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Search Results (1,081)

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Keywords = integrated power and gas system

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27 pages, 5730 KiB  
Article
A Non-Invasive Diagnostic Platform for Canine Leishmaniasis Using VOC Analysis and Distributed Veterinary Infrastructure
by Marius Iulian Mihailescu, Violeta Elena Simion, Alexandra Ursachi, Varanya Somaudon, Aylen Lisset Jaimes-Mogollón, Cristhian Manuel Durán Acevedo, Carlos Cuastumal, Laura-Madalina Lixandru, Xavier Llauradó, Nezha El Bari, Benachir Bouchikhi, Dhafer Laouini, Mohamed Fethi Diouani, Adam Borhan Eddine Bessou, Nazim Messaoudi, Fayçal Zeroual and Valentina Marascu
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080732 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
This article describes a new software architecture for the non-invasive detection of canine leishmaniasis disease. The proposed platform combines gas-sensing technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and modular cloud-based software components to identify disease-specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in dog breath and hair samples. [...] Read more.
This article describes a new software architecture for the non-invasive detection of canine leishmaniasis disease. The proposed platform combines gas-sensing technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and modular cloud-based software components to identify disease-specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in dog breath and hair samples. The system, which has a multi-tier architecture that includes data collection, pre-processing, machine learning-based analysis, diagnosis-request processing, and user interfaces for veterinarians, faculty researchers, and dog owners, has been integrated into a Li-ion Power website plug-in. The primary goal of implementing the proposed platform is to detect parasites at any point they are infectious to a host. This includes detecting parasites at all stages of their life cycle, where they can infect a new host. In addition, this is crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and preventing further transmission. Full article
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25 pages, 2100 KiB  
Article
Flexible Demand Side Management in Smart Cities: Integrating Diverse User Profiles and Multiple Objectives
by Nuno Souza e Silva and Paulo Ferrão
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4107; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154107 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 170
Abstract
Demand Side Management (DSM) plays a crucial role in modern energy systems, enabling more efficient use of energy resources and contributing to the sustainability of the power grid. This study examines DSM strategies within a multi-environment context encompassing residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, [...] Read more.
Demand Side Management (DSM) plays a crucial role in modern energy systems, enabling more efficient use of energy resources and contributing to the sustainability of the power grid. This study examines DSM strategies within a multi-environment context encompassing residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, with a focus on diverse appliance types that exhibit distinct operational characteristics and user preferences. Initially, a single-objective optimization approach using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is employed to minimize the total energy cost under a real Time-of-Use (ToU) pricing scheme. This heuristic method allows for the effective scheduling of appliance operations while factoring in their unique characteristics such as power consumption, usage duration, and user-defined operational flexibility. This study extends the optimization problem to a multi-objective framework that incorporates the minimization of CO2 emissions under a real annual energy mix while also accounting for user discomfort. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is utilized for this purpose, providing a Pareto-optimal set of solutions that balances these competing objectives. The inclusion of multiple objectives ensures a comprehensive assessment of DSM strategies, aiming to reduce environmental impact and enhance user satisfaction. Additionally, this study monitors the Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAR) to evaluate the impact of DSM strategies on load balancing and grid stability. It also analyzes the impact of considering different periods of the year with the associated ToU hourly schedule and CO2 emissions hourly profile. A key innovation of this research is the integration of detailed, category-specific metrics that enable the disaggregation of costs, emissions, and user discomfort across residential, commercial, and industrial appliances. This granularity enables stakeholders to implement tailored strategies that align with specific operational goals and regulatory compliance. Also, the emphasis on a user discomfort indicator allows us to explore the flexibility available in such DSM mechanisms. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multi-objective optimization approach in achieving significant cost savings that may reach 20% for industrial applications, while the order of magnitude of the trade-offs involved in terms of emissions reduction, improvement in discomfort, and PAR reduction is quantified for different frameworks. The outcomes not only underscore the efficacy of applying advanced optimization frameworks to real-world problems but also point to pathways for future research in smart energy management. This comprehensive analysis highlights the potential of advanced DSM techniques to enhance the sustainability and resilience of energy systems while also offering valuable policy implications. Full article
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40 pages, 4775 KiB  
Article
Optimal Sizing of Battery Energy Storage System for Implicit Flexibility in Multi-Energy Microgrids
by Andrea Scrocca, Maurizio Delfanti and Filippo Bovera
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8529; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158529 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 120
Abstract
In the context of urban decarbonization, multi-energy microgrids (MEMGs) are gaining increasing relevance due to their ability to enhance synergies across multiple energy vectors. This study presents a block-based MILP framework developed to optimize the operations of a real MEMG, with a particular [...] Read more.
