Search Results (418)

The secondary metabolites of the fungus Penicillium thymicola, fumiquinazolines F and G, have antibacterial and antifungal characteristics; however, their potential anti-tumor action against human cancer cells remains unknown. The goal of our study was to determine the biological efficacy of fumiquinazolines F and G on breast and prostate cancer cells. Cancer cell proliferation and migration were monitored in real time using xCELLigence technology and flow cytometry. Alterations in mRNA and protein expression were assessed by RT-qPCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. Our data indicate that fumiquinazolines F and G are more effective in inhibiting breast cancer cell proliferation than prostate cancer cells. Fumiquinazoline F is active against both hormone-dependent epithelial MCF-7 (IC₅₀ 48 μM) and hormone-resistant triple-negative mesenchymal MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (IC₅₀ 54.1 μM). The metabolite has low cytotoxicity but slows cell cycle progression. In fumiquinazoline F-treated MDA-MB-231 cells, the levels of proteins implicated in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) (such as E-cadherin, vimentin, and CD44) fluctuate, resulting in a decrease in cell migratory rate and adhesion to a hyaluronic acid-coated substrate. Thus, fumiquinazolines F and G exhibit anticancer activity by inhibiting EMT, cell proliferation, and migration, hence reverting malignant cells to a less pathogenic phenotype. The compound’s multi-target anticancer profile underscores its potential for further exploration of novel EMT-regulating pathways. Full article

The oil and gas industry is subject to significant fire hazards due to the flammability of hydrocarbons and the extreme conditions of operational facilities. Intumescent coatings (ICs) serve as a crucial passive fire protection strategy, forming an insulating char layer when exposed to heat, thereby reducing heat transfer and delaying structural failure. This review article provides an overview of recent developments in the effectiveness of ICs in mitigating fire risks, enhancing structural resilience, and reducing environmental impacts within the oil and gas industry. The literature surveyed shows that analytical techniques, such as thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and large-scale fire testing, have been used to evaluate the thermal insulation performances of the coatings. The results indicate significant temperature reductions on protected steel surfaces that extend critical failure times under hydrocarbon fire conditions. Recent advancements in nano-enhanced and bio-derived ICs have also improved thermal stability and mechanical durability. Furthermore, numerical modeling based on heat transfer, mass conservation, and kinetic equations aids in optimizing formulations for real-world applications. Nevertheless, challenges remain in terms of standardizing modeling frameworks and enhancing the environmental sustainability of ICs. This review highlights the progress made and the opportunities for continuous advances and innovation in IC technologies to meet the ever-evolving challenges and complexities in oil and gas industry operations. Consequently, the need to enhance fire protection by utilizing a combination of tools improves predictive modeling and supports regulatory compliance in high-risk industrial environments. Full article

Ice formation on critical infrastructure such as wind turbine blades can lead to severe performance degradation and safety hazards. This study investigates the use of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) combined with machine learning to detect and classify ice on various coated and uncoated surfaces. Hyperspectral reflectance data were acquired using a push-broom HSI system under controlled laboratory conditions, with ice and rime ice generated using a thermoelectric cooling setup. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) classifiers were trained on uncoated aluminum samples and evaluated on surfaces with different coatings to assess model generalization. Both models achieved high classification accuracy, though performance declined on black-coated surfaces due to increased absorbance by the coating. The study further examined the impact of spectral band reduction to simulate different sensor types (e.g., NIR vs. SWIR), revealing that model performance is sensitive to wavelength range, with SVM performing optimally in a reduced band set and RF benefiting from the full spectral range. A multiclass classification approach using RF successfully distinguished between glaze and rime ice, offering insights into more targeted mitigation strategies. The results confirm the potential of HSI and machine learning as robust tools for surface ice monitoring in safety-critical environments. Full article

Intermittent catheterization mitigates urinary retention for over 300,000 people in the US every year, but can cause microtrauma in the urothelium, compromising its barrier function and increasing the risk of pathogen entry, which may affect user health. To reduce adverse effects, intermittent catheters (ICs) with increased lubricity are used. A common strategy to enhance IC lubricity is to apply a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coating to ICs; however, this coating can become adhesive upon drying, potentially leading to microtrauma. An alternative approach for lubricity is the migration of integrated amphiphilic surfactant (IAS) within the IC to the surface. The present work examines differences in urethral microtrauma caused by the simulated catheterization of ex vivo porcine urethral tissue using PVP-coated and IAS ICs. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy of the tissue showed the removal of the apical cell layer after contact with the PVP-coated ICs, but not the IAS IC. More extracellular matrices and DNA were observed on the PVP-coated ICs than the IAS IC after tissue contact. Contact angle analysis of the polar and dispersive components of the surface energy demonstrated that the PVP-coated ICs promoted mucoadhesion, while the IAS IC limited mucoadhesion. Overall, the results indicate that IAS ICs cause less microtrauma to urethral tissue than traditional PVP-coated ICs. Full article

