retention and organic amendments. Land productivity analysis revealed partial stress only in a few districts. The study demonstrated that long-term rice cultivation did not result in widespread deterioration of soil health on an aggregate provincial scale; however, district-localized degradation hotspots suffering from soil organic carbon depletion and climate-induced productivity stress were identified, demanding targeted regional management. Full article

Land-use change is a major driver of ecosystem service reconfiguration, yet the character and intensity of resulting trade-offs remain highly variable across studies. This review synthesizes English-language research retrieved primarily from the Web of Science Core Collection and supplemented by Scopus and Google Scholar, with particular attention to the multi-scale characteristics of trade-offs, the analytical consequences of different assessment approaches, and their relevance for sustainability governance. The reviewed literature reveals several recurrent patterns. Intensive land conversion commonly produces short-term gains in provisioning or construction-related benefits while reducing regulating and supporting services. Trade-offs are strongly scale dependent, reflecting differences in ecological processes, land-use decisions, and governance units rather than analytical sensitivity alone. The landscape configuration further shapes ecosystem service interactions in ways that cannot be inferred from land-use area alone. However, evidence on restoration co-benefits, spatial-optimization gains, and governance claims based on scenario results remains context-dependent. These findings should be interpreted as conditional support for comparing land-use options, identifying potential trade-off displacement, and clarifying planning constraints, rather than as proof that restoration or optimization will automatically improve governance outcomes. The current evidence base is geographically uneven and strongly concentrated in Chinese case studies, which enriches planning-oriented research but limits straightforward generalization across institutional and environmental settings. Further progress may depend on stronger cross-scale and dynamic analysis, closer integration of the ecosystem service supply, demand, and flow, and more explicit treatment of uncertainty. More importantly, the value of future research will lie not simply in producing additional maps or indicators, but in establishing a clearer correspondence between the type of evidence generated and the governance decisions it is expected to inform. Full article

Background/Objectives: Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) has been proposed as a protective intervention that may modulate the epigenetic regulation of stress-related genes, such as SLC6A4, which encodes the serotonin transporter. Few studies have explored this association in humans. This study aimed to evaluate whether KMC affects the methylation status of SLC6A4 in preterm newborns. Methods: This longitudinal observational study included preterm infants with birth weight ≤ 1800 g and gestational age between 25 and 34 weeks. Blood samples were collected at birth, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit discharge, and hospital discharge. Methylation levels at 13 CpG sites within the SLC6A4 promoter region were quantified by bisulfite conversion and pyrosequencing. Methylation dynamics were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models adjusted for clinical covariates. Results: 75 preterm infants were analyzed (51 KMC; 24 non-KMC). Methylation levels ranged from 0.78% to 10.76% across all CpG sites and remained stable over time. At hospital discharge, the KMC group exhibited lower methylation at CpG6 than the non-KMC group (median = 0.96% vs. 1.21%, p = 0.021), but this difference was not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. No significant differences were observed at other sites or in longitudinal methylation trajectories between groups. Conclusions: KMC was not associated with major longitudinal changes in SLC6A4 methylation during the neonatal period. The nominal difference at CpG6 should be interpreted as exploratory and warrants further investigation. Larger, multicenter studies with long-term follow-up are needed to clarify the epigenetic mechanisms linking early caregiving experiences with stress regulation and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. Full article

Methamphetamine presents a significant scientific and legal challenge for sentencing because, although it is a Class A drug in England and Wales, it is not assigned explicit indicative quantity thresholds within the principal Sentencing Council guideline. This review provides a comparative expert synthesis of methamphetamine in relation to amphetamine, cocaine and heroin, with particular emphasis on pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, route-specific harms, fatal toxicity indicators and broader patterns of individual-harm profiles. The analysis draws on human laboratory studies, neuroimaging, pharmacokinetic investigations, toxicological literature, drug-related mortality data and policy sources to assess where methamphetamine most appropriately sits within a harm-based sentencing framework. The evidence indicates that methamphetamine is pharmacologically closest to amphetamine, sharing core monoaminergic mechanisms of transporter-mediated neurotransmitter release and vesicular disruption, but differing across several pharmacokinetic and toxicity-related parameters. Compared with amphetamine, methamphetamine shows greater lipid solubility, more efficient central nervous system penetration, longer persistence, and exposure that may, under common high-intensity routes of use, be associated with higher risk of neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular harms. Smoked methamphetamine in particular achieves high systemic bioavailability and rapid onset, creating a pattern of exposure more severe than conventional amphetamine preparations and, in some practical respects, closer to high-intensity stimulant models such as crack cocaine. Contemporary evidence further indicates that methamphetamine is associated with higher fatal toxicity than amphetamine, although the magnitude of difference varies by endpoint and no single universal gram-for-gram conversion is supported or recommended. Overall, the literature does not justify treating methamphetamine as simply equivalent to amphetamine, nor does it support conflating it fully with heroin or crack cocaine. The most defensible interpretation is that amphetamine should remain the primary scientific comparator, but with upward adjustment to reflect methamphetamine’s greater persistence and toxicity-related burden, while cocaine may serve as a secondary comparator for proportionality within the Class A sentencing framework. Taken together, the evidence supports consideration of an upward-adjusted amphetamine-based interpretation rather than an unadjusted amphetamine analogue. Full article