In the context of urban decarbonization, multi-energy microgrids (MEMGs) are gaining increasing relevance due to their ability to enhance synergies across multiple energy vectors. This study presents a block-based MILP framework developed to optimize the operations of a real MEMG, with a particular focus on accurately modeling the structure of electricity and natural gas bills. The objective is to assess the added economic value of integrating a battery energy storage system (BESS) under the assumption it is employed to provide implicit flexibility—namely, bill management, energy arbitrage, and peak shaving. Results show that under assumed market conditions, tariff schemes, and BESS costs, none of the analyzed BESS configurations achieve a positive net present value. However, a 2 MW/4 MWh BESS yields a 3.8% reduction in annual operating costs compared to the base case without storage, driven by increased self-consumption (+2.8%), reduced thermal energy waste (–6.4%), and a substantial decrease in power-based electricity charges (–77.9%). The performed sensitivity analyses indicate that even with a significantly higher day-ahead market price spread, the BESS is not sufficiently incentivized to perform pure energy arbitrage and that the effectiveness of a time-of-use power-based tariff depends not only on the level of price differentiation but also on the BESS size. Overall, this study provides insights into the role of BESS in MEMGs and highlights the need for electricity bill designs that better reward the provision of implicit flexibility by storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Optimize Future Multi-Energy Systems)
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20 pages, 5871 KiB  
Article
Carbon Management and Storage for Oltenia: Tackling Romania’s Decarbonization Goals
by Liviu Dumitrache, Silvian Suditu, Gheorghe Branoiu, Daniela Neagu and Marian Dacian Alecu
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6793; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156793 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 414
Abstract
This paper presents a numerical simulation study evaluating carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) feasibility for the Turceni Power Plant in Oltenia, Romania, using the nearby depleted Bibești-Bulbuceni gas reservoir. A comprehensive reservoir model was developed using Petrel software, integrating geological and reservoir [...] Read more.
This paper presents a numerical simulation study evaluating carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) feasibility for the Turceni Power Plant in Oltenia, Romania, using the nearby depleted Bibești-Bulbuceni gas reservoir. A comprehensive reservoir model was developed using Petrel software, integrating geological and reservoir engineering data for the formations of the Bibești-Bulbuceni structure, which is part of the western Moesian Platform. The static model incorporated realistic petrophysical inputs for the Meotian reservoirs. Dynamic simulations were performed using Eclipse compositional simulator with Peng–Robinson equation of state for a CH4-CO2 system. The model was initialized with natural gas initially in place at 149 bar reservoir pressure, then produced through depletion to 20.85 bar final pressure, achieving 80% recovery factor. CO2 injection simulations modeled a phased 19-well injection program over 25 years, with individual well constraints of 100 bar bottom-hole pressure and 200,000 Sm3/day injection rates. Results demonstrate successful injection of a 60 Mt CO2, with final reservoir pressure reaching 101 bar. The modeling framework validates the technical feasibility of transforming Turceni’s power generation into a net-zero process through CCS implementation. Key limitations include simplified geochemical interactions and relying on historical data with associated uncertainties. This study provides quantitative evidence for CCS viability in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, supporting industrial decarbonization strategies. The strategy not only aligns with the EU’s climate-neutral policy but also enhances local energy security by repurposing existing geological resources. The findings highlight the potential of CCS to bridge the gap between current energy systems and a sustainable, climate-neutral future. Full article
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21 pages, 4949 KiB  
Article
An Integrated Lightweight Neural Network Design and FPGA-Accelerated Edge Computing for Chili Pepper Variety and Origin Identification via an E-Nose
by Ziyu Guo, Yong Yin, Haolin Gu, Guihua Peng, Xueya Wang, Ju Chen and Jia Yan
Foods 2025, 14(15), 2612; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152612 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 248
Abstract
A chili pepper variety and origin detection system that integrates a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) with an electronic nose (e-nose) is proposed in this paper to address the issues of variety confusion and origin ambiguity in the chili pepper market. The system uses [...] Read more.