To address the challenges of cotton cellulose materials being susceptible to environmental humidity and pollutant erosion, a strategy for constructing superhydrophobic functional coatings with biomimetic micro–nano composite structures was proposed. Through surface silanization modification, diatomite (DEM) and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were functionalized with octyltriethoxysilane (OTS) to prepare superhydrophobic diatomite flakes (ODEM) and OFe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Following the multi-scale composite principle, ODEM and OFe₃O₄ nanoparticles were blended and crosslinked via the hydroxyl-initiated ring-opening polymerization of epoxy resin (EP), resulting in an EP/ODEM@OFe₃O₄ composite coating with hierarchical roughness. Microstructural characterization revealed that the micrometer-scale porous structure of ODEM and the nanoscale protrusions of OFe₃O₄ form a hierarchical micro–nano topography. The special topography combined with the low surface energy property leads to a contact angle of 158°. Additionally, the narrow bandgap semiconductor characteristic of OFe₃O₄ induces the localized surface plasmon resonance effect. This enables the coating to attain 80% light absorption across the 350–2500 nm spectrum, and rapidly heat to 45.8 °C within 60 s under 0.5 sun, thereby demonstrating excellent deicing performance. This work provides a theoretical foundation for developing environmentally tolerant superhydrophobic photothermal coatings, which exhibit significant application potential in the field of anti-icing and anti-fouling. Full article

The thermal conductivity of steel is high compared to other materials such as concrete or timber. Therefore, fire protection measures are applied to prolong the duration between the onset of fire exposure and the final loss of load-bearing function of a steel structure. The most common passive fire protection measure is the application of intumescent coating (IC), a thin film that expands at elevated temperatures and forms an insulating char layer of lower thermal conductivity. This paper focuses on structural steel beams with IPE open-section profiles protected by a water-based IC and subjected to static and standard fire loading. ANSYS 16.0 is used to simulate heat transfer, with thermal conductivity function described by standard multivariate linear regression analysis, followed by mechanical analysis considering degradation of material mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. Simulations are conducted for all IPE profile sizes, with varying initial degrees of utilisation, beam lengths, and coating thicknesses. Results indicated fire resistance times ranging from 24 to 53.5 min, demonstrating a relatively good level of fire resistance even with the minimal IC thickness. Furthermore, artificial neural networks were developed to predict the fire resistance time of steel members with IC using varying numbers of hidden neurons and subset ratios. The model achieved a predictability level of 99.9% upon evaluation. Full article

Guardrail concrete in cold regions frequently suffers from corrosion due to icing and solutions, significantly shortening the service life of the guardrail. This paper proposed a cement-based composite coating for concrete protection. The hydrophobic agent was synthesized using nano-silica, tetraethyl orthosilicate and perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane and used for coating modification as an additive or by impregnation. Also, a commercial hydrophobic agent was used for comparison. The modified coating was characterized by wettability, mechanical properties, chemical stability and icephobicity tests. The results showed that the coating prepared with the synthetic hydrophobic agent presented a higher contact angle than that prepared with the commercial one during the above tests. Moreover, it featured excellent icephobicity by effectively delaying the time of icing on concrete and reducing the icing mass and ice adhesion strength. In addition, the hydrophobic agent used by impregnation was a better choice for concrete surface protection. Chemical composition and morphology analysis of the coating showed that hydrophobicity and icephobicity were mainly attributed to F-containing functional groups and rough structure with low surface energy. This study provided an application potential of modified cement-based composite coating for anti-/de-icing of guardrail concrete. Full article

Growing demand for chemically resistant, thermally stable, and anti-icing coatings has intensified interest in boron nitride (BN)-based materials and surface coatings. In this study, BN coatings were developed on mild steel (MS) via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) at 1200 °C for 15, 30, and 60 min, and their structural, surface, and water-repellent characteristics were evaluated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of BN, while water contact angle measurements indicated high hydrophobicity, demonstrating excellent barrier properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed morphological evolution from flower- and needle-like BN structures in the sample placed in the CVD furnace for 15 min to dense, coral-like, and tubular networks in the samples placed for 30 and 60 min. These findings highlight that BN coatings, particularly the one obtained after 30 min of deposition, have a high hydrophobic character following the Cassie–Baxter model and can be used for corrosion resistance and anti-icing on MS, making them ideal for industrial applications requiring long-lasting protection. Full article