Background/Objectives: The rising prevalence of childhood obesity has coincided with increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), raising questions regarding their potential bidirectional interaction. This systematic review evaluated the association between obesity and T1DM risk, as well as post-diagnostic weight trajectories and metabolic outcomes in pediatric populations. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for studies published between January 2010 and January 2026. Eligible studies included observational and interventional research in children and adolescents addressing T1DM and obesity; reviews, case reports, and non-English studies were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Due to heterogeneity, results were synthesized narratively. Results: Sixty-seven studies were included. Population-based data showed a positive association between higher BMI and incident T1DM, with obesity associated with a twofold increased risk (HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.58–2.66) and a 25% increase per 1-SD BMI increment. Insulin resistance (IR) indices correlated with BMI and predicted faster progression to clinical T1DM in autoantibody-positive individuals. At diagnosis, 20–30% of children were overweight or obese, increasing to 30–40% during follow-up. Excess adiposity was associated with higher insulin requirements and increased prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia. Longitudinal data indicate that BMI standard deviation scores rise with age, diabetes duration, and pubertal stage, with higher insulin doses and intensive insulin therapy contributing to weight gain. Conversely, some large cohort studies report no linear association between BMI and incident T1DM, indicating heterogeneity across populations. The limitations of this review include the predominance of observational studies, heterogeneous methodologies, and limited generalizability beyond predominantly European and North American pediatric populations. Conclusions: Overall, the evidence supports a bidirectional relationship: obesity may increase T1DM risk and accelerate disease progression, while T1DM-related factors promote weight gain after diagnosis. These findings highlight the importance of integrating weight management strategies into routine pediatric T1DM care. Full article

Agricultural residues such as sugarcane bagasse have been explored as renewable precursors for activated carbon production. However, the environmental performance of activated carbon can be strongly influenced by energy-intensive thermal processing, chemical activation, and the functional unit used for interpretation. While several life cycle assessment studies have been reported for sugarcane bagasse-derived activated carbon, many rely on secondary data or focus primarily on production-stage impacts without incorporating adsorption performance. This study evaluates the environmental performance of laboratory-scale sugarcane bagasse-derived activated carbon produced using a process-based life cycle assessment under laboratory-scale conditions. The system boundary includes feedstock preparation, thermal conversion (pyrolysis), chemical activation, and post-treatment steps such as washing and neutralization. Under the product-based functional unit, climate change impacts were 5.11 and 4.89 kg carbon dioxide equivalent per kg activated carbon for potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide activation, respectively, while net energy demand was 115 and 110 MJ per kg activated carbon. Contribution analysis identified pyrolysis electricity as the dominant hotspot for climate change and energy demand, whereas chemical activation influenced toxicity- and resource-related categories. When adsorption performance was considered, potassium hydroxide activation showed improved results for selected indicators because of its higher methylene blue adsorption capacity; however, resource-related burdens remained higher than sodium hydroxide activation. Overall, the study demonstrates that laboratory-scale activated carbon assessments require cautious interpretation and that integrating adsorption performance with life cycle metrics provides a more decision-relevant basis for comparing biomass-derived adsorbents. Full article

Background: This study investigated the clinical timeline, patient monitoring behaviors, and cumulative bilateral treatment burden in patients with bilateral neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed follow-up patterns and treatment intensity from first-eye (FE) diagnosis to second-eye (SE) conversion. Results: SE conversion occurred within a mean of 2.0 years in the FE-active group (62.5%) while the FE remained exudative, contrasting with 6.2 years in the FE-inactive group (37.5%). Upon SE conversion, the total annual intravitreal injection burden escalated 3.4-fold (p = 0.002). Notably, the FE-inactive group exhibited numerically lower annual outpatient visit counts (4.40 ± 2.71 vs. 10.29 ± 5.02; p = 0.116), which potentially widened the monitoring window. Additionally, baseline SE retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) abnormalities independently predicted progression (aOR: 19.04; p = 0.032). Conclusions: While previous literature focuses on individual eyes, our findings highlight a vigilance gap in SE detection based on FE status. Clinicians must maintain proactive surveillance for patients with baseline SE RPE abnormalities, particularly when FE stability or next-generation long-acting therapies extend clinic intervals. Due to the limited sample size, these preliminary findings warrant validation in larger prospective cohorts. Full article