A chili pepper variety and origin detection system that integrates a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) with an electronic nose (e-nose) is proposed in this paper to address the issues of variety confusion and origin ambiguity in the chili pepper market. The system uses the AIRSENSE PEN3 e-nose from Germany to collect gas data from thirteen different varieties of chili peppers and two specific varieties of chili peppers originating from seven different regions. Model training is conducted via the proposed lightweight convolutional neural network ChiliPCNN. By combining the strengths of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a multilayer perceptron (MLP), the ChiliPCNN model achieves an efficient and accurate classification process, requiring only 268 parameters for chili pepper variety identification and 244 parameters for origin tracing, with 364 floating-point operations (FLOPs) and 340 FLOPs, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that, compared with other advanced deep learning methods, the ChiliPCNN has superior classification performance and good stability. Specifically, ChiliPCNN achieves accuracy rates of 94.62% in chili pepper variety identification and 93.41% in origin tracing tasks involving Jiaoyang No. 6, with accuracy rates reaching as high as 99.07% for Xianjiao No. 301. These results fully validate the effectiveness of the model. To further increase the detection speed of the ChiliPCNN, its acceleration circuit is designed on the Xilinx Zynq7020 FPGA from the United States and optimized via fixed-point arithmetic and loop unrolling strategies. The optimized circuit reduces the latency to 5600 ns and consumes only 1.755 W of power, significantly improving the resource utilization rate and processing speed of the model. This system not only achieves rapid and accurate chili pepper variety and origin detection but also provides an efficient and reliable intelligent agricultural management solution, which is highly important for promoting the development of agricultural automation and intelligence. Full article
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22 pages, 6221 KiB  
Article
Development and Experimental Validation of a Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Alternator for Free-Piston Engine Applications
by Parviz Famouri, Jayaram Subramanian, Fereshteh Mahmudzadeh-Ghomi, Mehar Bade, Terence Musho and Nigel Clark
Machines 2025, 13(8), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13080651 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 278
Abstract
The ongoing rise in global electricity demand highlights the need for advanced, efficient, and environmentally responsible energy conversion technologies. This research presents a comprehensive design, modeling, and experimental validation of a tubular permanent magnet linear alternator (PMLA) integrated with a free piston engine [...] Read more.
The ongoing rise in global electricity demand highlights the need for advanced, efficient, and environmentally responsible energy conversion technologies. This research presents a comprehensive design, modeling, and experimental validation of a tubular permanent magnet linear alternator (PMLA) integrated with a free piston engine system. Linear alternators offer a direct conversion of linear motion to electricity, eliminating the complexity and losses associated with rotary generators and enabling higher efficiency and simplified system architecture. The study combines analytical modeling, finite element simulations, and a sensitivity-based design optimization to guide alternator and engine integration. Two prototype systems, designated as alpha and beta, were developed, modeled, and tested. The beta prototype achieved a maximum electrical output of 550 W at 57% efficiency using natural gas fuel, demonstrating reliable performance at elevated reciprocating frequencies. The design and optimization of specialized flexure springs were essential in achieving stable, high-frequency operation and improved power density. These results validate the effectiveness of the proposed design approach and highlight the scalability and adaptability of PMLA technology for sustainable power generation. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the potential of free piston linear generator systems as efficient, robust, and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional rotary generators, with applications spanning hybrid electric vehicles, distributed energy systems, and combined heat and power. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrical Machines and Drives)
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27 pages, 3280 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of a Robust Hierarchical Control for Sustainable Operation of Hybrid Shipboard Microgrid
by Arsalan Rehmat, Farooq Alam, Mohammad Taufiqul Arif and Syed Sajjad Haider Zaidi
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6724; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156724 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 404
Abstract
The growing demand for low-emission maritime transport and efficient onboard energy management has intensified research into advanced control strategies for hybrid shipboard microgrids. These systems integrate both AC and DC power domains, incorporating renewable energy sources and battery storage to enhance fuel efficiency, [...] Read more.