The application of superhydrophobic (SH) coatings in road construction has attracted growing attention due to their potential to improve surface durability, reduce cracking, and enhance skid resistance. Among various materials, SiO₂ nanoparticles have emerged as key components in SH coatings by contributing essential surface roughness and hydrophobicity. This review paper analyzes the role of SiO₂ nanoparticles in enhancing the water-repellent properties of coatings applied to road surfaces, particularly concrete and asphalt. Emphasis is placed on their influence on road longevity, reduced maintenance, and overall performance under adverse weather conditions. Furthermore, this review compares functionalization techniques for SiO₂ using different hydrophobic modifiers, evaluating their efficiency, cost effectiveness, and scalability for large-scale infrastructure. In addition to highlighting recent advancements, this study discusses persistent challenges—including environmental compatibility, mechanical wear, and long-term durability—that must be addressed for practical implementation. By offering a critical assessment of current approaches and future prospects, this short review aims to guide the development of robust, high-performance SH coatings for sustainable road construction. Full article

Anti-icing glass is particularly important for applications where ice formation can pose safety risks or impair functionality. The challenge of anti-icing modification for glass lies in maintaining water repellency while addressing the issue of transparency and durability. In this work, leveraging the robustness and wear resistance of inorganic/organic composite materials, a highly transparent coating, with strong adhesive properties to glass substrates and repellency to liquids has been developed. Briefly, 3-glycidoxypropyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (GPOSS) is employed as a precursor to fabricate a high-strength, high-transparency coating through modification with acrylic acid and perfluorooctyl acrylate. The inorganic component imparts strength and wear resistance to the coating, while the organic component provides hydrophobic and near oleophobic features. Furthermore, a custom-built mechanical test instrument evaluated the absolute value of the de-icing shear force. The results reveal that at −20 °C, the fluorinated modified coating only exhibit a minimum de-icing pressure of 40.3 kPa, which is 75% lower than the unmodified glass substrate. As-prepared coating exhibits a transmittance of up to 99% and can endure a high-pressure water impact of 30 kPa for 1 min without cracking. Compared to existing anti-icing coating methods, the core innovation of the fluorinated GPOSS-based coating developed in this study lies in its inorganic/organic composite structure, which simultaneously achieves high transparency, mechanical durability, and enhanced anti-icing performance. Full article

This research assessed novel, eco-friendly intumescent coatings utilizing cork and recycled glass as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fire retardants, aiming to reduce environmental impact while maintaining robust fire performance. Coatings underwent up to 600 h of UV light exposure for durability assessment, followed by chemo-physical characterization. Fire exposure tests evaluated in-situ char formation and foaming. All functionalized coatings exhibited suitable intumescent behavior, forming protective char layers even after extensive UV aging. Microscopic analysis showed good additive integration, while FTIR spectroscopy revealed UV-induced chemical changes. Fire resistance tests confirmed the superior performance of functionalized coatings over the commercial reference. The AP-IC system demonstrated the best intumescence, achieving significantly lower maximum temperatures (e.g., 167.3 °C for AP-IC-600) and heating rates. Crucially, the sustainable RG-IC and CK-IC batches showed promising intumescent properties, even improving with UV exposure. Notably, the foamed cross-sectional area of the aged RG-IC samples doubled compared to their unaged counterparts, reaching a maximum temperature of 166.9 °C. These findings highlight the potential of eco-friendly hybrid coatings to enhance fire safety, particularly in critical sectors like naval engineering, aligning with circular economy principles and the growing demand for sustainable, high-performance materials. Full article

Research on bionic superhydrophobic surfaces draws inspiration from the microstructures and wetting mechanisms of natural organisms such as lotus leaves, water striders, and butterfly wings, offering innovative approaches for developing artificial functional surfaces. By synergistically combining micro/nano hierarchical structures with low surface energy chemical modifications, researchers have devised various fabrication strategies—including laser etching, sol-gel processes, electrochemical deposition, and molecular self-assembly—to achieve superhydrophobic surfaces characterized by contact angles exceeding 150° and sliding angles below 5°. These technologies have found widespread applications in self-cleaning architectural coatings, efficient oil–water separation membranes, anti-icing materials for aviation, and anti-biofouling medical devices. This article begins by examining natural organisms exhibiting superhydrophobic properties, elucidating the principles underlying their surface structures and the wetting states of droplets on solid surfaces. Subsequently, it categorizes and highlights key fabrication methods and application domains of superhydrophobic surfaces, providing an in-depth and comprehensive discussion. Full article