The development of biocompatible functional nanostructures has emerged as a key driver in advancing nanomedicine, environmental remediation, and sustainable energy technologies. However, conventional synthesis methods often rely on toxic reagents, hazardous solvents, and energy-intensive processes, raising significant concerns regarding environmental impact and biological safety. In this context, green synthesis has gained increasing attention as a sustainable alternative, utilizing biological systems, renewable resources, and environmentally benign solvents to produce functional nanomaterials. This mini-review provides an overview of recent advances in the green synthesis of organic, inorganic, and hybrid nanostructures, highlighting their physicochemical properties and functional performance. Particular emphasis is placed on their applications in nanomedicine, including drug delivery, bioimaging, antimicrobial and anticancer therapies, and theranostic platforms. Additionally, their roles in environmental applications, such as pollutant degradation and water treatment, and in energy-related systems, including catalysis, solar energy conversion, and energy storage, are discussed with selected representative examples. Despite significant progress, key challenges remain, including limited mechanistic understanding, reproducibility issues, scalability constraints, and uncertainties related to long-term toxicity and environmental impact. Addressing these limitations will be essential for the safe and large-scale implementation of green nanotechnology. Overall, the integration of green chemistry principles with advanced nanomaterial design offers a promising pathway toward the development of multifunctional, sustainable, and high-performance nanostructures capable of addressing global health, environmental, and energy challenges. Full article

Intensive aquaculture of rice field eel (Monopterus albus) is constrained by oxidative stress induced by high-density culture resulting in growth inhibition, while prophylactic antibiotics pose escalating risks of drug resistance and food safety hazards. This study addresses the critical need for developing efficient, environmentally friendly functional feed additives as sustainable growth promoters in intensive aquaculture. To investigate the dietary berberine (BBR) effect on promoting growth performance, hepatic antioxidant capacity and metabolism in M. albus, four experimental groups were established: control (CON, 0 mg/kg) and berberine-supplemented groups (BBR25, 25 mg/kg; BBR50, 50 mg/kg; BBR100, 100 mg/kg). Growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and liver metabolomics (LC-MS) were evaluated after the 8-week feeding trial. BBR50 and BBR100 had significantly increased final weight, weight gain rate (WG), and survival rate (SR), while reducing feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). Serum glucose (Glc), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were decreased (p < 0.05), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity were increased (p < 0.05). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were upregulated (p < 0.05), whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) was downregulated (p < 0.05). Metabolomics identified 98 differential metabolites, with significant enrichment of metabolites associated with arachidonic acid metabolism, histidine metabolism, arginine/proline metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and pathways related to mTOR signaling. Overall, dietary supplementation with 50 mg/kg BBR emerged as a practically favorable dose among the tested concentrations for promoting growth performance and feed utilization efficiency, whereas 100 mg/kg BBR was associated with lipid and amino acid metabolic alterations suggestive of metabolic reprogramming and antioxidant-related shifts, without conferring additional growth benefits. Full article

Programs aimed at reducing the CO₂e footprint associated with the residential building stock should be informed by several key elements, including the expected evolution of the occupied housing stock, projected population dynamics driven by socio-economic and cultural factors, available implementation budgets, and the specific costs of intervention measures. However, in regions characterized by high seismic hazard, the occurrence of a major earthquake may substantially alter the projected outcomes of emission-reduction programs, as seismically vulnerable buildings may experience severe structural damage. This paper presents the results obtained by applying an integrated methodology for assessing the CO₂e footprint associated with residential buildings. The methodology accounts for emissions related to building operation (space heating), energy-renovation interventions, and seismic retrofitting works. While the proposed approach is applicable to other seismically exposed regions, the results presented herein refer specifically to the residential building stock in Romania and its local seismic conditions. The methodology integrates information on the existing building stock, the projected evolution of population and the built environment, energy consumption associated with building operation, changes in the energy fuel mix, construction practices across different historical periods with respect to energy efficiency and seismic protection, and the CO₂e footprint associated with energy renovation and seismic retrofitting. In addition, the analysis explicitly considers the potentially negative effects of a major earthquake, particularly the disruption of greenhouse-gas emission-reduction programs. The assessment is conducted at the building stock level and is based on combining building stock evolution with average, representative CO₂e intensity values for heating, energy renovation, and seismic retrofitting. The results demonstrate that when the sole objective is to reduce the CO₂e footprint associated with space heating, renovation of the energy fuel mix represents the most effective measure. At the same time, the analysis shows that the CO₂e footprint generated by construction works for energy renovation and/or seismic retrofitting represents only a small fraction of the emissions associated with building operation. The occurrence of a major earthquake is likely to jeopardize overall environmental objectives by increasing emissions related to building operation, energy renovation, reactive seismic retrofitting, and replacement of severely damaged buildings. Conversely, systematic preventive seismic retrofitting of the building stock does not lead to an increase in cumulative CO₂e emissions over the program implementation period. Full article