The growing demand for low-emission maritime transport and efficient onboard energy management has intensified research into advanced control strategies for hybrid shipboard microgrids. These systems integrate both AC and DC power domains, incorporating renewable energy sources and battery storage to enhance fuel efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and support operational flexibility. However, integrating renewable energy into shipboard microgrids introduces challenges, such as power fluctuations, varying line impedances, and disturbances caused by AC/DC load transitions, harmonics, and mismatches in demand and supply. These issues impact system stability and the seamless coordination of multiple distributed generators. To address these challenges, we proposed a hierarchical control strategy that supports sustainable operation by improving the voltage and frequency regulation under dynamic conditions, as demonstrated through both MATLAB/Simulink simulations and real-time hardware validation. Simulation results show that the proposed controller reduces the frequency deviation by up to 25.5% and power variation improved by 20.1% compared with conventional PI-based secondary control during load transition scenarios. Hardware implementation on the NVIDIA Jetson Nano confirms real-time feasibility, maintaining power and frequency tracking errors below 5% under dynamic loading. A comparative analysis of the classical PI and sliding mode control-based designs is conducted under various grid conditions, such as cold ironing mode of the shipboard microgrid, and load variations, considering both the AC and DC loads. The system stability and control law formulation are verified through simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK and practical implementation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed secondary control architecture enhances the system robustness and ensures sustainable operation, making it a viable solution for modern shipboard microgrids transitioning towards green energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grid Technologies and Energy Sustainability)
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22 pages, 1921 KiB  
Article
Cooperative Game-Theoretic Scheduling for Low-Carbon Integrated Energy Systems with P2G–CCS Synergy
by Huijia Liu, Sheng Ye, Chengkai Yin, Lei Wang and Can Zhang
Energies 2025, 18(15), 3942; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18153942 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 296
Abstract
In the context of the dual-carbon goals, this study proposes a cooperative game-theoretic optimization strategy to enhance the energy utilization efficiency, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of integrated energy systems (IESs) while simultaneously reducing carbon emissions, improving operational flexibility, and mitigating renewable energy variability. [...] Read more.
In the context of the dual-carbon goals, this study proposes a cooperative game-theoretic optimization strategy to enhance the energy utilization efficiency, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of integrated energy systems (IESs) while simultaneously reducing carbon emissions, improving operational flexibility, and mitigating renewable energy variability. To achieve these goals, an IES framework integrating power-to-gas (P2G) technology and carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities is established to regulate carbon emissions. The system incorporates P2G conversion units and thermal components—specifically, hydrogen fuel cells, electrolyzers, reactors, and electric boilers—aiming to maximize energy conversion efficiency and asset utilization. A cooperative game-theoretic optimization model is developed to facilitate collaboration among multiple stakeholders within the coalition, which employs the Shapley value method to ensure equitable distribution of the cooperative surplus, thereby maximizing collective benefits. The model is solved using an improved gray wolf optimizer (IGWO). The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy effectively coordinates multi-IES scheduling, significantly reduces carbon emissions, facilitates the efficient allocation of cooperation gains, and maximizes overall system utility. Full article
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39 pages, 2898 KiB  
Review
Floating Solar Energy Systems: A Review of Economic Feasibility and Cross-Sector Integration with Marine Renewable Energy, Aquaculture and Hydrogen
by Marius Manolache, Alexandra Ionelia Manolache and Gabriel Andrei
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(8), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081404 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 691
Abstract
Excessive reliance on traditional energy sources such as coal, petroleum, and gas leads to a decrease in natural resources and contributes to global warming. Consequently, the adoption of renewable energy sources in power systems is experiencing swift expansion worldwide, especially in offshore areas. [...] Read more.