Swimming goggles still face numerous challenges in practical use, including deterioration and failure of anti-fog coatings, residual water marks on lens surfaces, and relatively short service life in complex environments. When swimming outdoors during winter, goggles also present an icing problem. To address these problems and enhance the performance of swimming goggles, this study employs a combination of plasma cleaning and mechanical spraying methods, utilizing HB-139 SiO₂ to modify the surface of goggle lenses, thereby fabricating lenses with superhydrophobic properties. The changes in lens surfaces before and after friction and immersion treatments were characterized using three-dimensional profilometry and scanning electron microscopy, further investigating the hydrophobic, drag-reducing, wear-resistant, and anti-icing properties of the lenses. Experimental results demonstrate that SiO₂ can enhance the hydrophobic, drag-reducing, durability, and anti-icing performance of the lenses. Under standard conditions, the contact angle of modified samples reached 162.33 ± 3.15°, representing a 48.77 ± 2.15% improvement over original samples. Under friction conditions, modified samples exhibited a 45.86 ± 2.53% increase in contact angle compared to original samples, with Sa values decreasing by 58.64 ± 3.21%. Under immersion conditions, modified samples showed a 54.37 ± 2.44% increase in contact angle relative to original samples. The modified samples demonstrated excellent droplet bouncing performance at temperatures of −10 °C, 10 °C, and 30 °C. De-icing efficiency improved by 14.94 ± 2.37%. Throughout the experimental process, SiO₂ demonstrated exceptional hydrophobic, drag-reducing, durability, and anti-icing capabilities. This establishes a robust foundation for the exemplary performance of swimming goggles in both training and competitive contexts. Full article

Ice accumulation poses a significant hazard to aviation safety, particularly in cold weather conditions, as it can compromise aerodynamic performance, increase structural weight, and diminish lift, occasionally resulting in severe stall incidents. At present, such risks are managed through the use of energy-demanding active ice protection systems (IPSs), which operate either by inhibiting ice formation (anti-icing) or by removing existing ice (de-icing). Nonetheless, in the context of future sustainable aviation, there is a pressing need to develop IPSs with lower energy requirements. A promising approach involves hybrid IPSs that integrate conventional active systems with passive superhydrophobic or icephobic surface treatments, which are capable of preventing, delaying, or minimizing ice buildup. These systems offer the potential to substantially decrease the energy consumption and consequently the CO₂ emissions. Furthermore, in accordance with FAA regulations, active IPSs are not permitted to operate during takeoff and initial flight stages to prevent any reduction in engine thrust. These two reasons emphasize the critical importance of developing efficient coatings that, on the one hand, promote the mobility of water droplets, hereby preventing ice formation, as achieved by superhydrophobic surfaces, and on the other hand, facilitate ice detachment, as required for icephobic performance. In this context, the primary objective of the present work is to emphasize the icephobic properties of two superhydrophobic coatings. To achieve this, an extensive characterization is first conducted, including wettability, Surface Free Energy (SFE), and surface roughness, to confirm their superhydrophobic nature. This is followed by an assessment of their icephobic performance, specifically in terms of ice adhesion strength, with comparisons made against a commercial aeronautical coating. The results revealed a significant reduction in both the wettability and SFE of the developed coatings compared to the reference, along with a marked decrease in ice adhesion strength, thereby demonstrating their icephobic properties. Future activities will focus on the combination of coatings with active IPS in order to assess the energy efficiency under extensive icing conditions where both superhydrophobic and icephobic properties are required. Full article

Solar desalination is widely regarded as an effective way to solve freshwater scarcity. However, the balance between the costs of micro-nanostructures, thermal regulation, and the durability of interface evaporators must all be considered. In this study, a super-hydrophobic copper foam with hierarchical micro-nanostructures exhibited temperatures greater than 66 °C under solar illumination of 1 kW·m⁻². Significantly, the modified copper foam acting as a solar interface evaporator had a water harvesting efficiency of 1.76 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹, resulting from its good photothermal conversion and porous skeleton. Further, the anti-deicing, self-cleaning, and anti-abrasion tests were carried out to demonstrate its durability. The whole fabrication of the as-prepared CF was only involved in mechanical extrusion and spray-coating, which is suitable for large-scale production. This work endows the interface evaporator with super-hydrophobicity, photo-thermal conversion, anti-icing, and mechanical stability, all of which are highly demanded in multi-scenario solar desalination. Full article