Excessive reliance on traditional energy sources such as coal, petroleum, and gas leads to a decrease in natural resources and contributes to global warming. Consequently, the adoption of renewable energy sources in power systems is experiencing swift expansion worldwide, especially in offshore areas. Floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) technology is gaining recognition as an innovative renewable energy option, presenting benefits like minimized land requirements, improved cooling effects, and possible collaborations with hydropower. This study aims to assess the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) associated with floating solar initiatives in offshore and onshore environments. Furthermore, the LCOE is assessed for initiatives that utilize floating solar PV modules within aquaculture farms, as well as for the integration of various renewable energy sources, including wind, wave, and hydropower. The LCOE for FPV technology exhibits considerable variation, ranging from 28.47 EUR/MWh to 1737 EUR/MWh, depending on the technologies utilized within the farm as well as its geographical setting. The implementation of FPV technology in aquaculture farms revealed a notable increase in the LCOE, ranging from 138.74 EUR/MWh to 2306 EUR/MWh. Implementation involving additional renewable energy sources results in a reduction in the LCOE, ranging from 3.6 EUR/MWh to 315.33 EUR/MWh. The integration of floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems into green hydrogen production represents an emerging direction that is relatively little explored but has high potential in reducing costs. The conversion of this energy into hydrogen involves high final costs, with the LCOH ranging from 1.06 EUR/kg to over 26.79 EUR/kg depending on the complexity of the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Utilization of Offshore Renewable Energy)
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21 pages, 10456 KiB  
Article
Experimental Validation of a Modular Skid for Hydrogen Production in a Hybrid Microgrid
by Gustavo Teodoro Bustamante, Jamil Haddad, Bruno Pinto Braga Guimaraes, Ronny Francis Ribeiro Junior, Frederico de Oliveira Assuncao, Erik Leandro Bonaldi, Luiz Eduardo Borges-da-Silva, Fabio Monteiro Steiner, Jaime Jose de Oliveira Junior and Claudio Inacio de Almeida Costa
Energies 2025, 18(15), 3910; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18153910 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
This article presents the development, integration, and experimental validation of a modular microgrid for sustainable hydrogen production, addressing global electricity demand and environmental challenges. The system was designed for initial validation in a thermoelectric power plant environment, with scalability to other applications. Centered [...] Read more.
This article presents the development, integration, and experimental validation of a modular microgrid for sustainable hydrogen production, addressing global electricity demand and environmental challenges. The system was designed for initial validation in a thermoelectric power plant environment, with scalability to other applications. Centered on a six-compartment skid, it integrates photovoltaic generation, battery storage, and a liquefied petroleum gas generator to emulate typical cogeneration conditions, together with a high-purity proton exchange membrane electrolyzer. A supervisory control module ensures real-time monitoring and energy flow management, following international safety standards. The study also explores the incorporation of blockchain technology to certify the renewable origin of hydrogen, enhancing traceability and transparency in the green hydrogen market. The experimental results confirm the system’s technical feasibility, demonstrating stable hydrogen production, efficient energy management, and islanded-mode operation with preserved grid stability. These findings highlight the strategic role of hydrogen as an energy vector in the transition to a cleaner energy matrix and support the proposed architecture as a replicable model for industrial facilities seeking to combine hydrogen production with advanced microgrid technologies. Future work will address large-scale validation and performance optimization, including advanced energy management algorithms to ensure economic viability and sustainability in diverse industrial contexts. Full article
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81 pages, 10454 KiB  
Review
Glancing Angle Deposition in Gas Sensing: Bridging Morphological Innovations and Sensor Performances
by Shivam Singh, Kenneth Christopher Stiwinter, Jitendra Pratap Singh and Yiping Zhao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141136 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 365
Abstract
Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) has emerged as a versatile and powerful nanofabrication technique for developing next-generation gas sensors by enabling precise control over nanostructure geometry, porosity, and material composition. Through dynamic substrate tilting and rotation, GLAD facilitates the fabrication of highly porous, anisotropic [...] Read more.
Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) has emerged as a versatile and powerful nanofabrication technique for developing next-generation gas sensors by enabling precise control over nanostructure geometry, porosity, and material composition. Through dynamic substrate tilting and rotation, GLAD facilitates the fabrication of highly porous, anisotropic nanostructures, such as aligned, tilted, zigzag, helical, and multilayered nanorods, with tunable surface area and diffusion pathways optimized for gas detection. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent advances in GLAD-based gas sensor design, focusing on how structural engineering and material integration converge to enhance sensor performance. Key materials strategies include the construction of heterojunctions and core–shell architectures, controlled doping, and nanoparticle decoration using noble metals or metal oxides to amplify charge transfer, catalytic activity, and redox responsiveness. GLAD-fabricated nanostructures have been effectively deployed across multiple gas sensing modalities, including resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and optical platforms, where their high aspect ratios, tailored porosity, and defect-rich surfaces facilitate enhanced gas adsorption kinetics and efficient signal transduction. These devices exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity toward a range of analytes, including NO2, CO, H2S, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with detection limits often reaching the parts-per-billion level. Emerging innovations, such as photo-assisted sensing and integration with artificial intelligence for data analysis and pattern recognition, further extend the capabilities of GLAD-based systems for multifunctional, real-time, and adaptive sensing. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are discussed, emphasizing the promise of GLAD as a scalable platform for next-generation gas sensing technologies. Full article
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17 pages, 2256 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of Different Borehole Heat Exchanger Configurations: A Case Study in NW Italy
by Jessica Maria Chicco, Nicolò Giordano, Cesare Comina and Giuseppe Mandrone
Smart Cities 2025, 8(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8040121 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 310
Abstract
The central role of heating and cooling in energy transition has been recognised in recent years, especially with geopolitical developments since February 2022 which demand an acceleration in deploying local energy sources to increase the resilience of the energy sector. Geothermal energy is [...] Read more.
The central role of heating and cooling in energy transition has been recognised in recent years, especially with geopolitical developments since February 2022 which demand an acceleration in deploying local energy sources to increase the resilience of the energy sector. Geothermal energy is a promising and vital option to optimize heating and cooling systems, promoting sustainability of urban environments. To this end, a proper design is of paramount importance to guarantee the energy performance of the whole system. This work deals with the optimization of the technical and geometrical characteristics of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) as part of a shallow geothermal plant that is assumed to be integrated in an already operating gas-fired DH grid. Thermal performances of three different configurations were analysed according to the geological information that revealed an aquifer at −36 m overlying a poorly permeable marly succession. Numerical simulations validated the geological, hydrogeological, and thermo-physical models by back-analysing the experimental results of a thermal response test (TRT) on a pilot 150 m deep BHE. Five-year simulations were then performed to compare 150 m and 36 m polyethylene 2U, and 36 m steel coaxial BHEs. The coaxial configuration shows the best performance both in terms of specific power (74.51 W/m) and borehole thermal resistance (0.02 mK/W). Outcomes of the study confirm that coupling the best geological and technical parameters ensure the best energy performance and economic sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Strategies of Smart Cities)
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28 pages, 6374 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress in GaN-Based High-Bandwidth Micro-LEDs and Photodetectors for High-Speed Visible Light Communication
by Handan Xu, Jiakang Ai, Tianlin Deng, Yuandong Ruan, Di Sun, Yue Liao, Xugao Cui and Pengfei Tian
Photonics 2025, 12(7), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070730 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 577
Abstract
Visible light communication (VLC) is an emerging communication technology that integrates lighting and communication, offering significant advantages in terms of data transmission rates and broad application prospects. With advancements in semiconductor technology, micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) have emerged as one of the most promising [...] Read more.
Visible light communication (VLC) is an emerging communication technology that integrates lighting and communication, offering significant advantages in terms of data transmission rates and broad application prospects. With advancements in semiconductor technology, micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) have emerged as one of the most promising light sources for high-speed VLC systems, owing to their high brightness, low power consumption, and high modulation bandwidth. Recent developments have also seen substantial progress in high-bandwidth GaN-based visible light detectors, which complement the transmission capabilities of micro-LEDs. This paper reviews the latest advancements in micro-LEDs as high-speed transmitters for VLC, detailing their capabilities in terms of bandwidth, data rates, modulation techniques, and diverse applications, including structured lighting systems that combine positioning, communication, and illumination. Additionally, the advantages of using micro-LEDs in GaN-based photodetectors (PDs) are discussed, highlighting their potential in enhancing bandwidth and data rates and facilitating high-speed communications across multifunctional applications. Therefore, this review will benefit the further development of micro-LEDs and their application in 6G communication and global interconnect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Optical Wireless Communication)
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23 pages, 3863 KiB  
Article
Optimal Scheduling of Integrated Energy Systems Considering Oxy-Fuel Power Plants and Carbon Trading
by Hui Li, Xianglong Bai, Hua Li and Liang Bai
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3814; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143814 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 224
Abstract
To reduce carbon emission levels and improve the low-carbon performance and economic efficiency of Integrated Energy Systems (IESs), this paper introduces oxy-fuel combustion technology to transform traditional units and proposes a low-carbon economic dispatch method. Considering the stepwise carbon trading mechanism, it provides [...] Read more.
To reduce carbon emission levels and improve the low-carbon performance and economic efficiency of Integrated Energy Systems (IESs), this paper introduces oxy-fuel combustion technology to transform traditional units and proposes a low-carbon economic dispatch method. Considering the stepwise carbon trading mechanism, it provides new ideas for promoting energy conservation, emission reduction, and economic operation of integrated energy systems from both technical and policy perspectives. Firstly, the basic principles and energy flow characteristics of oxy-fuel combustion technology are studied, and a model including an air separation unit, an oxygen storage tank, and carbon capture equipment is constructed. Secondly, a two-stage power-to-gas (P2G) model is established to build a joint operation framework for oxy-fuel combustion and P2G. On this basis, a stepwise carbon trading mechanism is introduced to further constrain the carbon emissions of the system, and a low-carbon economic dispatch model with the objective of minimizing the total system operation cost is established. Finally, multiple scenarios are set up for simulation analysis, which verifies that the proposed low-carbon economic optimal dispatch strategy can effectively reduce the system operation cost by approximately 21.4% and improve the system’s carbon emission level with a total carbon emission reduction of about 38.3%. Meanwhile, the introduction of the stepwise carbon trading mechanism reduces the total cost by 12.3% and carbon emissions by 2010.19 tons, increasing the carbon trading revenue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)
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15 pages, 2473 KiB  
Article
Self-Calibrating TSEP for Junction Temperature and RUL Prediction in GaN HEMTs
by Yifan Cui, Yutian Gan, Kangyao Wen, Yang Jiang, Chunzhang Chen, Qing Wang and Hongyu Yu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141102 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 343
Abstract
Gallium nitride high-electron-mobility transistors (GaN HEMTs) are critical for high-power applications like AI power supplies and robotics but face reliability challenges due to increased dynamic ON-resistance (RDS_ON) from electrical and thermomechanical stresses. This paper presents a novel self-calibrating temperature-sensitive electrical parameter [...] Read more.
Gallium nitride high-electron-mobility transistors (GaN HEMTs) are critical for high-power applications like AI power supplies and robotics but face reliability challenges due to increased dynamic ON-resistance (RDS_ON) from electrical and thermomechanical stresses. This paper presents a novel self-calibrating temperature-sensitive electrical parameter (TSEP) model that uses gate leakage current (IG) to estimate junction temperature with high accuracy, uniquely addressing aging effects overlooked in prior studies. By integrating IG, aging-induced degradation, and failure-in-time (FIT) models, the approach achieves a junction temperature estimation error of less than 1%. Long-term hard-switching tests confirm its effectiveness, with calibrated RDS_ON measurements enabling precise remaining useful life (RUL) predictions. This methodology significantly improves GaN HEMT reliability assessment, enhancing their performance in resilient power electronics systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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